The performance of a Fully Automated Urine Particle Analyzer, Sysmex UF-5000, in detecting fastidious bacteria in urine samples.

Several types of fastidious bacteria can cause tract infections. We evaluated the performance of counting fastidious bacteria using a Fully Automated Urine Particle Analyzer UF-5000. The results showed that UF-5000 counts fastidious bacteria in urine without the need for culture using measurement principles based on flow cytometry.

Complicated pyelonephritis caused by Proteus alimentorum in a woman with peritoneal cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Proteus spp. are widespread in the environment and comprise a part of the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract. Only six species in this genus, including Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus terrae, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and Proteus faecis, have been isolated from human clinical specimens. However, there are no reports of Proteus alimentorum isolated from humans, and the clinical characteristics of P. alimentorum infection are unknown. CASE PRESENTATION: An 85-year-old female patient with peritoneal cancer was hospitalized for complicated pyelonephritis and bacteremia caused by P. alimentorum. The patient received antimicrobial therapy and was discharged on day 7 of hospitalization. No recurrence was observed 14 days after the treatment. Various methods were used to identify the Proteus sp. Furthermore, the VITEK-2 GN ID card resulted in low discrimination between P. hauseri and P. penneri. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed P. hauseri with a spectral score of 2.22 as the best match. Nevertheless, the pathogen was identified as P. alimentorum based on genetic investigation using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical tests. CONCLUSION: Proteus alimentorum is a human pathogen, and its infection has an excellent therapeutic response to antimicrobials based on antimicrobial susceptibility. Genomic methods may be helpful for the precise identification of P. alimentorum.

Three Successfully Treated Cases of Lodderomyces elongisporus Fungemia: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature.

Fungemia is a fatal systemic infection that can occur in immunocompromised patients. Despite that, antifungal stewardship is spreading widely, but the mortality rate is extremely high, showing 40-60%. Loderomyces elongiporus is a newly morphologically detected pathogen, first described in 1994, followed by isolation in humans in 2008. It has been misrecognized as Candida parapsilosis. Recently, fever attributable to L. elongisporus fungemia cases has been reported, and the etiology and clinical features are still unknown. Here, we present three successfully treated L. elongisporus fungemia cases by echinocandin. In total, 11 cases were reviewed, including ours. Six of the eleven cases (55%) had external devices. All cases had some immunocompromised conditions or underlying diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, lung cancer, etc. Six patients survived, and the remaining five died. Seven patients who had received echinocandin initially survived. Risk factors for L. elongiporus fungemia overlap with those of candidemia. Even though there is no breakpoint for L. elongiporus, echinocandin can be a helpful treatment regimen for L. elongiporus fungemia.

Prediction of presence of fastidious bacteria by the Fully Automated Urine Particle Analyzer UF-1000i in the case of ineffective antimicrobial therapy for urinary tract infection.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have reported associations between fastidious bacteria that are difficult to grow and isolate in conventional urine culture conditions and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Because the Fully Automated Urine Particle Analyzer UF-1000i (hereinafter referred to as "UF-1000i") detects fastidious bacteria without being affected by culture conditions, owing to its flow cytometry-based principle, we evaluated the robustness of UF-1000i detection using clinical urine samples from patients with UTIs following ineffective antimicrobial therapy. METHODS: A total of 150 patients diagnosed with UTIs were enrolled, and their laboratory findings were analyzed, focusing on the discrepancy in bacterial numbers between UF-1000i and conventional culture at each antimicrobial therapy effectiveness classification. In addition, gene identification was conducted by molecular analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate the reason for the presence of fastidious bacteria in these samples. RESULTS: The ineffective therapy cases showed more than 100-fold discrepancy in bacterial counts, with a higher proportion (30.8%) than effective therapy cases without secondary administration (5.7%) between the bacterial counts in UF-1000i and conventional culture methods. The presence rates of fastidious bacteria were 100% and 66.7% in discrepant cases of ineffective and effective without secondary administrations, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that discrepancies in bacterial numbers between the conventional culture method and UF-1000i measurement at the primary visit can predict the presence of fastidious bacteria, especially in cases of ineffective antimicrobial therapy.

