Eugenol reduces serum testosterone levels and sperm viability in adult Wistar rats.

Eugenol is the main constituent of clove extract. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in several food products and widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry. Men consume natural products enriched with eugenol for treating sexual disorders and using as aphrodisiacs. Nevertheless, there is no information about the impact of eugenol intake on the reproductive parameters of healthy males. Therefore, we provided 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 pure eugenol to adult Wistar rats for 60 days. Testis, epididymis, and spermatozoa were analyzed under microscopic, biochemical, and functional approaches. This phenolic compound did not alter testicular and epididymal biometry and microscopy. However, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol reduced serum testosterone levels. The highest dose altered lactate and glucose concentrations in the epididymis. All the eugenol concentrations diminished CAT activity and MDA levels in the testis and increased FRAP and CAT activity in the epididymis. Epididymal sperm from rats receiving 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol presented high Ca2+ ATPase activity and low motility. In conclusion, eugenol at low and high doses negatively impacted the competence of epididymal sperm and modified oxidative parameters in male organs, with no influence on their microscopy.

Histomorphometric and oxidative evaluation of the offspring's testis from type 2 diabetic female rats treated with metformin and pentoxifylline.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) during pregnancy is characterized by high levels of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory factors in the placenta. Once these reactive species reach the foetus, they trigger physiological adaptations that allow the foetus to survive, but programme the organism to develop metabolic disorders in adulthood. The male reproductive system is highly susceptible to foetal programming. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to T2D on testicular histomorphometry and redox homeostasis of adult rats and evaluate the effects of maternal treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline. Female rats were induced to T2D, then treated with metformin and pentoxifylline, or co-treated with both drugs. The females were mated, the male offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 90, and the testicles were collected for analysis. Metformin protected the tubular compartment, with the maintenance of the Sertoli cell population and daily sperm production. Pentoxifylline attenuated the effects of diabetes on Leydig cells, in addition to stimulating testosterone production and lowering lipid peroxidation. Intrauterine exposure to T2D results in important testicular alterations that compromise gonadal function, and the co-treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline may represent a promising therapy that attenuates these effects by combining the positive influences in both the tubular and interstitial compartments of the testicular parenchyma.

High doses of eugenol cause structural and functional damage to the rat liver.

Eugenol is a phenolic compound found in clove extract and extensively used in traditional medicine. It is unclear whether its intake can cause positive or negative effects on liver morphology and physiology in healthy individuals. Thus, we aimed to evaluate liver parameters of rats treated with 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol. After 60 days of treatment, liver samples were collected and analyzed by biometric, histological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses. Our results showed that 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol did not alter body and liver weights, serum and hepatic ALT levels and catalase, glutathione-s-transferase, total, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ATPases activities in treated animals. However, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol reduced Na+/K+ ATPase pump activity and blood glucose levels. They also increased hepatic glycogen content, superoxide dismutase activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels. Still, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 eugenol caused structural and functional damage to the liver tissue of eugenol-treated rats. We concluded that 10 mg kg-1 eugenol is a safe dose for consumption in long-term treatment for rats. Doses higher than 20 mg kg-1 lead to hepatic damage that can impair vital processes of liver functionality.

Different Routes of Administration Lead to Different Oxidative Damage and Tissue Disorganization Levels on the Subacute Cadmium Toxicity in the Liver.

The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on hepatic parameters are widely described in the literature. Experimental models often make use of the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) because it is easier to apply, while in the oral route, Cd poisoning in humans is best represented by allowing the metal to pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Thus, this study investigated the Cd exposure impact on the liver, by comparing both i.p. and oral routes, both in single dose, in addition to the oral route in fractional doses. Swiss adult male mice received CdCl2 1.5 mg/kg i.p., 30 mg/kg oral single dose, and 4.28 mg/kg oral route in fractional doses for 7 consecutive days. Cd bioaccumulation was observed in all animals exposed to Cd. Hepatic concentrations of Ca and Fe increased only in the fractionated oral route. Liver activities of SOD and CAT increased only by oral single dose. GST decreased in all forms of oral administration, while MDA decreased only in i.p. route. Liver weight and HSI increased in the i.p. route, while organ volume increased in all forms of oral administration, and liver density increased in all animals exposed to Cd. In hepatic histomorphometry, the changes were more evident in oral administration, mainly in exposure to metal in a single dose. Thus, the subacute administration of Cd in different routes of administration leads to different changes in liver poisoning.