RESUMO
Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology and cost implications of acute bacterial meningitis is crucial for effective health planning, timely treatment implementation, and comprehensive patient support measures, as well as for determining appropriate hospital expenses. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of hospitalization cases for bacterial meningitis in Brazil from January 2008 to December 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study that utilized the Hospital Information System of Brazil's National Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) database. The variables included sex, region, age group, hospitalizations, deaths, lethality rate, and hospital service expenses. The data were tabulated to focus specifically on the epidemiological aspect of bacterial meningitis. Results: During the study period, there were 20,207 hospitalizations for bacterial meningitis in Brazil. Men accounted for a higher number of cases, with 11,690 (57.67%), while women had a higher lethality rate of 10.64%. The Southeast region had the highest percentage of both hospitalizations (45.78%) and deaths (46.42%). Bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Notably, the elderly and the Northeast region showed higher rates of lethality. The total expenditure on hospital services exceeded 43 million in Brazilian real, with the highest expenditure observed in 2019 and the lowest in 2011. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of the disease was observed in males, in children under 1-year-old and in the southeast region. Hospital expenditures were found to be substantial and increasing over time, underscoring the significance of early diagnosis and the promotion of vaccination campaigns.
RESUMO
The elucidation of synaptic density changes provides valuable insights into the underlying brain mechanisms of substance use. In preclinical studies, synaptic density markers, like spine density, are altered by substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, nicotine). These changes could be linked to phenomena including behavioral sensitization and drug self-administration in rodents. However, studies have produced heterogeneous results for spine density across substances and brain regions. Identifying patterns will inform translational studies given tools that now exist to measure in vivo synaptic density in humans. We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical studies to identify consistent findings across studies. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO were searched between September 2022 and September 2023, based on a protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022354006). We screened 6083 publications and included 70 for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed drug-specific patterns in spine density changes. Hippocampal spine density increased after amphetamine. Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine increased spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and amphetamine increased, and cannabis reduced, spine density in the prefrontal cortex. There was no convergence of findings for morphine's effects. The effects of cocaine on the prefrontal cortex presented contrasting results compared to human studies, warranting further investigation. Publication bias was small for alcohol or morphine and substantial for the other substances. Heterogeneity was moderate-to-high across all substances. Nonetheless, these findings inform current translational efforts examining spine density in humans with substance use disorders.
RESUMO
The use of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has grown substantially, providing a valuable alternative for exercise intensity monitoring, especially for older adults. However, some challenges, such as cross-cultural validity, age-related differences, and reliability issues, necessitate the development of a concise and user-friendly RPE instrument, particularly for strength training in this population. This study aimed to validate the Subjective Effort Induction Scale (SEIS-3), a simplified tool for measuring effort during strength training. SEIS-3 is a graded instrument with three exertion levels: 1) Light effort, 2) Moderate effort, and 3) Strong effort. Twenty seniors, aged 71±7 years, of both genders participated in the study (CEP/Unimontes 2,741,071/2018). We collected maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) data using a digital dynamometer. Subsequently, participants underwent the initial test, following the three SEIS-3 categories in a randomly assigned order of induced subjective effort. SEIS-3 instrument was evaluated by the approaches:â¢Linear regression analysis: employed to assess the validity of the instrument.â¢Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC): employed to assess the reliability of the instrument.SEIS-3 effort categories correlated with MIVC in both hands (R2=0.80, F = 25.596, df=3, p < 0.01 for right hand; R2=0.56, F = 9.132, p < 0.01 for left hand). Test-retest reliability for grip strength across effort categories was excellent (ICC > 0.9). SEIS-3 is a valid and reliable user-friendly tool for accurately assessing and regulating exercise intensity in older adults during strength tasks, benefiting their health, functional capacity, and overall quality of life. This low-cost instrument can help health professionals in their activities.
RESUMO
As the older population grows, there is an increasing interest in understanding how physical exercise can counteract the changes seen with aging. The benefits of exercise to general health, and especially to the cardiovascular system, have been a topic of discussion for decades. However, there is still a need to elucidate the effects of training programs on the cerebrovascular blood velocity in older people. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of physical exercise on the cerebral blood velocity in older people (PROSPERO CRD42019136305). A search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Scopus from the inception of this study to October 2023, retrieving 493 results, of which 26 were included, analyzing more than 1000 participants. An overall moderate risk of bias was found for the studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tools for randomized and non-randomized clinical trials. The pooled results of randomized trials showed that older people who underwent physical exercise presented a statistically significant increase in cerebral blood velocity (3.58; 95%CI = 0.51, 6.65; p = 0.02). This result indicates that physical exercise is important to help maintain cerebral health in older adults.