Comparative study of SmartAmp assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction by saliva specimen for the diagnosing COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The pandemic of a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been problematic worldwide. A new SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test (SmartAmp) was licensed in Japan in July 2021. This method, which enables us to diagnose COVID-19 as well as a gene mutation on the virus, is promising to reduce medical costs and staff labor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To analyze the diagnostic accuracy of the SmartAmp assay for diagnosing COVID-19, we performed this retrospective study at our institute during April and May 2021. We compared the results of the SmartAmp assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) using a saliva sample from individuals suspected as having COVID-19. RESULTS: Out of 70 samples tested, the SmartAmp assay had 50 (71%) positive and 20 (29%) negative results. Using rRT-PCR as a reference, the diagnostic accuracy displayed a sensitivity of 84%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 97.7%, and a negative predictive value of 70.4%. On the other hand, false-negative cases were found in 7 (10%), and there was no significant difference of Ct-value between true positive and false negative cases (Mean Ct-value 25.2 vs. 27.5 cycles, p = 0.226 by Mann-Whitney U test). CONCLUSION: The SmartAmp assay is a valuable method to diagnose COVID-19 rapidly. However, the negative predictive value is not high enough to diagnose the disease, so that negative results should be considered for rRT-PCR testing if patients are suspected of having COVID-19.

Clinical impact of monitoring frequency per day as a prospective audit and feedback strategy for patients receiving antimicrobial agents by injection.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes improve antimicrobial therapies and thus result in better patient outcomes and safety. The impact of prospective audit and feedback (PAF) is likely dependent on how frequently it is conducted, and how quickly after antibiotic prescription it is initiated. To our knowledge, however, no report has yet investigated the impact of an increase in monitoring frequency per day on PAF strategy. Here, we evaluated the clinical impact of an increase in monitoring frequency per day as a PAF strategy in patients receiving antimicrobial injections. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre, retrospective observational pre-post study to evaluate the impact of increasing the frequency of monitoring from once daily (once daily review group) to twice daily (twice daily review group). Time to intervention and clinical outcomes were compared before and after implementation of twice daily review. RESULTS: Time to intervention for inappropriate antimicrobial therapy was significantly shorter in the twice daily review group than the once daily review group (5.1 ± 6.1 hours vs 29.9 ± 21.5 hours, HR: 4.53, 95% CI: 2.90-7.07, P < .001). The twice daily review group had a significantly lower rate of clinical failure (16.2% vs 38.3%, P = .004) and hepatotoxicity (4.1% vs 15.0%, P = .035) than the once daily review group. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in monitoring frequency from once daily to twice daily significantly shortened the time to intervention for inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, with a concomitant reduction in clinical failure and hepatotoxicity.

Efficacy and validity of automated quantitative chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen test from saliva specimen in the diagnosis of COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The pandemic of a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been problematic worldwide. A new SARS-CoV-2 antigen test (LUMIPULSEⓇ) was licensed and widely used in Japan since May 2020. We conducted this study intending to whether the automated quantitative CLEIA antigen test using a saliva sample is effective and valid for the diagnosis of COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed and compared the diagnostic accuracy of both the automated quantitative CLEIA antigen test and real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) using a saliva sample from individuals suspected as having COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of 305 samples were collected and tested in Aichi Medical University Hospital and affiliated facilities from December 2020 until January 2021 at our institute. Using reverse-transcription PCR as a reference, the AUROC of the automated quantitative CLEIA antigen test was 0.903 (95% confidential interval 0.845-0.962, p < 0.001). The appropriate cut-off antigen level was 4.0 pg/mL and had a sensitivity of 77.8%, a specificity of 99.6%, a positive predictive value of 98%, and a negative predictive value of 94.5%. On the other hand, the diagnostic accuracy of the antigen test decreased among patients among patients with COVID-19 with threshold cycle (Ct-value)≥27, which shows the AUROC was 0.795 (95%CI 0.687-0.907, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While the automated quantitative CLEIA antigen test from saliva specimen could be one of the most useful diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in general practice, clinicians should know the limitations of the antigen test.

