Breasts as a perceived barrier to physical activity in Mexican women: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence exists on barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Despite evidence from other countries, no research has investigated the influence of the breast on PA in this population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the breast and physical activity in Mexican women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: Volunteers were 279 Mexican women from Veracruz, Durango, and Baja California states, who completed a paper survey of their demographics, brassiere characteristics, breast pain, and frequency and amounts of weekly physical activity. RESULTS: The first barrier to physical activity was time constraints, followed by breast-related issues. Breast pain was reported by 47.1% of women, and the breast as a barrier to physical activity participation was reported by 30.6%. Responses, such as "I am embarrassed by excessive breast movement" and "My breasts are too big" were the most frequently reported breast-related barriers to physical activity. Breast pain was associated with the menstrual cycle and exercise. Breast health knowledge and pain intensity were unrelated to moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity. The 36.4% and 6.7% of women did not meet weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity guidelines, respectively. Weekly moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was similar between women reporting breast pain and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Because the breast was the second most significant barrier to physical activity, it is imperative to increase breast health knowledge in Mexican women to reduce impediments to physical activity.

Perception of Mexican women regarding their breasts as a barrier to physical activityPhysical activity provides numerous health benefits, sometimes associated with reversing or delaying several diseases. However, barriers to increasing physical activity in women remain, as the breast is an anatomical aspect that is unique to women. Breast pain has been reported in more than 50% of women who perform physical exercise. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the associations between breast characteristics and barriers to physical activity in Mexican women. Two hundred and seventy-nine women from three Mexican states voluntarily participated in the study. They answered survey questions on the history of bra use, barriers to physical activity, and essential demographic characteristics. The main findings of this study were that issues related to the breasts were reported as the second barrier to physical activity participation. In addition, time constraints were reported as the main reason impeding physical activity participation. Public health initiatives should support attempts to increase breast satisfaction among women of all breast sizes to stimulate engagement in physical activity throughout their lives.

Estrategia educativa utilizando la lengua de señas mexicana para mejorar desarrollo coordinativo motor en niños con discapacidad auditiva

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física adaptado utilizando la lengua de señas mexicana en niños con discapacidad auditiva sobre el desarrollo coordinativo motor. Materiales y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue cuasi experimental, con muestreo por conveniencia; participando 22 estudiantes (edad 10 ± 1.8 años), diagnosticados con discapacidad auditiva, de dos escuelas de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California (México). Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (n=11) y un grupo control (n=11), a los cuales se les evaluó el desarrollo coordinativo motor mediante el test de coordinación corporal para niños KTK. El programa de educación física tuvo una duración de 5 meses, adaptando una programación de clases 2 veces a la semana, con una duración de 50 minutos por sesión, comunicándose con los alumnos mediante la lengua de señas mexicana y una serie de tareas para resaltar la coordinación motora. Resultados: Para comparar las variables de estudio se utilizó el test de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mixta 2 x 2, y se observó una interacción significativa entre grupo experimental y control, lo cual demostró una significancia positiva en el desarrollo coordinativo motor (p=0.01). Conclusión: La aplicación de un programa de educación física adaptado durante cinco meses puede influenciar una mejora en la coordinación motora en niños con discapacidad auditiva.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an adapted physical education program using mexican sign language in children with hearing impairment on motor coordination. Materials and methods: The design of the study was quasi-experimental, with convenience sampling, involving twenty-two children with an average age of 10 ± 1.8 years, diagnosed with hearing impairment, from two schools of the city of Mexicali, Baja California. Mexico. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 11). The motor coordination was evaluated using the KTK test (Kiphard Körperkoordinationstest für Kindergarten and Schiling, as per the German acronym), through the tests, balancing movements of backs, jumps on one foot, lateral jumps and transposition on a platform. This physical education program was achieved during 5 months, 2 times a week, 50 minutes per session and Mexican Sign Language was utilized and a series of tasks to emphasize motor coordination. Results: Analysis of Variance was applied in order to compare the study variable (ANOVA), mixed 2 x 2. A significant interaction between the two groups (experimental and control) was observed; showing a positive measuring significance in motor coordination (p=0.01). Conclusion: An adapted physical education program using the mexican sign language applied during 5 months can influence an improvement on motor coordination on hearing impaired children.

Identification of a triatomine infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in an urban area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico: A comprehensive study.

Chagas disease, considered a neglected disease, was initially confined to rural localities in endemic areas; however, in recent years through the process of urbanization and migration of infected people, the disease is gaining importance in urban environments. The presence of the vector in urban areas in most cases is due to the passive transport of vectors, but recently, its presence seems to be linked to vector adaptation processes associated with climate change. This paper reports the occurrence of an infected triatomine in the peridomicile of a house in an urban area of Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, where the species found is described, the molecular characteristics and resistance to BZN and NFX of the Trypanosoma cruzi isolate obtained, as well as serological data of the dwelling inhabitants. These urban disease scenarios make it possible to generate new scientific knowledge and enable the creation of new control strategies for Chagas disease vectors.

