Breast carcinoma metastasis to the cheek: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma is a common tumor in women, but it rarely metastasizes to the oral region. Furthermore, metastases to the oral region occur mainly to the maxillary and mandibular bone and rarely to soft tissue. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of breast cancer metastasis to the buccal area. Examination of the right buccal mass of a 66-year-old Japanese woman was suggestive of breast cancer metastasis, and a breast lump was detected. Since receiving hormone-based treatment, the patient has survived more than 5 years and is now in remission. CONCLUSIONS: An oral metastatic lesion may be the first sign of breast carcinoma; oral surgeons should be aware of this possibility.

Characterization of SCCmec type IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones increased in Japanese hospitals.

Recently, the prevalence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV isolates, which are the major community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have increased in Japanese hospitals. The aim of this study was to elucidate the detailed molecular epidemiological features of the SCCmec type IV clones in Japanese hospitals. When 2589 MRSA isolated from four hospitals in Tokyo, Japan between 2010 and 2014 were analysed, the proportion of SCCmec type IV overtook that of type II, which was the major type of hospital-acquired MRSA in 2014. Multilocus sequence typing showed that CC1 was the most predominant clone in the SCCmec type IV isolates. The clinical departments that the patients belonged to, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles suggested that the origin of the CC1-SCCmec type IV (CC1-IV) clone was a community setting. Our data show that the CC1-IV clone is becoming a predominant MRSA clone in Japanese hospitals.

LC3, GABARAP and GATE16 localize to autophagosomal membrane depending on form-II formation.

Rat LC3, a homologue of yeast Atg8 (Aut7/Apg8), localizes to autophagosomal membranes after post-translational modifications. The C-terminal fragment of LC3 is cleaved immediately following synthesis to yield a cytosolic form called LC3-I. A subpopulation of LC3-I is further converted to an autophagosome-associating form, LC3-II. Because yeast Atg8 is conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by a ubiquitin-like system, it has been hypothesized that LC3 is modified in a similar manner. Here, we show that [(14)C]-ethanolamine was preferentially incorporated into LC3-II, suggesting that LC3-II is a PE-conjugated form. LC3-II can be a substrate of mammalian Atg4B, a homologue of yeast Atg8-PE deconjugase, supporting the idea that LC3-II is LC3-PE. Moreover, two other mammalian homologues of yeast Atg8, gamma-aminobutyric-acid-type-A-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) and Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE16) also generate form II, which are recovered in membrane fractions. Generation of the form II correlates with autophagosome association of GABARAP and GATE16. These results suggest that all mammalian Atg8 homologues receive a common modification to associate with autophagosomal membrane as the form II.