RESUMO
This crossover study explored the acute effect of a session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on middle cerebral artery (MCA) variables such as cerebral blood velocity, pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI) through transcranial Doppler (TCD), and cognitive function (CF - verbal fluency and Digit Span) in healthy young adults. Participants (26 healthy young adults, 13 women, 24 ± 3 years) underwent two different randomized exercise sessions: (1) MICT (60 % heart rate reserve, HRR) and (2) HIIT (80 % HRR). MCA velocity, PI, RI, CF, and serum lactate were measured immediately before and after the sessions. HIIT demonstrated improved executive function/semantic fluency (20 %, p = 0.019), while both MICT and HIIT increased lactate (625 %, HIIT, p < 0.001, and 238 %, MICT, p < 0.001). Other assessments remained stable, except for reduced PI (p = 0.029) and RI (p = 0.023) after MICT, with no significant difference (pre-post for HIIT-MICT). Notably, cognition improvement correlated with lactate increase in HIIT (ρ = 0.436; p < 0.001). Executive function/semantic fluency increased after HIIT relative to MICT. The findings show that there are no systematic out-of-normal changes in the cerebrovascular circulation of clinically healthy adults undergoing HIIT and MICT.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Artéria Cerebral Média , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos Cross-Over , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Cognição , LactatosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Adolescence is a period of transition, marked by habits that can influence the health of individuals in the long run. This study aimed to analyze the association between physical activity and food consumption in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 1.570 school adolescents from Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The level of physical activity and consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, and soda/soft drinks was analyzed. Logistic regression was performed (significance level 5%). Among adolescents, 80.8% were classified as not active and practiced physical activity for at least 60 minutes in less than five days a week. In relation to food, 85.2% and 34.3% of adolescents reported consuming legumes and fruits less than three times a week, respectively. Consumption five times a week or more of treats was 64.1% and soft drinks 90.3%. Those who consumed fruit three times a week or less were 40% more likely to be less active. Those who consumed soda more than five times a week were twice as likely to be little active. Low levels of physical activity were associated with consumption of fruit less than or equal to three times a week and soft drinks greater than five times a week. There is a need to encourage the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits regarding the practice of physical activity and food consumption among adolescents, in school and family contexts.
RESUMO A adolescência é um período de transição, marcado por hábitos que podem influenciar a saúde dos indivíduos a longo prazo. Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre a prática de atividade física e o consumo alimentar em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 1.570 adolescentes escolares de Montes Claros, MG. Analisou-se nível de atividade física e consumo de frutas, leguminosas, guloseimas e refrigerante. Foi realizada regressão logística (nível de significância 5%). Entre os adolescentes 80,8% foram classificados como pouco ativos e praticavam atividade física por pelo menos 60 minutos em menos do que cinco dias por semana. Em relação à alimentação, 85,2% e 34,3% dos adolescentes relataram consumo de leguminosas e frutas com frequência menor que três vezes por semana, respectivamente. O consumo cinco vezes por semana ou mais de guloseimas foi de 64,1% e refrigerantes de 90,3%. Os que consumiam frutas três vezes por semana ou menos apresentaram chance 40% maior de serem pouco ativos. Os que consumiam refrigerante com frequência superior a cinco vezes por semana apresentaram chance duas vezes mais alta de serem pouco ativos. Baixos níveis de atividade física foram associados ao consumo de frutas menor ou igual a três vezes por semana e de refrigerantes superior a cinco vezes por semana. Há necessidade de incentivo à promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis quanto à prática de atividade física e ao consumo alimentar entre os adolescentes nos contextos escolar e familiar.