Enseñanza virtual en educación física en primaria en México y la pandemia por COVID-19 / Virtual education in physical education for elementary school in Mexico and the COVID-19 pandemic

La revisión teórica aborda la educación física virtual establecida en México a partir delconfinamiento social por COVID-19, basada en el problema, ya existente en México, de sedentarismo y obesidad infantil en niños de educación primaria, en quienes, derivado del confinamiento social, se estima un aumento de masa cor-poral, lo que conlleva mayores riesgos de salud. Al analizar la bibliografía reciente, que relaciona al COVID-19 con la educación física y la actividad física, se identificala oportunidad del profesorado de educación física, de conducir esquemas virtuales en los contenidos del programa educativo para, de esta manera, coadyuvar en la disminución del sedentarismo en estudiantes de primaria, teniendo como prioridad la alfabetización física.(AU)

The theoretical review addresses the virtual physical education established in Mexico based on social con-finement by COVID-19, based on the problem, already existing in Mexico, of sedentary lifestyle and childhood obesity in primary school children, in whom, derived from social confinement, an increase in body mass is estimated, which carries greater health risks. When analyzing the recent bibliography, which relates COVID-19 with physical education and physical activity, the opportunity for physical education teachers to conduct virtual schemes in the contents of the educational program is identified, in this way, to contribute to the decreasein sedentary lifestyle in primary school students, prioritizing physical literacy.(AU)

Efecto de un programa adaptado de educación física en niños con discapacidad auditiva sobre la coordinación motora / Effect of an Adapted Program of Physical Education in Children with Hearing Disability on Motor Coordination / Efeito de um programa de educação física adaptado em crianças com deficiência auditiva na coordenação motora

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física adaptado en escolares con discapacidad auditiva sobre el cociente motor. Método: el diseño del estudio fue cuasiexperimental, con muestreo por conveniencia, participando treinta y ocho niños con una edad promedio de 7.4±0.9 años, diagnosticados con debilidad o pérdida auditiva, de dos escuelas de la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California. México. Los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental (n=23) y otro control (n=15), a los cuales se les evaluó el cociente motor mediante el test de coordinación corporal para niños KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder de Kiphard y Schiling), por sus siglas en alemán, mediante las pruebas: desplazamientos en equilibrio de espaldas, saltos monopódales, saltos laterales y transposición sobre plataforma. El programa se realizó durante 4 meses, 5 veces por semana, con una duración de 50 minutos por sesión, comunicándose con los alumnos mediante el lenguaje de señas mexicano y realizando una serie de tareas que enfatizaran la coordinación motora. Resultados: al comparar los resultados entre grupos de la variable cociente motor, con el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mixtas 2 x 2 se observó una interacción doblemente significativa entre los grupos y las mediciones (p = 0.01), los porcentajes de cambio (Δ %) fueron 26 % del grupo experimental y 6.5 %. del grupo control (Δ %). Conclusión: se establece que la aplicación de un programa de educación física adaptado durante cuatro meses, mejora la coordinación motora en niños con discapacidad auditiva.

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effect of an adapted physical education program on students with hearing impairment on the motor quotient. Method: The design of the study was quasi-experimental, with convenience sampling, involving thirty-eight children with an average age of 7.4 ± 0.9 years, diagnosed with weakness or hearing loss, from two schools of the city of Mexicali, Baja California. Mexico. The participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 23) and a control group (n = 15). The motor quotient was evaluated using the KTK children's body coordination test (Kiphard Körperkoordinationstest für Kindergarten and Schiling, as per the German acronym), through the tests, balancing movements of backs, jumps on one foot, lateral jumps and transposition on a platform. The program was carried out for four months, five times a week, with a duration of 50 minutes per session. The communication with the students was through the Mexican sign language, and the tasks performed emphasized motor coordination. Results: When comparing the results between groups of the motor quotient variable, with the mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2 x 2, a doubly significant interaction between the groups and the measurements was observed (p = 0.01); the percentages of change (Δ %) were 26% for the experimental group, and 6.5% for the control group (Δ%). Conclusion: It is established that the application of a physical education program adapted for four months improves the motor coordination in children with hearing disabilities.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de educação física adaptado a crianças em idade escolar com deficiência auditiva no quociente motor. Métodos: O desenho do estudo foi quase-experimental, com amostragem por conveniência, envolvendo trinta e oito crianças com idade média de 7,4±0,9 anos, com diagnóstico de fraqueza ou perda auditiva, de duas escolas da cidade de Mexicali, Baja California. México. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo experimental (n=23) e um grupo controle (n=15), para os quais o quociente motor foi avaliado pelo teste de coordenação corporal de crianças KTK (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder de Kiphard y Schiling), pela sigla alemã, por meio de testes, movimentos em contrapeso, saltos monopedais, saltos laterais e transposição em plataforma. O programa foi realizado durante 4 meses, 5 vezes por semana, com duração de 50 minutos por sessão, comunicando-se com os alunos através da linguagem de sinais mexicana e realizando uma série de tarefas que enfatizavam a coordenação motora. Resultados: Ao comparar os resultados entre os grupos da variável quociente motor, com a análise de variância (ANOVA) mista 2 x 2 foi observada uma interação duplamente significativa entre os grupos e as medidas (p = 0,01), os percentuais de variação (Δ%) foram de 26% do grupo experimental e 6,5% do grupo controle (Δ%). Conclusão: Estabelece-se que a aplicação de um programa de educação física adaptado durante quatro meses melhora a coordenação motora de crianças com deficiência auditiva.