Evaluation of presumptive identification of Enterobacterales using CHROMagar Orientation medium and rapid biochemical tests.

BACKGROUND: The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is gradually spreading among large-scale laboratories; however, this method is impractical for small-scale laboratories. In laboratories without access to these rapid identification methods, problems related to them remain unsolved. In this study, we aimed to develop a rapid and inexpensive method to presumptively identify Enterobacterales using CHROMagar Orientation medium. METHODS: The algorithm for presumptive identification of Enterobacteriaceae using CHROMagar Orientation medium was based on our previous studies. Modified property tests for indole, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and hydrogen sulfide were performed to evaluate the differentiation of the bacterial species. RESULTS: Using the type strains and clinical isolates, it was possible to conduct the property tests at a low cost, within 4 hours. The spot indole test was performed without any nonspecific reactions for the bacteria forming colored colonies. The presumptive identification of bacteria was thereby possible within 24 hours after specimen submission. CONCLUSION: All these results suggest that the rapid presumptive identification of Enterobacterales is possible with this new identification method using CHROMagar Orientation medium. This is therefore a prompt and economical method that can be used in routine laboratory work.

Clinical impact of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry combined with antimicrobial stewardship interventions in patients with bloodstream infections in a Japanese tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has the potential to permit early organism identification and optimization of antibiotic therapy. However, MALDI-TOF MS combined with antimicrobial stewardship is available at only a limited number of institutions. Here, we evaluated the clinical impact of implementing MALDI-TOF MS combined with antimicrobial stewardship intervention in patients with bloodstream infections. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre, prospective cohort study to evaluate the clinical impact of implementing MALDI-TOF MS combined with antimicrobial stewardship intervention in patients with bloodstream infections. Processes and clinical outcomes in patients with bloodstream infections were compared before and after implementation of MALDI-TOF MS. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional identification method, MALDI-TOF MS combined with antimicrobial stewardship intervention significantly decreased the time to organism identification (48.6 ± 46.0 hours vs 78.1 ± 38.9 hours, P < 0.001), effective antimicrobial therapy (12.9 ± 19.0 hours vs 26.2 ± 44.8 hours, P < 0.001) and optimal antimicrobial therapy (53.3 ± 55.0 hours vs 91.7 ± 88.7 hours, P < 0.001. Moreover, the rate of clinical failure (14.0% vs 33.3%, P < 0.001) and incidence of adverse events (7.5% vs 23.9%, P < 0.001) was lower in the MALDI-TOF MS group than in the conventional identification group. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that implementation of MALDI-TOF MS was a protective factor against clinical failure in patients with bloodstream infections (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.99; P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the MALDI-TOF MS combined with antimicrobial stewardship intervention facilitated early optimization of antimicrobial therapy with a remarkable concomitant reduction in clinical failure and adverse events in patients with bloodstream infections.

The impact of implementing an antifungal stewardship with monitoring of 1-3, ß-D-glucan values on antifungal consumption and clinical outcomes.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Implementation of an antifungal stewardship programme is a recognized need. However, there is insufficient information to confirm the impact of antifungal stewardship interventions. Further, few studies have evaluated the clinical effects of an antifungal stewardship intervention using 1-3, ß-D-glucan (ßDG) testing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of implementing an antifungal stewardship with monitoring of ßDG values on antifungal use and clinical outcomes. METHODS: A single institutional prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of implementing daily reviews of antifungal agents and monitoring patients who measured ßDG values since August 2013. Antifungal consumption and clinical outcomes in patients with Candida bloodstream infection were compared before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After implementation of the programme, parental antifungal use was significantly reduced compared to that before intervention (P = 0.006). In the after-intervention group, the rate of 60-day clinical failure in patients with Candida bloodstream infection was significantly reduced, from 80.0% (28/35) to 36.4% (8/22) (P < 0.001), and the rate of 60-day mortality associated with Candida bloodstream infection tended to be reduced, from 42.9% (15/35) to 18.2% (4/22) (P = 0.081) compared to the before-intervention group. The incidence of adverse events associated with antifungal agents was significantly lower in the after-intervention group than in the before-intervention group (51.4% [18/35] vs 13.6% [3/22], P = 0.004). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that daily review of the use of antifungal agents and monitoring of measured ßDG values was highly effective in reducing antifungal consumption and improving the clinical outcomes of patients with Candida bloodstream infection.

