RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ameloblastoma is a benign but aggressive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm of unknown etiology. The role of human papilloma virus (HPV) in the etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma has prompted the investigation of HPV as an etiologic factor in ameloblastoma. This study aimed to determine the frequency of high-risk (HR) HPV in conventional ameloblastoma and the clinical parameters associated with infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the ethical review boards of the institution. DNA was extracted from fresh tissue collected 750 µL of DNA/RNA Shield (Zymo Research, United States) using Invitrogen PureLink Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit (Invitrogen, USA). The extracted DNA was assayed for the detection of 14 HR HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) using Anyplex™ II HPV HR Detection kit (Cat. No. HP7E00X) (Seegene Inc., Republic of Korea) on CFX-96TM Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) System (Bio-Rad). Data on gender, age of patient, site of lesion, clinicohistological types of ameloblastoma and history of smoking, alcohol consumption, and practice of oral sex were collected. Data analysis was performed using analysis program SPSS version 25 and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Two cases of conventional ameloblastoma were positive with HPV and none of the ameloblastic carcinoma cases were positive. The HPV 16 serotype was observed in both cases. While 5 of the cases had a history of alcohol consumption, none of these cases were positive for HPV serotype. CONCLUSIONS: HPV 16 positivity was detected in two cases of conventional ameloblastomas and none in ameloblastic carcinoma using real-time PCR. There was no effect of exposure to smoking, alcohol consumption, and practice of oral sex and HPV in the etiology of ameloblastoma. Data available are suggestive of a limited role of HPV in the etiology of ameloblastoma.
Résumé Introduction:L'améloblastome est un néoplasme odontogène épithélial bénin mais agressif d'étiologie inconnue. Le rôle du papillome humain (HPV) dans l'étiologie du carcinome épidermoïde oral a incité à étudier le HPV en tant que facteur étiologique de l'améloblastome. Cette étude visait à déterminer la fréquence du HPV à haut risque (HR) dans l'améloblastome conventionnel et les paramètres cliniques associés.avec infection.Matériels et méthodes:L'étude a été approuvée par les comités d'examen éthique de l'institution. L'ADN a été extrait de frais les tissus ont collecté 750 µL de bouclier DNA/RNA (Zymo Research, États-Unis) à l'aide du mini kit Invitrogen PureLink Viral RNA/DNA (Invitrogen, ETATS-UNIS). Le DNA extrait a été analysé pour la détection de 14 types de HPV HR (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 et 68) en utilisant Kit de détection Anyplex™ II HPV HR (réf. HP7E00X) (Seegene Inc., République de Corée) sur chaîne de polymérase en temps réel CFX-96TM Système de réaction (PCR) (Bio-Rad). Données sur le sexe, l'âge du patient, le site de la lésion, les types clinico-histologiques d'améloblastome et les antécédents de le tabagisme, la consommation d'alcool et la pratique du sexe oral ont été collectés. L'analyse des données a été réalisée à l'aide du programme d'analyse SPSS version 25. et la signification statistique a été fixée à P <0,05.Résultats:Deux cas d'améloblastome conventionnel étaient positifs au HPV et aucun des les cas de carcinome améloblastique étaient positifs. Le sérotype HPV 16 a été observé dans les deux cas. Alors que 5 des cas avaient des antécédents d'alcoolisme consommation, aucun de ces cas n'était positif pour le sérotype HPV.Conclusions:Une positivité au HPV 16 a été détectée dans deux cas de améloblastomes et aucun dans le carcinome améloblastique par PCR en temps réel. Il n'y a eu aucun effet de l'exposition au tabac, à la consommation d'alcool, et la pratique du sexe oral et du HPV dans l'étiologie de l'améloblastome. Les données disponibles suggèrent un rôle limité de HPV.