RESUMO
Lipomas are well-defined tumors of the adipose tissue that often occur in the torso or the extremities of adult patients. These tumors usually develop painlessly and insidiously, but theymay compress adjacent structures. The objective of the present study is to describe the case of a 68-year-old female patient with a giant lipoma located at the hypothenar region, with manifestation of compression of the common palmar digital nerves, the ulnar nerve, andthe abductormuscle of theVfinger. Regarding the symptoms, the patient feltmoderate pain in the hypothenar region, with no Tinel sign, and no changes in the motor function or sensibility of the digits innervated by the ulnar nerve. Lipomasmay present a varied range of histological characteristics, and malignant tumors may be a differential diagnosis. An imaging exammay aid in the diagnosis, which is confirmed by a histopathological study. For the present case, as recommended in the literature, a surgical procedure was performed for the resection of the tumor, which resulted in the control of the symptoms.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Nervo Ulnar/lesões , Síndromes de Compressão do Nervo Ulnar/terapia , Lipoma/cirurgia , Lipoma/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Lipoma/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Some areas of knowledge are usually related to a high degree of abstraction involved in the object studied. In the case of the embryology study, for instance, the students' learning difficulties are recurrent due to a lack of didactic resources, which may aid the interpretation process of the figures presented in related literature. Based on the motivation to improve university education, specially in the area of biological sciences, the present work aims to represent in three dimensions, stages of the human embryological development. SolidWorks 3D modeling software was used, as well as didactic material related to the subject of embryology, conception and human development, such as books, atlases and scientific papers. There weredesigned, in 3D software, models representing the stages of human embryonic development. This means ofproduction allowed the elaboration of exclusive anatomic models, with low cost (less than R$100,00 for more than 10 parts) and ease of visual interpretation. The models were designed in scale, such that it was possible to compare models that represent distinct periods of ontogenic development. It was possible to contribute to an improvement in the understanding of the topic of embryology for students with major related to health, through the visualization, in three dimensions, of models that are sometimes very expensive as physical pieces, or even nonexistent in market.
Algumas áreas do conhecimento, geralmente, estão relacionadas a um alto grau de abstração envolvido no objeto estudado. Para o caso do estudo de embriologia, por exemplo, é recorrente a dificuldade de aprendizagem dos estudantes, por falta de recursos didáticos, que possam auxiliar no processo de interpretação das figuras apresentadas em literatura relacionada. Partindo da motivação de melhorar o ensino universitário, sobretudo na área de ciências biológicas, o presente trabalho objetiva representar, em 3 dimensões, etapas do desenvolvimento embriológico humano. Foi utilizado o software de modelagem 3D, SolidWorks, além de material didático relacionado ao assunto de embriologia, concepção e formação do ser humano, como livros, atlas e artigos científicos. Foram projetados, em software 3D, modelos que representem etapas do desenvolvimento embrionário humano. Esse meio de produção permitiu a elaboração de modelos anatômicos exclusivos, com baixo custo e facilidade de interpretação visual. Os modelos foram projetados em escala, de tal modo que foi possível a comparação entre modelos que representem períodos distintos do desenvolvimento ontogênico. Foi possível contribuir com melhora do entendimento do tema de embriologia, para estudantes da área da saúde, por meio da visualização, em três dimensões, de modelos que por vezes são muito caros como peças físicas, ou mesmo, inexistentes no mercado.
Assuntos
Ensino , Materiais de Ensino , Embriologia , Desenho Assistido por Computador , Impressão TridimensionalRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar no um Estado brasileiro e comparar com valores de países industrializados. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, de delineamento retrospectivo e transversal na coleta de dados, com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de consulta às bases de dados do sistema TABNET, disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), com acesso em março de 2017. A população do estudo foi constituída pelos casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar do Estado de Minas Gerais registrados no período entre 2011 e 2016. Resultados: Foram contados 3.663 casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar no período considerado para estudo, com estabilização do número de casos no primeiro triênio 715 (2011), 706 (2012) e 715 (2013). Apesar da tendência observada na primeira metade do período estudado, houve diminuição do número de casos nos 3 meses seguintes 716 (2014), 663 (2015) e 148 (2016). Com a redução no número de casos na metade mais recente do período estudado, o Estado de Minas Gerais acompanhou a tendência de países desenvolvidos em relação à redução no número de casos de tuberculose. No entanto, apesar da diminuição dos casos para o acometimento extrapulmonar, esse número ainda foi elevado. Conclusão: Ainda é elevada a incidência de casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar, mesmo com a implementação da vacina BCG. Faz-se necessária a realização de pesquisas, a fim de melhor esclarecer a questão, além de comparar também os casos de manifestação pulmonar no Estado. (AU)
