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INTRODUCTION: The study determined the damage caused by formaldehyde (FA) exposure in blood and liver samples using biochemical markers. Histopathological analysis was performed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and measurement of CD68 cell density. To what extent the antioxidant molecules thymoquinone (TQ) and ozone (O3) reversed the damage caused by FA exposure was investigated, both when used alone and combined. METHODS: Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats of eight to ten weeks of age were used in the experiment. The rats were divided into eight groups, with seven rats in each group: the untreated control group, the group treated with TQ (10 mg/kg/day), the group treated with O3 (150 µg/kg/day), the group treated with TQ+O3, the group exposed to FA (10 ppm 8 h/day), the group receiving FA+TQ, the group receiving FA+O3, and the group receiving FA+TQ+O3. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total antioxidant (TAS, U/mL), and total oxidant (TOS, nmol/mL) levels were analyzed. TAS and TOS levels, CD68 cell density, and apoptotic cells were determined in liver tissues. RESULTS: FA exposure caused an increase in serum AST and ALT levels of (p<0.05) experimental animals, a decrease in TAS levels in serum (p=0.03) and liver (p>0.05) and an increase in TOS levels (p>0.05), TUNEL positivity (p<0.001), and CD68 cell density (p=0.004). Administration of TQ and O3 as antioxidants significantly reversed biochemical and histopathological alterations in the serum and liver. CONCLUSION: TQ and ozone therapy suppressed oxidative stress caused by FA exposure and reversed the emerging histopathological deteriorations. Ozone therapy did not suppress the effects of TQ. Therefore, ozone therapy can be given as a supportive therapy along with the main therapeutic agents. We think TQ and ozone therapy may be useful to protect individuals exposed to FA.
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SUMMARY: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a questionnaire was administered to the students who took anatomy courses through distance education in the Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry. Through the questionnaire, the aim was to figure out whether the infrastructure of Firat University was ready and adequate for distance education, how efficient the distance theoretical and practical anatomy classes were, and in what proportions the students would prefer to take face-to-face and distance anatomy classes when the pandemic is over. A questionnaire of 35 questions was applied to 555 students studying at the Medicine and Dentistry Faculties of Firat University. The students widely accepted the opinion that Firat University successfully implemented the distance education system, and distance education offered the opportunity to receive the lessons repeatedly regardless of time and place. In addition, it has been determined as a common opinion that anatomy classes given via distance education were equally beneficial as face-to-face education in terms of duration, content, and efficiency. Despite these advantages, the lack of face-to-face interaction and weak information permanence were reported as the negative aspects of distance education. The students emphasized that applied anatomy classes and especially cadaver studies should be conducted face to face. Anatomy education is quite substantial in the acquisition and development of professional skills. It is considered that distance anatomy education will be inadequate to provide this gain. The high demand for face-to-face practical classes by students also backs this up.
Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se administró un cuestionario a los estudiantes que cursaban asignaturas de anatomía a distancia en las Facultades de Medicina y Odontología. A través del cuestionario, se pretendía conocer si la infraestructura de la Universidad de Firat estaba preparada y era adecuada para la educación a distancia, ¿qué tan eficientes eran las clases teóricas y prácticas de anatomía a distancia? y ¿en qué proporciones los estudiantes preferirían tomar clases presenciales? y clases de anatomía a distancia cuando termine la pandemia. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 35 preguntas a 555 estudiantes de las Facultades de Medicina y Odontología de la Universidad de Firat. Los estudiantes aceptaron ampliamente la opinión de que la Universidad de Firat implementó con éxito el sistema de educación a distancia, y la esta manera de enseñar ofreció la oportunidad de recibir lecciones repetidamente, independientemente de la hora y el lugar. Además, se ha determinado como opinión común que las clases de anatomía impartidas a distancia fueron igualmente beneficiosas que las presenciales en términos de duración, contenido y eficiencia. A pesar de estas ventajas, la falta de interacción cara a cara y la débil permanencia de la información fueron reportadas como los aspectos negativos de la educación a distancia. Los estudiantes enfatizaron que las clases de anatomía aplicada y en especial los estudios de cadáver deben ser presenciales. La educación en anatomía es bastante sustancial en la adquisición y desarrollo de habilidades profesionales. Se considera que la educación anatómica a distancia será inadecuada para proporcionar esta ganancia. La alta demanda de clases prácticas presenciales por parte de los estudiantes también lo avala.