Assuntos
Ameloblastoma , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Ameloblastoma/epidemiologia , Ameloblastoma/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , DNA Viral/genética , Papillomavirus Humano/isolamento & purificação , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Fatores de Risco , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
There have been several Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) outbreaks in Nigeria which remains a public health concern. Despite the increasing number of suspected cases of VHF due to heightened surveillance activities and growing awareness, only a few cases are laboratory-confirmed to be VHF. Routinely, these samples are only tested for Lassa virus and Yellow fever virus with occasional testing for Dengue virus when indicated. The aetiology of the disease in these VHF suspected cases in Nigeria which are negative for Lassa, Yellow fever and Dengue viruses remains a puzzle. Since the clinical features exhibited by suspected VHF cases are like other endemic illnesses such as Hepatitis, there is a need to investigate the diversity and co-infections of hepatitis viruses as differentials and possible co-morbidity in suspected cases of VHFs in Nigeria. A total of three hundred and fifty (350) blood samples of 212 (60.6%) males and 138 (39.4%) females, aged <1-70 years with a mean age of 25 ±14.5, suspected of VHFs and tested negative for Lassa, Yellow fever and Dengue viruses were investigated for Hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses at the Centre for Human and Zoonotic Virology (CHAZVY), College of Medicine, University of Lagos (CMUL) using serologic and molecular techniques. The serologic analysis of these VHF suspected cases samples revealed that 126 (36%) were positive for at least one hepatitis virus. Individual prevalence for each of the hepatitis virus screened for showed that 37 (10.6%), 18 (5.1%) and 71 (20.3%) were positive for HBV, HCV and HEV respectively. All the samples were negative for HAV. A co-infection rate of 11.9% was also observed, with HCV/HEV co-infections being the most prevalent and the Northern region having the greatest burden of infection. The evidence of hepatitis virus infections in suspected cases of VHF was documented. Thus, their associations as co-morbidities and/or mortalities in this category of individuals require further investigations in endemic countries such as Nigeria. Therefore, the possible inclusion of screening for hepatitis viruses and other aetiologic agents that could mimic infections in suspected cases of VHFs in Nigeria should be thoroughly evaluated to guide informed policy on the diagnosis and management of these cases.
Assuntos
Febres Hemorrágicas Virais , Humanos , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Febres Hemorrágicas Virais/epidemiologia , Febres Hemorrágicas Virais/diagnóstico , Febres Hemorrágicas Virais/virologia , Criança , Idoso , Pré-Escolar , Adulto Jovem , Lactente , Vírus de Hepatite/isolamento & purificação , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologiaRESUMO
Introduction: sequel to the emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent spread to all continents of the world, humans have continued to experience severe devastation to their health and economies. To control the spread of this virus, it is important to detect the infection in recently infected and asymptomatic individuals who are capable of infecting others. This study was designed to detect ongoing SARS-CoV-2 Infection among asymptomatic individuals in open markets across three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Methods: nasal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 2,158 study participants between December 20th, 2020 and March 20th, 2021 from large open markets across three geo-political zones (Southwest, Northwest and Southeast) of Nigeria. Virus RNA was extracted from these swab samples and real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific genes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: a total of 163 (7.6%) of the 2,158 participants enrolled for the study tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The rate of infection was significantly higher in the North-western States of the country when compared to the western and Eastern regions (P=0.000). Similarly, the rate of infection was higher among buyers than sellers (P=0.000) and among males when compared with females, though the difference was not significant (p=0.31). Conclusion: this study shows that there is a continuous spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially among active, asymptomatic individuals across many States in the country. There is therefore need to continuously educate citizens on the need to adhere to both the non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical preventive measures to protect themselves and ultimately curb the spread of the virus.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudos Transversais , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Teste para COVID-19RESUMO