Effects of a 20-week concurrent training program on bone metabolism in elderly women / Efecto de 20 semanas de entrenamiento concurrente sobre el metabolismo óseo de adultas mayores

The present study evaluated the effect of a 20-week concurrent training program on bone metabolism in elderly women. The sample consisted of 51 elderly women living in the municipality of Muriaé (MG), distributed into two groups: a concurrent training group (CTG = 25), with an average age of 69.44 ± 6.82 years, and a control group (CG = 26), with mean age of 68.30 ± 6.34 years. Biophysical parameters were determined based on weight, height and body mass index. Bone metabolism was assessed by collecting second-morning urine samples before and after intervention to analyze levels of the biochemical marker deoxypyridinoline (DPD), which quantifies bone resorption. Results: The results showed a post-intervention decline in DPD content in the GTC when compared to controls (p = 0.007) and an improvement in the variables weight, BMI and DPD between the GTC and GC (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Concurrent training was efficient in improving bone metabolism in the elderly population studied.

El presente estudio evaluó los efectos de 20 semanas de entrenamiento concurrente sobre el metabolismo óseo de adultas mayores. La muestra fue compuesta por 51 mujeres adultas mayores, residentes en el municipio de Muriaé (MG), voluntarias, distribuidas en dos grupos, un grupo participó en entrenamiento concurrente (GTC=25), con una edad media de 69,44±6,82 años y un grupo control (GC=26) con una media de 68,30±6,34 años. Los parámetros biofísicos se determinaron por medio del peso corporal, la estatura e índice de masa corporal. Para la evaluación del metabolismo óseo, se realizó la recolección de la orina matinal en el pre y post-test, utilizando como reactivo el marcador bioquímico de deoxipiridinolina (DPD) que cuantifica la reabsorción ósea. Los resultados mostraron una reducción en la concentración de DPD en el GTC cuando se compararon los grupos (p = 0,007) y la mejora de las variables, peso corporal, IMC y DPD entre el GTC y el GC en el post-test (p = 0,000). Se percibe que el entrenamiento concurrente, para las mujeres adultas mayores fue eficiente en la mejoría de las condiciones de salud del metabolismo óseo.

Actividad física y percepción de esfuerzo por género en educación física y recreo de escolares mexicanos / Physical activity and perception of effort by gender in physical education and recess of mexican schoolchildren / Atividade física e percepção de esforço por gênero em educação física e recreio de alunos mexicanos

Problema: evidencia científica relaciona, por género, mayor sedentarismo en niñas. Objetivo: comparar, por género, la actividad física moderada a vigorosa, la tasa de gasto energético, la frecuencia cardiaca y la percepción de esfuerzo en estudiantes de tercero y cuarto grado de primaria durante la clase de educación física y el recreo. Método: participaron 65 estudiantes (edad 8.7±0.4 años), evaluando 16 clases de educación física y recreo, utilizando como instrumentos el sistema para observar el tiempo de instrucción de actividad física, el pulsómetro polar® y la tabla de clasificación gráfica de esfuerzo para niños. Resultados: el test t-Student reportó diferencias significativas en educación física con mayores promedios en niños que en niñas, de actividad física moderada a vigorosa (0.001), tasa de gasto energético (0.002) y frecuencia cardiaca (0.005). Conclusión: con base en los resultados, se concluye que la intensidad de la actividad física es mayor en los niños; es importante retroalimentar la manera de impartir la clase de educación física, con estrategias didácticas y contenidos que, equitativamente, involucren a las niñas en actividad física.

Problem: Scientific evidence related to gender indicates a greater sedentary lifestyle in girls. Objective: To compare moderate and high physical activity by gender, energy expenditure rate, heart rate and the effort perception among students in third and fourth grade in elementary school during physical education class and recess. Method: 65 students participated (age 8.7 ± 0.4) evaluating 16 physical education classes and recess using as instruments the system to observe the physical activity instruction time, polar heart rate monitor® and the graphical effort classification table for children. Results: The t-Student test reported significant differences in physical education with higher averages in boys than girls with moderate to high intensity physical activity (0.001), energy expenditure rate (0.002) and heart rate (0.005). Conclusion: Considering the results, the study concludes that the intensity of physical activity is greater in boys, therefore it is important to provide feedback on how to improve physical education classes, with didactic strategies and contents that involve girls equally in physical activity.

Problema: Evidência científica relacionada ao gênero mais sedentária em meninas. Objetivo: comparar por gênero atividade física moderada a vigorosa, taxa de gasto energético, freqüência cardíaca e percepção de esforço em estudantes de terceira e quarta série durante a educação física e recreio. Método: 65 alunos (idade 8,7 ± 0,4 anos) participaram, avaliando 16 classes de educação física e recreação usando como instrumentos o sistema para observar o tempo de instrução da atividade física, medidor de pulso polar® e a tabela de classificação gráfica de esforço para crianças. Resultados: O teste t-Student relatou diferenças significativas na educação física com médias mais altas em homens do que mulheres com atividade física moderada a vigorosa (0,001), taxa de gasto de energia (0,002) e frequência cardíaca (0,005). Conclusão: Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a intensidade da atividade física é maior em meninos, é importante fornecer feedback sobre como ensinar a aula de educação física com estratégias didáticas e conteúdo que envolvem equitativamente as meninas na atividade física.

[Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) kinetics in young adults with an average or excellent aerobic capacity before and after a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test]. / Cinética de la inmunoglobulina-A salival (IgAs) en adultos jóvenes con capacidad aeróbica promedio o excelente antes y después de una prueba de esfuerzo máximo.