Clinical impact of a prospective audit with intervention and feedback without carbapenem restriction in patients receiving carbapenem injection.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial stewardship is required to ensure the appropriate use of antimicrobials. However, few reports have shown the impact of antimicrobial stewardship on clinical outcomes. METHODS: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of implementing a prospective audit with intervention and feedback without carbapenem pre-authorisation, we conducted a single-centre, prospective cohort study in patients who received carbapenem injection. Subjects were allocated to groups receiving antimicrobial agents before (non-intervention group) or after (intervention group) the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in the clinical setting. RESULTS: The intervention facilitated the rate of choice of effective antimicrobials on day 2 from the onset of infection (from 63.2% to 90.2%; P < 0.001). Moreover, the rates of clinical failure-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.89; P = 0.008) and re-infection-free survival (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.18-0.68; P = 0.002) were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the non-intervention group. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that non-implementation of antimicrobial stewardship was a significant risk factor for clinical failure in patients receiving carbapenem injection (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11-2.19; P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective audit with intervention and feedback strategy without carbapenem restriction facilitated the choice of optimal antimicrobials at an early stage of infection and improved clinical outcomes in patients who received carbapenem.

Antimicrobial stewardship intervention for the clinical pathways improves antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical or non-surgical invasive therapies.

BACKGROUND: The standard duration of administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery and non-surgical invasive therapy was shortened according to the promotion of appropriate use. Here, we conducted an intervention to optimise antimicrobial prophylaxis by revising all relevant clinical pathways based on the most recent guidelines. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre, prospective cohort study in patients who received antimicrobial prophylaxis to evaluate outcomes following revision of the clinical pathways for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Antibiotic consumption and the duration of antibiotic administration were compared before and after revising the clinical pathways. RESULTS: Thirty-five of 171 clinical pathways were considered inappropriate for antimicrobial use and were optimised. After this revision, the duration of antibiotic administration was significantly shortened (before revision: 3 [1-5] days vs after revision: 2 [1-3] days, median [interquartile range], P < 0.001). The rate of discontinuation of antibiotics within 48 h after surgery or non-surgical invasive therapy was significantly higher after the revision (62.4% vs 81.8%, P < 0.001). In contrast, the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was not significantly different before and after the revision (5.7% vs 4.3%, P = 0.177). A multivariate Cox proportional analysis indicated that revision of the clinical pathways was one of the prognostic factors associated with the discontinuation of antibiotics within 48 h after surgery or non-surgical invasive therapy (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.76, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that revising all relevant clinical pathways was highly effective in reducing antibiotic consumption and shortening the antibiotic administration period without increasing the incidence of SSIs.

Daily Review of Antimicrobial Use Facilitates the Early Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy and Improves Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Bloodstream Infections.

Insufficient information is available to confirm the beneficial effects of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program in reducing mortality of patients with bloodstream infections. A single institutional cohort study was conducted to evaluate clinical outcomes after implementation of a daily review of antimicrobials used to treat patients with bloodstream infections. Subjects were allocated to groups receiving either intervention or nonintervention. After implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program, the day from the onset of infection required to administer effective intravenous antimicrobial treatment was significantly shortened (p=0.022), and the rate of de-escalation was significantly elevated (p<0.001) compared with the nonintervention group. Further, the rate of 30-d death associated with bloodstream infection was siginificantly reduced from 11.4 to 5.4% (p=0.030) compared with the nonintervention group. The incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the nonintervention group (7.7 vs. 28.0%, p<0.001). Our present findings suggest that daily review of the use of antimicrobials was highly effective for optimizing early antimicrobial therapy and improved clinical outcomes of patients with bloodstream infections.

[Sensitivity surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for several antibacterial agents in Gifu and Aichi prefectures (2011-2012)].