Molecular diagnostic testing has played a critical role in the global response to the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, since its first outbreak in late 2019. At the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic, nasopharyngeal swab sample analysis for COVID-19 diagnosis using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was the most widely used. However, due to the high cost and difficulty of sample collection, the number of available sample types for COVID-19 diagnosis is rapidly increasing, as is the COVID-19 diagnostic literature. The use of nasal swabs, saliva, and oral fluids as viable sample options for the effective detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been implemented successfully in different settings since 2020. These alternative sample type provides a plethora of advantages including decreasing the high exposure risk to frontline workers, enhancing the chances of home self-sampling, reducing the cost, and significantly increasing testing capacity. This study sought to ascertain the effectiveness of Saliva samples as an alternative for COVID-19 diagnosis in Nigeria. Demographic data, paired samples of Nasopharyngeal Swab and Drooling Saliva were obtained from 309 consenting individuals aged 8-83 years presenting for COVID-19 testing. All samples were simultaneously assayed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, N, and E genes using the GeneFinder™ COVID-19 Plus RT-PCR test kit. Out of 309 participants, only 299 with valid RT-PCR results comprising 159 (53.2%) males and 140 (46.8%) females were analyzed in this study using the R Statistical package. Among the 299 samples analyzed, 39 (13.0%) had SARS-CoV-2 detected in at least one specimen type. Both swabs and saliva were positive in 20 (51.3%) participants. Ten participants (25.6%) had swab positive/saliva-negative results and 9 participants (23.1%) had saliva positive/swab-negative results. The percentage of positive and negative agreement of the saliva samples with the nasopharyngeal swab were 67% and 97% respectively with positive and negative predictive values as 69% and 96% respectively. The findings indicate that drooling saliva samples have good and comparable diagnostic accuracy to the nasopharyngeal swabs with moderate sensitivities and high specificities.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Sialorreia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Teste para COVID-19 , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Nasofaringe , Pandemias , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Saliva , Manejo de Espécimes/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The increasing trends of morbidity and mortality of Lassa fever is becoming more alarming in Nigeria. Information about immune response to the virus is limited. At exposure, the level of immunity plays a vital role in the vulnerability of individuals infected. OBJECTIVE: Investigating the immune status of health workers, infected cases and contacts of infected cases of Lassa fever in Ondo State. STUDY DESIGN: Blood samples were collected from 233 individuals comprising 102 health workers, 22 infected cases and 109 contacts of infected cases from Owo and Ose Local Government Areas and transported in triple level packaging. Plasma samples were analyzed for IgG and IgM markers using ReLASV® Pan-Lassa NP IgG/IgM ELISA Kit (Zalgen Labs, LLC, USA) while RNAs extracted from IgM positive samples were analyzed for LASV RNA according to manufacturers' instructions. RESULT: Among the health workers, 20/102 (19.6%) and 2/102 (2.0%) were IgG and IgM positive respectively. While 16/22 (72.7%) and 14/22 (63.6%) were IgG and IgM positive respectively among the infected cases. Of the contacts of infected cases screened, 64/109 (58.7%) were IgG positive while 4/109 (3.7%) were positive for IgM. There was no detectable LASV RNA in the samples analyzed. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that majority of the health workers are naïve to the virus and hence may be prone to the viral infection. It could also be suggestive that a good personal protective procedure is been practiced by the health workers, hence the low exposure. However, most of the contacts of infected cases show exposure to the virus.
Assuntos
Busca de Comunicante , Pessoal de Saúde , Febre Lassa/epidemiologia , Febre Lassa/virologia , Vírus Lassa , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Humanos , Febre Lassa/diagnóstico , Febre Lassa/transmissão , Vírus Lassa/imunologia , Programas de Rastreamento , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
In an outbreak, effective detection of the aetiological agent(s) involved using molecular techniques is key to efficient diagnosis, early prevention and management of the spread. However, sequencing is necessary for mutation monitoring and tracking of clusters of transmission, development of diagnostics and for vaccines and drug development. Many sequencing methods are fast evolving to reduce test turn-around-time and to increase through-put compared to Sanger sequencing method; however, Sanger sequencing remains the gold standard for clinical research sequencing with its 99.99% accuracy This study sought to generate sequence data of SARS-CoV-2 using Sanger sequencing method and to characterize them for possible site(s) of mutations. About 30 pairs of primers were designed, synthesized, and optimized using endpoint PCR to generate amplicons for the full length of the virus. Cycle sequencing using BigDye Terminator v.3.1 and capillary gel electrophoresis on ABI 3130xl genetic analyser were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions. The sequence data generated were assembled and analysed for variations using DNASTAR Lasergene 17 SeqMan Ultra. Total length of 29,760bp of SARS-CoV-2 was assembled from the sample analysed and deposited in GenBank with accession number: MT576584. Blast result of the sequence assembly shows a 99.97% identity with the reference sequence. Variations were noticed at positions: nt201, nt2997, nt14368, nt16535, nt20334, and nt28841-28843, which caused amino acid alterations at the S (aa614) and N (aa203-204) regions. The mutations observed at S and N-gene in this study may be indicative of a gradual changes in the genetic coding of the virus hence, the need for active surveillance of the viral genome.