Objective: To analyze cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a Brazilian state, and to compare it with values from industrialized countries. Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study, with a retrospective and cross-sectional design in data collection, with a quantitative approach. Data were obtained by consulting the databases of the TABNET system, made available by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), with access in March 2017. The study population consisted of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Minas Gerais, recorded in the period between 2011 and 2016. Results: A total of 2,979 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were counted in the study period, with stabilization in the number of cases in the first triennium - 715 (2011), 706 (2012), and 715 (2013). Despite the trend observed in the first half of the study period, there was a decrease in the number of cases in the following three months - 716 (2014), 663 (2015) and 148 (2016). With the reduction in the number of cases for the most recent half of the studied period, the state of Minas Gerais followed the tendency of developed countries in relation to the reduction in the number of cases of tuberculosis. However, despite the decrease in cases of extrapulmonary involvement, this number was still high. Conclusion: There is still a high incidence of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, even with the implementation of the BCG vaccine. IMore research is required to better clarify this issue, and to compare cases of pulmonary manifestation in the state. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Vacina BCG/uso terapêutico , Incidência , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de lesões em órgãos-alvo. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal e retrospectivo utilizando dados do Sistema de Cadastramento e Acompanhamento de Hipertensos e Diabéticos considerando diabéticos tipo 2 do Estado de Minas Gerais, entre os anos de 2003 e 2012. Foram analisadas quatro lesões características da má evolução do diabetes mellitus tipo 2: infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, pé diabético e doença renal crônica. Resultados: Foram encontrados 36.270 diabéticos tipo 2. O infarto agudo do miocárdio acometeu 2,9% dos pacientes, gerando 1.087 casos. A idade mais atingida foi acima de 40 anos. O acidente vascular cerebral acometeu 2,4% dos diabéticos, provocando 892 ocorrências. A idade de maior prevalência se situou entre 50 e 64 anos, sendo responsável por 41,4% dos casos. O sexo feminino apresentou superioridade, sendo responsável por 56% dos casos. O pé diabético foi registrado em 1.160 pacientes, somando 3,1% do total de diabéticos. A doença renal crônica foi a lesão secundária ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mais prevalente no estado, gerando 2.094 registros, o que representa 5,7% do total de diabéticos. O sexo feminino foi consideravelmente mais acometido (65,1% dos casos), sendo a faixa etária entre 45 e 64 anos a mais prevalente. Conclusão: Este estudo sobre a prevalência e os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões secundárias em diabéticos tipo 2 de Minas Gerais permitiu identificar que se trata de complicações muito prevalentes no Estado, e que os aspectos clínicos analisados constituem importantes fatores de risco para a má evolução da doença. (AU)
Objective: To analyze the prevalence of target organ damage. Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was performed using data from the Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients Registry and Monitoring System considering type 2 diabetes patients from the state of Minas Gerais, from 2003 to 2012. Four characteristic lesions due to poor evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus were analyzed: acute myocardial infarction; Stroke; Diabetic foot; Chronic kidney disease. Results: A total of 36,270 type 2 diabetic patients was found. Acute myocardial infarction affected 2.9% of the patients, generating 1,087 cases. The most affected age was over 40 years. Stroke affected 2.4% of diabetics, causing 892 occurrences. The highest prevalence age was between 50 and 64 years, accounting for 41.4% of the cases. The female gender was prevalent, being responsible for 56% of the cases. The diabetic foot was recorded in 1,160 patients, accounting for 3.1% of the total number of diabetics. Chronic kidney disease was the most prevalent lesion secondary to diabetes mellitus in the state, generating 2,094 records, representing 5.7% of the total number of diabetics. The female gender was considerably more affected (65.1% of the cases), with the age group between 45 and 64 years being more prevalent. Conclusion: This study of the prevalence and risk factors for the development of secondary lesions in type 2 diabetics from Minas Gerais allowed us to identify that these are very prevalent complications in the state, and that the clinical aspects analyzed are important risk factors for poor outcome of the disease. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , Pé Diabético/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Incidência , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Comportamento SedentárioRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To analyze the prevalence of asthenic symptoms in students of higher education and to assess their influence on academic performance and learning. Methods: Descriptive research with cross-sectional design through the application of the College of Optometrists Questionnaire in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVDL-QoL), in its cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation to the Portuguese language, to the students of a private college in the city of Montes Claros. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 132 university students. There was no significant discrepancy in the prevalence of asthenopia between genders and age. Symptoms of headache, poor memory and loss of objects predominated in women, while sleepiness during reading and poor management of time were predominant in males. Conclusion: A high prevalence rate of asthenic symptoms among university students and positive associations with sex and time of use of electronic equipment was identified.
Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de sintomas astenópicos em estudantes do ensino superior e avaliar a sua influência no desempenho acadêmico e no aprendizado. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal por meio da aplicação do Questionário College of Optometrists in Vision Development Quality of Life (COVDL-QoL), em sua adaptação transcultural e linguística para a língua portuguesa, aos alunos de uma faculdade particular da cidade de Montes Claros. Resultados: O questionário foi respondido por 132 universitários. Não houve discrepância significativa na prevalência de astenopia entre os sexos e a idade. Os sintomas de dor de cabeça, memória fraca e perda de objetos predominaram nas mulheres, enquanto a sonolência durante a leitura e o mau gerenciamento do tempo foram predominantes no sexo masculino. Conclusão: Foi identificada alta taxa de prevalência de sintomas astenópicos entre os universitários e associações positivas com sexo e tempo de utilização de equipamentos eletrônicos.