BACKGROUND: Aim: To compare the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin-A (sIgA) in young adults with average or excellent aerobic capacity before and after a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test. METHODS: Participants were nine apparently healthy physically active males (Mean age = 21.3 ± 2.1 yr.), randomly allocated in two groups based on their VO2max: a) average aerobic capacity (AEC, n = 5) or b) excellent aerobic capacity (EAC, n = 4). Participants performed the Bruce protocol to determine their aerobic capacity. The sIgA was measured before the test, immediately after the test and 60-, 120-, 240-, and 1440-min after the test. RESULTS: Mixed factorial 2 x 6 ANOVA indicated no significant interactions between groups and measurements (p = 0.956), and main effect groups on sIgA (AEC = 85.4 ± 19.3 µg/mL vs. EAC = 79.2 ± 21.5 µg/mL, p = 0.836). Tukey's post hoc analysis revealed significant differences measurement obtained immediately after the test and between the initial measurement (p = 0.020), 60-min (p = 0.030), 240-min (p = 0.016), and 1440-min (p = 0.028) following the test. CONCLUSION: There is no change in sIgA kinetics depending on the aerobic capacity of the participants following an aerobic capacity cardiopulmonary graded exercise test.

Cinética de la inmunoglobulina-A salival (IgAs) en adultos jóvenes con capacidad aeróbica promedio o excelente antes y después de una prueba de esfuerzo máximo / Salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) kinetics in young adults with an average or excellent aerobic capacity before and after a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test

Background: Aim: To compare the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin-A (sIgA) in young adults with average or excellent aerobic capacity before and after a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test. Methods: Participants were nine apparently healthy physically active males (Mean age = 21.3 ± 2.1 yr.), randomly allocated in two groups based on their VO2max: a) average aerobic capacity (AEC, n = 5) or b) excellent aerobic capacity (EAC, n = 4). Participants performed the Bruce protocol to determine their aerobic capacity. The sIgA was measured before the test, immediately after the test and 60-, 120-, 240-, and 1440-min after the test. Results: Mixed factorial 2 x 6 ANOVA indicated no significant interactions between groups and measurements (p = 0.956), and main effect groups on sIgA (AEC = 85.4 ± 19.3 μg/mL vs. EAC = 79.2 ± 21.5 μg/mL, p = 0.836). Tukey's post hoc analysis revealed significant differences measurement obtained immediately after the test and between the initial measurement (p = 0.020), 60-min (p = 0.030), 240-min (p = 0.016), and 1440-min (p = 0.028) following the test. Conclusion: There is no change in sIgA kinetics depending on the aerobic capacity of the participants following an aerobic capacity cardiopulmonary graded exercise test.

Introducción. Objetivo: Comparar la cinética en la concentración de inmunoglobulina A salival (IgAs) en adultos jóvenes con capacidad aeróbica promedio (n: 5) o excelente (n: 4) antes y después de una prueba de esfuerzo. Método: 9 adultos jóvenes (edad 21,3 ± 2,1), divididos de acuerdo su VO2máx, realizaron una prueba de esfuerzo mediante el protocolo de Bruce. La concentración de IgAs fue determinada mediante el Salimetrics IgA Kit®, evaluando inicial, inmediatamente finalizada la prueba, +60, +120, +240, +1.440 min. Resultados: La prueba ANOVA 2x6 mixta indicó que no existieron interacciones significativas entre grupos y mediciones (p = 0,956). Tampoco se encontró una diferencia significativa en la media de IgAs en los grupos (Promedio = 85,4 ± 19.3 μg/mL vs Excelente=79,2 ± 21.5 μg/mL, p = 0,836). Independientemente de las mediciones, el análisis post hoc de Tukey indicó que las diferencias se encontraron en la medición obtenida inmediatamente después de la prueba y entre la medición inicial (p: 0,020), la medición obtenida 60 min (p: 0,030), 240 min (p: 0,016) y 1.440 min (p = 0,028) posteriores a la prueba. Conclusión: Los datos encontrados sugieren que no hay un cambio en la concentración de IgAs a través del tiempo en función de la capacidad aeróbica de los participantes.

Effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned in two, intervention group (n = 16) and control group (n = 10). The intervention group followed 12-week of periodized hydrogymnastics training program five times a week, 50 minutes of water exercise with work heart rate reserve of 40-50% (1-6th week) increasing the load to 50-60% (7-12th week); the control group was not involved in exercise and remained sedentary. The urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline was evaluated by high resolution liquid chromatography using the reactive immulite pyrilinks-D siemens medical solutions, pretest at the baseline and at the end post-test of the 12-week of water-exercise. As statistical analyses mixed 2 x 2 ANOVA was used, also percentage changes (Δ %) was calculated. RESULTS: The results did not show significant improvement (p < 0.05) comparing the interaction intergroup and the measurements of urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline (p = 0.504), percentage change (Δ %) showed positive improvements in the experimental group of -13.7 (nM/mMcreatine) in comparison with -7.1 (nM/mMcreatine) from the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study involves periodization increasing the load heart rate reserve of hydrogymnastics exercise in order to produce grater adaptations, but the results showed than is not possible to infer that hydrogymnastics is effective in increase urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women, will be appropriated in the future more studies to better clarify the possibilities of improvements between hydrogymnastics and urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline.

Effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women. Subjects and methods Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned in two, intervention group (n = 16) and control group (n = 10). The intervention group followed 12-week of periodized hydrogymnastics training program five times a week, 50 minutes of water exercise with work heart rate reserve of 40-50% (1-6thweek) increasing the load to 50-60% (7-12th week); the control group was not involved in exercise and remained sedentary. The urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline was evaluated by high resolution liquid chromatography using the reactive immulite pyrilinks-D siemens medical solutions, pretest at the baseline and at the end post-test of the 12-week of water-exercise. As statistical analyses mixed 2 x 2 ANOVA was used, also percentage changes (Δ %) was calculated. Results The results did not show significant improvement (p < 0.05) comparing the interaction intergroup and the measurements of urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline (p = 0.504), percentage change (Δ %) showed positive improvements in the experimental group of -13.7 (nM/mMcreatine) in comparison with -7.1 (nM/mMcreatine) from the control group. Conclusion The present study involves periodization increasing the load heart rate reserve of hydrogymnastics exercise in order to produce grater adaptations, but the results showed than is not possible to infer that hydrogymnastics is effective in increase urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women, will be appropriated in the future more studies to better clarify the possibilities of improvements between hydrogymnastics and urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(6):523-7.

[Effect of hydrogymnastics physical exercise on serum level of immunoglobulin A in elderly women]. / Efecto del ejercicio físico de hidrogimnasia sobre la concentración sérica de inmunoglobulina A en mujeres adultas mayores.

BACKGROUND: Decreases in function of the immune system with age contribute to the increase the risk of infectious diseases especially the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, physical activity has been widely recommended for health. However, more studies are needed to support the benefit effect of exercise on immune system in elderly. AIM: To evaluate the effect of the hydrogymnastics on the serum level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in elderly women. METHODS: Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (n: 16) or a control group (n: 10). IgA concentrations were determined by nephelometry (BN2 Analyzer, Dade Behring). The hydrogymnastics training protocol was performed 5 times a week during 12 weeks. The intensity of the aerobic exercise was 50-60% of the maximum heart rate monitored by telemetry (Polar-FT7). RESULTS: No significant differences (p: 0.797) resulted by ANOVA on serum IgA levels; the percentage of change in experimental group was Δ% = -6.7 mg/dL compared to the control group, Δ%= -7.4 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: After three months of hydrogymnastics the IgA level did not show significant change on elderly women; However, positive improvement in percentage of change Δ% was found.

Efecto del ejercicio físico de hidrogimnasia sobre la concentración sérica de inmunoglobulina A en mujeres adultas mayores / Effect of hydrogymnastics physical exercise on serum level of immunoglobulin A in elderly women

Background: Decreases in function of the immune system with age contribute to the increase the risk of infectious diseases especially the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, physical activity has been widely recommended for health. However, more studies are needed to support the benefit effect of exercise on immune system in elderly. Aim: To evaluate the effect of the hydrogymnastics on the serum level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in elderly women. Methods: Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (n: 16) or a control group (n: 10). IgA concentrations were determined by nephelometry (BN2 Analyzer, Dade Behring). The hydrogymnastics training protocol was performed 5 times a week during 12 weeks. The intensity of the aerobic exercise was 50-60% of the maximum heart rate monitored by telemetry (Polar-FT7). Results: No significant differences (p: 0.797) resulted by ANOVA on serum IgA levels; the percentage of change in experimental group was Δ% = -6.7 mg/dL compared to the control group, Δ%= -7.4 mg/dL. Conclusion: After three months of hydrogymnastics the IgA level did not show significant change on elderly women; However, positive improvement in percentage of change Δ% was found.

Introducción: La disminución de la función del sistema inmune con la edad es asociada a la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas del tracto respiratorio superior; por otro lado, el ejercicio físico ha sido ampliamente recomendado para la salud. Sin embargo se requiere aún fundamentar con mayor exactitud los efectos del ejercicio físico en el sistema inmunológico en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de hidrogimnasia sobre la concentración sérica de Inmunoglobulina A (IgA) en adultas mayores. Métodos: 26 participantes fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo experimental (n: 16) y un grupo control (n: 10). Se determinó la concentración sérica de IgA por nefelometría (BN2 Analyser, DADE Behring). Las sesiones de hidrogimnasia se realizaron cinco veces por semana durante 12 semanas; el ejercicio fue aeróbico a una intensidad de 50-60% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima controlada por telemetría (Polar-FT7). Resultados: Se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA, indicando no interacción significativa (p: 0,797). El porcentaje de cambio resultó de Δ% = -6,7 mg/dL del grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control Δ% = -7,4 mg/dL. Conclusiones: Un programa de tres meses de hidrogimnasia en mujeres no mejora significativamente los niveles de IgA. Sin embargo, los datos refieren una mejora positiva el porcentaje de cambio A%.

Reliability of the maximal oxygen uptake following two consecutive trials by indirect calorimetry.

BACKGROUND: The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx) assessment by indirect calorimetry is the most reliable method to determine VO2máx, but when repeated tests are conducted, the results have been controversial. AIM: To determine the reliability of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx) in healthy adults following two consecutive trials with 10 min rest between trials using the Bruce protocol. METHODS: Participants were 6 males apparently healthy physically active (Mean age=23,4±1,3 years), who performed twice the Bruce protocol and after reaching their VO2máx in the first trial they stepped down the treadmill and rested seated on a chair during 10 min. RESULTS: The data analysis showed high reproducibility values between tests, indicated by the correlation coefficient Pearson product moment and R squared with confidence intervals at 95% (CI95%), the correlation of the maximum oxygen consumption was VO2máx =0.907 with a R2=0.823, the maximum heart rate was HRmáx=0.786, with R2=0.618 and the rate of ventilation and carbon dioxide elimination was VE/VCO2=0.868, with an R2=754. No adverse effects were reported during the 10 min rest between trials. CONCLUSION: Resting 10 min between consecutive maximal exercise tests using Bruce protocol treadmill tests does not affect VO2máx in healthy young adults. It is feasible and reliable to perform maximal treadmill tests in a single session without adverse effects for the participant.