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COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Sequência de Bases , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), an endemic acute viral haemorrhagic illness in Nigeria, is transmitted by direct contact with the rodent, contaminated food or household items. Person-to-person transmission also occurs and sexual transmission has been reported. Thus, this study investigated the presence of LASV in body fluids of suspected and confirmed cases. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study between March 2018 and April 2019 involving 112 consenting suspected and post ribavirin confirmed cases attending the Lassa fever treatment center in Ondo State. Whole blood was collected from 57 suspected and 29 confirmed cases. Other samples from confirmed cases were 5 each of High Vaginal Swab (HVS) and seminal fluid; 12 breast milk and 4 urine. All samples were analyzed using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the S-gene of LASV. RESULTS: analysis of whole blood by RT-PCR showed that 1/57 (1.8%) suspected and 1/29 (3.4%) confirmed post ribavirin treated cases were positive. While LASV was detected in 2/5 (40%) post ribavirin treated seminal fluids and 1/11 (8.3%) breast milk. However, LASV was not detected in any of the HVS and urine samples. CONCLUSION: the detection of LASV in seminal fluid and breast milk of discharged post ribavirin treated cases suggests its persistence in these fluids of recovering Nigerians. The role of postnatal and sexual transmissions in the perennial outbreak of LF needs to be further evaluated.
Assuntos
Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Febre Lassa/epidemiologia , Vírus Lassa/isolamento & purificação , Ribavirina/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Febre Lassa/diagnóstico , Febre Lassa/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Leite Humano/virologia , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sêmen/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parvovirus B19 (B19) has tropism for cells of the erythroid lineage, which may lead to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Several studies and case reports suggested that B19 infection may contribute significantly to severe chronic anemia in HIV infected persons. OBJECTIVE: To detect parvovirus B19 DNA in treatment-naïve HIV patients. METHODS: This was a case control retrospective study. One hundred nineteen anemic and 81 non-anemic treatment-naïve HIV infected patients participated in the study at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect B19 DNA. RESULTS: Out of 200 patients analysed, 13(6.5%) had parvovirus B19 DNA. Eight HIV patients with anemia had B19 DNA while five non-anemic HIV patients had B19 DNA. This suggests that the presence of B19 DNA in the blood of HIV positive individuals may contribute to anemia because the majority (61.5%) who were positive for B19 DNA had anemia as compared to the non-anemic control group (38.5%). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the presence of B19 DNA in anemic HIV infected patients is not associated with chronic anaemia in HIV infection because no significant association exist.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Anemia/virologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/sangue , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anemia/epidemiologia , Anemia/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/genética , Parvovirus B19 Humano/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children <5 years of age worldwide accounting for 527,000 deaths annually. Over 80% of these deaths occur in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. RV vaccines have significantly reduced RV-associated morbidity and mortalities in several countries like the United States and Mexico while vaccine trials have proved efficacious in Ghana and other developing countries. However, there is paucity of data on RV infection in Cameroon where diarrhea is a major childhood disease. METHODS: A total of 534 stool specimens collected between January 2003 and December 2004 from children with acute gastroenteritis in five health districts in the NWR of Cameroon were screened for group A human rotavirus antigen by ELISA and their electropherotypes determined by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: RV was detected in 153 (28.7%) diarrheic specimens with infection occurring throughout the year, being more common in children under two years of age (P < 0.01) with the highest incidence in the 7-9 months age group (P <0.05). Sub clinical infections (9%) occurred mostly in children aged 0 - 6 months old (P<0.01). Source of drinking water was not associated with RV infection. Eleven electropherotype patterns were detected with predominance of long electropherotypes (92.8%) and mixed electropherotypes were seen only in hospitalized children. Some isolates showed overlapping or merged genome segments 7 and 8 or 9 and presenting with 10 segments of the RV genome. CONCLUSION: RV is a significant cause of pediatric diarrhea in the NWR affecting mostly children under 2 years of age. Continuous RV surveillance and nationwide surveys are recommended to improve the health of young children in Cameroon. More research is needed to fully characterize the isolated RV strains.