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents, genotype of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes and macrolide resistant genes, and the serotypes against 270 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures between October 2011 and April 2012. These results were compared with those against S. pneumoniae isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011. The number of gPSSP with 3 normal PBP genes, gPISP with 1 or 2 normal PBP genes and gPRSP with 3 abnormal genes isolated in 2011-2012 was 15 (5.6%), 162 (60.0%) and 93 (34.4%) strains, respectively. Compared with those isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011, the numbers of gPRSP were decreasing. On the other hand, the isolates with no macrolide-resistant gene, only mefA, only ermB, and both mefA and ermB were 16 (5.9%), 75 (27.8%), 153 (56.7%) and 26 (9.6%). Compared with those isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011, the numbers of isolates with ermB, which was usually associated with high-level resistance, were increasing. The prevalent pneumococcal serotypes in children were type 3 (14.4%), following by type 15 and 19F (9.3%). The coverages of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were calculated as 22.9% and 49.2%, respectively. The coverages of PCV7 and PCV13 in gPRSP isolated from children were 47.7% (21/44 strains) and 72.7% (32/44 strains). The MIC90 of each antibacterial agent was as follows; 0.125pg/mL for imipenem, panipenem and garenoxacin, 0.25 µg/mL for meropenem and doripenem, 0.5 µg/mL for cefditoren, moxifloxacin and tosufloxacin, 1 µg/mL for amoxicillin, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin, cefteram, cefcapene and ceftriaxone, 2 µg/mL for benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, sulbactam/ampicillin, piperacillin, tazobactam/piperacillin and levofloxacin, 4 µg/mL for cefdinir, flomoxef and pazufloxacin, 16 µg/mL for minocycline, > 64 µg/mL for clarithromycin and azithromycin, and these MIC90s were about the same as those in 2010-2011.

[A retrospective study of the relationship between bacterial numbers from central venous catheter tip cultures and blood cultures for evaluating central line-associated bloodstream infections].

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is an infectious disease requiring special attention. It is a common cause of nosocomial infections; catheter insertion into the central veins particularly increases the risk of infection (CLA-BSI: central line-associated bloodstream infection). We examined the relationship between the number of bacterial colonies cultured from shredded central venous catheter (CVC) tips and from blood cultures in our hospital from 2011 to 2012. Coagulase-negative staphylococci topped the list of microbe isolated from the CVC tip culture, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. S. aureus and Candida spp., with growth of over 15 colony-forming units in the CVC tip culture, were also detected at high rates in the blood culture. However, gramnegative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa) did not show a similar increase in colony number in the CVC tip culture. Because microbes adhering to shredded catheter tips are readily detected by culture, this method is useful as a routine diagnostic test. In addition, prompt clinical reporting of the bacterial number of serious CLA-BSI-causing S. aureus and Candida spp. isolated from CVC tips could contribute to earlier CLA-BSI diagnosis.

Reduction of linezolid-associated thrombocytopenia by the dose adjustment based on the risk factors such as basal platelet count and body weight.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of dose modification based on the risk factor for linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia. A multivariate logistic regression analysis performed in the observational study showed that low body weight of <55 kg (odds ratio [OR]: 33.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.16-510.1, P = 0.012) and the baseline platelet count of <200 × 10(3)/mm(3) (OR: 24.9, 95% CI: 1.53-404.7, P = 0.024) were found to be risk factors for linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia. In the subsequent intervention study, in which daily dose of linezolid was set to 20 mg/kg in patients with either one of the risk factors or 1200 mg in those without any risk factor, the onset of thrombocytopenia was significantly prolonged in the intervention study group (P = 0.043), without reducing clinical efficacy. These findings suggest that dose adjustment of linezolid is effective in preventing thrombocytopenia without reducing its clinical efficacy in patients having risk factors.

A case of sepsis caused by Streptococcus canis in a dog owner: a first case report of sepsis without dog bite in Japan.