Introducción: La evaluación del con consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) por calorimetría indirecta es el método más confiable aun sin embargo los resultados al determinar el VO2máx cuando se realizan pruebas repetidas han resultado controversiales. Objetivo: Determinar la confiabilidad del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) obtenido mediante dos pruebas de esfuerzo consecutivas utilizando el protocolo de Bruce en sujetos sanos que descansaron 10 min entre cada prueba. Método: En el estudio participaron 6 adultos jóvenes de género masculino, físicamente activos con una edad promedio de 23,4±1,3 años, los sujetos realizaron dos pruebas de esfuerzo mediante el protocolo de Bruce y al alcanzar el VO2máx, entre la primera y la segunda prueba, se bajaron del ergometro y reposaron sentados en una silla durante 10 minutos. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos mostraron alta reproducibilidad de los valores entre las pruebas, indicado por el coeficiente de correlación producto momento de Pearson y el R cuadrado con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%), la correlación del consumo máximo de oxígeno de fue VO2máx=0.907, con un R2=0.823, la frecuencia cardiaca máxima fue FCmáx=0.786, con un R2=0.618 y la tasa de ventilación y eliminación de dióxido de carbono fue VE/VCO2=0.868, con un R2=754. Conclusión: No se observaron efectos adversos durante el periodo de descanso de 10 minutos entre pruebas. En conclusión, descansar 10 minutos entre pruebas de esfuerzo máximas consecutivas utilizando el protocolo de Bruce no afecta el VO2máx en sujetos jóvenes y aparentemente sanos. Repetir una prueba máxima en una misma sesión es posible, confiable y no se presentan efectos adversos.

Effect of 3-month water-exercise program on body composition in elderly women / Efecto de tres meses de un programa de ejercicio acuático en la composición corporal de adultas mayores

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrogymnastics training program on Body fat and Fat-free mass in elderly women. The subjects were randomly divided in experimental groups that participated in the hydrogymnastics training program and control group that was not involved in the training and remained sedentary. They were assessed with anthropometric variables in accordance with ISAK protocol in order to determine Body fat (Kg), Fat-free mass (Kg), the training protocol consisted of hydrogymnastics sessions 5 times per week during 12 weeks of intervention, executed in a pool of 1.3 meters divided into three phases: a 10 minute warm-up, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50­60% of maximum heart rate (monitored by heart rate monitor) and a 10 minute cool down. As a statistical method to compare the results between groups of variables pre and post training, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) mixed 2 X 2 (group X measurement) test was done using SPSS version 17. The findings showed no significant increase in measurements of muscle body composition component; no significant changes in fatty tissue of body composition were observed. These results were similar and congruent with studies carried out previously in elderly adults, where physical exercise programs, during which the subjects are active for less than 30 minutes, three times a week, lead to small or no changes in body mass and body composition.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de hidrogimnasia sobre la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa en 26 mujeres adultas mayores divididas en grupo experimental (n=16) y un grupo control (n=10). Las variables antropométricas fueron valoradas utilizando los lineamientos establecidos por ISAK para determinar la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa. Las sesiones de hidrogimnasia fueron 5 veces por semana por un periodo de 12 semanas, con ejercicios aerobicos del 50­60% de la FCmáx monitoreada por pulsómetro polar-FT7. Para los cálculos se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA, no encontrando diferencias significativas en la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa del grupo experimental en relación al grupo control. Estos resultados fueron similares y congruentes a estudios realizados en adultos mayores, con actividad física, donde los sujetos participaron al menos 30 minutos tres veces a la semana, no encontrando cambios en la composición corporal.

Somatotype profile and body composition of players from the Mexican professional basketball league / Perfil somatotípico y composición corporal de jugadores de la liga mexicana de básquetbol profesional

The purpose of this research was to determine the somatotype profile and body composition of team members of Soles de Mexicali from the Mexican professional basketball league season 2012. A descriptive cross-sectional study in which 10 members of that team are evaluated to determine the somatotype and body composition, they were assessed with anthropometric variables in accordance with ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry was performed) the equipment used was the Tom Kit Rosscraft Inc. The somatotype and body composition were determined through measurements of body weight (cm), height (cm), eight skinfolds (mm) triceps, sub scapular, biceps, iliac crest, supra spinal, abdominal, front thigh, medial calf, eleven circumferences (cm) arm relaxed, flexed arm, forearm, wrist, chest, low waist, high hip, thigh, buttock 1 cm, mid-thigh, calf and ankle, and two bone diameters (cm) humeral and femur. The data were processed or through Life Size Software Sports Scientific Reynolds. The following data are reported in the first reference of the Mexican league players assessed a somatotype 2.94­6.35­2.06 average and the percentage of body fat of the subjects tested was 14.46%. The values found in this study indicate a significant an optimal state of body fat percentage and somatotype similar when is compared with existing studies on national teams and international basketball.

El propósito fue determinar el somatotipo y composición corporal de los integrantes del equipo de basketball Soles de Mexicali temporada 2012. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en el que se evaluó a los 10 integrantes, para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal se utilizó el método antropométrico de acuerdo con las técnicas establecidas por la ISAK (Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Kineantropometría). El equipo utilizado fue el Tom Kit de Rosscraft Inc. Recomendado por la ISAK para la aplicación de mediciones y que consta de calibrador de pliegues cutáneos Slim Guide, vernier de diámetros óseos, cinta métrica metálica tipo Lufkin, además de estadímetro y bascula. Se tomaron las siguientes mediciones masa corporal: estatura, 8 panículos adiposos (tríceps, subescapular, bíceps, iliocrestal, supraespinal, abdominal, muslo frontal, pierna medial), 11 circunferencias (brazo relajado, brazo flexionado, antebrazo, muñeca, tórax, cintura mínima, cadera máxima, muslo a 1 cm del glúteo, muslo medio, pantorrilla y tobillo) y 2 diámetros óseos (húmero y fémur). Los datos o fueron procesados por medio del software LifeSize de Nolds Sports Scientific determinando el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Los datos obtenidos son la primer referencia reportada en basquetbolistas de la liga mexicana determinados un somatotipo promedio de 2,94­6,35­2,06 y el porcentaje de grasa corporal promedio fue de 14.46%. Los valores encontrados en el presente estudio indican un considerable estado óptimo de porcentaje de grasa y similitud al compararlos con estudios existentes a equipos de basketball nacional e internacional.

Effect of periodized water exercise training program on functional autonomy in elderly women.

BACKGROUND: Scientific evidence have been related negative functional autonomy to sedentary lifestyle in elderly women by other hand physical exercise is highly recommended to prevent deterioration of neuromuscular functions and proposed during the rehabilitation of physical disability and fall accidents. AIM: To determine the effect of periodized water exercise training on functional autonomy in elderly women. METHODS: Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned in two, water exercise intervention group (n=16) and control group (n=10); The intervention group followed 12-week of periodized water exercise training program five times a week, 30 minutes of water exercise with work heart rate reserve of 40-50% (1-6th week) increasing the load to 50-60% (7-12th week); The protocol of the Group of Latin-American Development for Maturity (GDLAM) was used to evaluate functional autonomy; As statistical analyses mixed 2 x 2 ANOVA was used, also percentage changes (Δ %) were calculated. RESULTS: The results showed significant improvement (p<0.05) comparing the interaction intergroup and the measurements in 10 meters walk test (10mW) (p=0.001) and general GDLAM index (GI) (p=0.012), percentage changes (Δ %) showed positive improvements in the five components of (GDLAM) and (GI). CONCLUSION: Periodized water exercise training program was able to enhance (10 mW) and (GI) however, will be appropriated in the future more studies to better clarify the possibilities of improvements between water exercise and functional autonomy.

Antecedentes: Evidencia cientifica relaciona autonomia funcional negativa y sedentarismo en adultas mayores, por otra parte el ejercicio fisico se ha recomendado para evitar el deterioro de funciones neuromusculares y durante la rehabilitacion de la discapacidad fisica y caidas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento periodizado de ejercicio acuatico sobre la autonomia funcional de adultas mayores. Metodos: Veintiseis sujetos fueron asignados al azar en grupo de ejercicio acuatico de intervencion (n = 16) y un grupo control (n = 10); El grupo de intervencion participo en 12 semanas de ejercicio acuatico periodizado cinco veces por semana, 30 minutos con una frecuencia cardiaca de reserva de 40 a 50% (1-6 semana) y un aumento de la carga de 50 a 60% (7-12 semana); Se utilizo el protocolo del Grupo de Desarrollo Latinoamericano de Madurez (GDLAM) para evaluar la autonomia funcional; el analisis estadistico fue por ANOVA 2 x 2, tambien se calcularon los porcentajes de cambio (Δ%). Resultados: Se mostro mejoria significativa (p.

Hydrokinesitherapy program using the Halliwick method on strength endurance and flexibility in a person with poliomyelitis sequelae.

This case study attempts to determine the effect of a hydrokinesitherapy program by means of the Halliwick method on physical fitness in a female aged 35 years with poliomyelitis sequelae. The intervention followed sixteen weeks of hydrokinesitherapy during 70 minutes, five times a week, where we carried out exercises from the Halliwick method. There was an assessment both before and after the application. Strength endurance and flexibility were determined according to a senior fitness test protocol. The results showed positive improvements when carrying out the exercises from the Halliwick method and the percentage change (Δ%) of strength endurance increase 361.5% in the right arm and 300% in the left arm. Flexibility increased 2 cm in the right shoulder and 10 cm in the left shoulder. In conclusion the subject was able to improve the performance of Halliwick exercises while showing an increase in strength endurance and flexibility.

El estudio de caso, determina el efecto de un programa de hidrocinesiterapia usando el metodo Halliwick sobre la resistencia a la fuerza y la flexibilidad en una mujer de 35 anos con secuelas de poliomielitis. La intervencion consistio en 16 semanas de hidrocinesiterapia de 70 minutos, 5 veces por semana, mediante el metodo Halliwick evaluandolo antes y despues; La resistencia a la fuerza y la flexibilidad se determinaron por el protocolo senior fitness test. Se mejoro el desempeno en los ejercicio del metodo Halliwick y el porcentaje de cambio (Δ%) en la resistencia a la fuerza (361.5 % brazo derecho y 300% brazo izquierdo), la flexibilidad se incremento 2 cm en el hombro derecho y 20 cm en el hombro izquierdo. En conclusion la paciente mejoro el desempeno en el metodo Halliwick, mostrando incremento en la resistencia a la fuerza y la flexibilidad.