A 91-year-old dog-owning woman with a history of hypertension and femoral neck fracture consulted our hospital with fever and femur pain with redness. Laboratory test results showed leukocytosis with 85% neutrophils and high values of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. In addition, growth of Gram-positive streptococcus was observed in two independent blood culture sets. The isolated bacterium was identified as Streptococcus canis on the basis of biochemical properties and sequencing analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. The patient recovered completely without critical illness following prompt antimicrobial treatment with ceftriaxone. S. canis, a ß-hemolytic Lancefield group G streptococcus, is in general isolated from various animal sources, but its isolation from a human clinical sample is extremely rare. Since ß-hemolytic streptococci can cause severe infectious diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis, it is absolutely necessary to start antimicrobial treatment immediately. It is necessary to identify pathogenic bacteria carefully and to obtain information on a patient's background, including history of contact with an animal, when S. canis is isolated.

[Epidemiological analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gifu prefecture and the northern district of Aichi prefecture--2009].

High pathogenicity and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae are serious problem in clinical practice. Since 1999, we have conducted epidemiologic analyses of S. pneumoniae in Chubu district. We report the results of the analysis conducted in 2009. Three hundred and eight (308) S. pneumoniae isolates with a gene coding for autolysin lyt-A, which had been isolated from patients at 21 medical institutions in Gifu prefecture and the northern part of Aichi prefecture in 2009, were enrolled in this study. The strains were classified according to their drug resistance based on the presence of the pbp mutation, and examined for the presence of the two macrolide-resistance genes, ermB and mefA. Moreover, they were serotyped using type-specific antisera. The mean age of the patients from whom these S. pneumoniae strains were isolated, was 23.4 +/- 30.1 years old, and children aged 15 years old or less accounted for 66% of all the patients. Genotype penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (gPSSP), genotype penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (gPISP) and genotype penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (gPRSP) were 22 (7.1%), 131 (42.5%) and 155 (50.3%), respectively. The strains with mefA positive and ermB negative, mefA negative and ermB positive, and mefA positive and ermB positive were 80 (26.0%), 153 (49.7%), and 47 (15.3%), respectively. The MIC90 values of tebipenem (TBPM) and faropenem were 0.06 microg/mL and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively. TBPM showed the high bactericidal activity against gPRSP. In carbapenems, panipenem and biapenem exhibited higher bactericidal activities. Quinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae (QRSP) were isolated from 10 (3.2%). QRSP dominated 5 (7.9%) and 3 (1.5%) among the elderly (over 65 years old) and children, respectively. (As for the serotype, serotypes 6, 19 and 23 were 60 (19.5%), 62 (20.1%), and 44 (14.3%), respectively. Further epidemiologic studies on S. pneumoniae might be required also in the future, including the relationship between the serotype and drug resistance.

Statin-induced Ca(2+) release was increased in B lymphocytes in patients who showed elevated serum creatine kinase during statin treatment.

AIM: Statins are effective in lowering cholesterol levels, but cause fatal rhabdomyolysis in susceptible individuals. Because it has been hypothesized that muscle damage could result from alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis in muscle cells, we tested whether measuring statin-induced changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) is useful for predicting susceptibility to statin-muscle damage, using human CD19+ primary B lymphocytes. METHODS: Statin-induced alterations in [Ca(2+)](i) were studied using the human THP-1 cell line and CD19+ primary B lymphocytes. Changes in [Ca(2+)](i) were measured directly in fluo-3- loaded cells using either single or dual-color flow cytometry. RESULTS: The Ca(2+) release study suggested that statin-induced changes in [Ca(2+)](i) were due to Ca(2+) release from ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) stores and mitochondrial compartments. Further, statin users who experienced elevated creatine kinase (n=8) exhibited significantly greater statin-induced Ca(2+) release in B cells than healthy volunteers (n=45) and statin users without elevated creatine kinase (n=16), while no difference was seen between the latter two groups. CONCLUSION: Statin-induced Ca(2+) release from ryanodine-sensitive stores and mitochondria may contribute to myotoxicity. The laboratory test for Ca(2+) release using CD19+ primary B lymphocytes may be useful to predict susceptibility to statin-induced muscle toxicity prior to statin use.

First report of acute cholecystitis with sepsis caused by Cellulomonas denverensis.

Cellulomonas denverensis is a small and thin gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that was proposed as a new species in 2005. Here we report a female case of acute cholecystitis and sepsis in which C. denverensis was determined to be causative.