Prevalencia de porcentaje de grasa corporal, obesidad abdominal y estado nutricional en una escuela primaria de mexicali baja california méxico / Prevalence of body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state in the students of an elementary school from mexicali baja california mexico

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del porcentaje de grasa corporal, obesidad abdominal y estado nutricional en los estudiantes de la Escuela Primaria Profesor Salvador Jiménez Gómez de Mexicali Baja California, México. Fueron evaluados 621 estudiantes, con un rango de edad de 6 a 13 años. A cada niño se le tomaron, medidas antropométricas de peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, pliegue de tríceps y de pantorrilla; se utilizó el programa Epi Info Versión 3.3.2 para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC), estableciendo como obesidad un valor mayor o igual al percentil 95 y el sobrepeso un valor mayor o igual al percentil 85 y menor al 95 de acuerdo con la edad y sexo, tomando en cuenta la medición de circunferencia de cintura se determinó obesidad abdominal mayor o igual al percentil 90 de acuerdo con la edad y sexo; el porcentaje de grasa corporal de determino por la ecuación de slaughter. Las variables con prevalencias más altas resultaron las del estado nutricional, con donde el 19,1 por ciento de la población estudiada presentó sobrepeso y 25,1 por ciento obesidad. La prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños fue de 51,3 por ciento mientras que en niñas 37,4 por ciento. Los resultados encontrados en estos niños muestran claramente altas prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad. Inclusive más altas al promedio de los niños mexicanos. Concluyendo que en esta escuela es necesario tomar medidas, como poner en marcha programas de actividad física y nutrición orientados a frenar el problema del sobrepeso y obesidad.

The aim of this work was to estimate the prevalence of body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state in the students of the elementary school Salvador Jimenez Gomez in Mexicali Baja California. Mexico. Six hundred twenty-one children of 6 to 13 years old were studied, to determine the body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state, anthropometric measurements were taken and medial calf skinfolds, waist circumference, weight and height, body fat was determined according to the slaughter equation, abdominal obesity was determined 90 percentile according whit gender and age and Epi Info version 3.3.2 software was used to classify the overweight ( 85th percentile and < 95th percentile BMI for age and gender) and obesity ( 95th percentile BMI for age and gender) and through the body mass index (BMI). In our results, 19.1 percent of the students had overweight and 25.1 percent obesity. Combined overweight and obesity prevalence in boys was 51.3 percent while in girls was 37.4 percent. These results clearly show high prevalence of overweight and obesity in these children, in addition the children of this study were more overweight and obese than Mexican children average. It concludes that efforts should be made in this school to develop physical activity and nutrition programs to help stem rates of overweight and obesity.

Comparison of agility and dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome / Comparación de la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en mujeres adultas mayores con somatotipo mesomorfo endomorfico y presencia o ausencia de síndrome metabólico

Physical function declines in efficiency with advancing age, contributing to disability. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome is a common illness in elderly populations, somatotayping is a technique for description of the physique and can establish a relation with performance and pathology. The aim of this work was to compare the agility, dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. A sample of 18 volunteers was obtained (age 66.5+/-4.7 years old), all were elderly sedentary women. They were assessed whit anthropometric variables in accordance with ISAK protocol in order to determine Heath & Carter somatotype; presence of metabolic syndrome they were evaluated according with the NCEP ATP-III, the agility and dynamic balance was assessed with the functional test Time Up and Go (TUGT). Mean of somatotype in subjects with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome was 6.2-7.9-0.2 and 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectively; Shapiro­Wilk test checked the normality of the distribution in the functional test Time Up and Go, in the group with absence or presence of metabolic syndrome, based on its normality distribution for the intergroup comparison, the Student t test was applied, the significance level, utilized was 95 percent (P , 0.05) for the sample assessed without metabolic syndrome, the execution time of the functional test TUGT was better in spite of the same somatotype intergroup. The pathological components of metabolic syndrome can be related whit dysfunctional mobility in elderly women.

Conforme la edad progresa, se presenta una pérdida en la funcionalidad física del ser humano, contribuyendo al deterioro de su autonomía funcional, además el síndrome metabólico (SM) es un padecimiento común en poblaciones de adultos mayores. El somatotipo es una técnica utilizada para describir la forma del físico en diferentes tipos de poblaciones que puede establecer una relación con su rendimiento físico y patologías. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico en adultas mayores con un somatotipo mesomorfo-endomorfico con presencia o ausencia de SM. Fue reclutada una muestra de 18 mujeres adultas mayores sedentarias (edad promedio de 66.5+/-4.7 años). Las variables antropométricas fueron valoradas utilizando los lineamientos establecidos por ISAK y se determinó el índice morfológico del somatotipo por el procedimiento de Heath & Carter. La presencia de SM fue evaluada de acuerdo al NCEP ATP-III, la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico fue medido mediante el test funcional de Timed up and go (TUGT). La media del somatotipo en las sujetos con ausencia y presencia de SM fue de 6.2-7.9-0.2 y 6.5-8.7-0.1 respectivamente; el test de Shapiro­Wilk fue utilizado para observar la normalidad de la distribución de los datos en el test de funcionalidad (TUGT)de ambos grupos, ya comprobada la normalidad de los datos, se aplicó la prueba t de Student con el nivel de significancia 95 por ciento (P , 0.05), comprobando que el grupo con ausencia de SM presentó una mejor agilidad y equilibrio dinámico. Es posible que los componentes patológicos del SM puedan estar relacionados con una pérdida de autonomía funcional en mujeres adultas mayores.