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1.
Immunity ; 2024 Jun 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38964332

RESUMO

The nasal mucosa is often the initial site of respiratory viral infection, replication, and transmission. Understanding how infection shapes tissue-scale primary and memory responses is critical for designing mucosal therapeutics and vaccines. We generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of the murine nasal mucosa, sampling three regions during primary influenza infection and rechallenge. Compositional analysis revealed restricted infection to the respiratory mucosa with stepwise changes in immune and epithelial cell subsets and states. We identified and characterized a rare subset of Krt13+ nasal immune-interacting floor epithelial (KNIIFE) cells, which concurrently increased with tissue-resident memory T (TRM)-like cells. Proportionality analysis, cell-cell communication inference, and microscopy underscored the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis between KNIIFE and TRM cells. Secondary influenza challenge induced accelerated and coordinated myeloid and lymphoid responses without epithelial proliferation. Together, this atlas serves as a reference for viral infection in the upper respiratory tract and highlights the efficacy of local coordinated memory responses.

2.
bioRxiv ; 2024 Mar 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38562902

RESUMO

The nasal mucosa is frequently the initial site of respiratory viral infection, replication, and transmission. Recent work has started to clarify the independent responses of epithelial, myeloid, and lymphoid cells to viral infection in the nasal mucosa, but their spatiotemporal coordination and relative contributions remain unclear. Furthermore, understanding whether and how primary infection shapes tissue-scale memory responses to secondary challenge is critical for the rational design of nasal-targeting therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) atlas of the murine nasal mucosa sampling three distinct regions before and during primary and secondary influenza infection. Primary infection was largely restricted to respiratory mucosa and induced stepwise changes in cell type, subset, and state composition over time. Type I Interferon (IFN)-responsive neutrophils appeared 2 days post infection (dpi) and preceded transient IFN-responsive/cycling epithelial cell responses 5 dpi, which coincided with broader antiviral monocyte and NK cell accumulation. By 8 dpi, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) expressing Cxcl9 and Cxcl16 arose alongside effector cytotoxic CD8 and Ifng-expressing CD4 T cells. Following viral clearance (14 dpi), rare, previously undescribed Krt13+ nasal immune-interacting floor epithelial (KNIIFE) cells expressing multiple genes with immune communication potential increased concurrently with tissue-resident memory T (TRM)-like cells and early IgG+/IgA+ plasmablasts. Proportionality analysis coupled with cell-cell communication inference, alongside validation by in situ microscopy, underscored the CXCL16-CXCR6 signaling axis between MDMs and effector CD8 T cells 8dpi and KNIIFE cells and TRM cells 14 dpi. Secondary influenza challenge with a homologous or heterologous strain administered 60 dpi induced an accelerated and coordinated myeloid and lymphoid response without epithelial proliferation, illustrating how tissue-scale memory to natural infection engages both myeloid and lymphoid cells to reduce epithelial regenerative burden. Together, this atlas serves as a reference for viral infection in the upper respiratory tract and highlights the efficacy of local coordinated memory responses upon rechallenge.

3.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(6): e0351623, 2024 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38687064

RESUMO

Recent case reports and epidemiological data suggest that fungal infections represent an underappreciated complication among people with severe COVID-19. However, the frequency of fungal colonization in patients with COVID-19 and associations with specific immune responses in the airways remain incompletely defined. We previously generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing data set characterizing the upper respiratory microenvironment during COVID-19 and mapped the relationship between disease severity and the local behavior of nasal epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cells. Our previous study, in agreement with findings from related human cohorts, demonstrated that a profound deficiency in host immunity, particularly in type I and type III interferon signaling in the upper respiratory tract, is associated with rapid progression to severe disease and worse clinical outcomes. We have now performed further analysis of this cohort and identified a subset of participants with severe COVID-19 and concurrent detection of Candida species-derived transcripts within samples collected from the nasopharynx and trachea. Here, we present the clinical characteristics of these individuals. Using matched single-cell transcriptomic profiles of these individuals' respiratory mucosa, we identify epithelial immune signatures suggestive of IL17 stimulation and anti-fungal immunity. Further, we observe a significant expression of anti-fungal inflammatory cascades in the nasal and tracheal epithelium of all participants who went on to develop severe COVID-19, even among participants without detectable genetic material from fungal pathogens. Together, our data suggest that IL17 stimulation-in part driven by Candida colonization-and blunted interferon signaling represent a common feature of severe COVID-19 infection. IMPORTANCE: In this paper, we present an analysis suggesting that symptomatic and asymptomatic fungal coinfections can impact patient disease progression during COVID-19 hospitalization. By looking into the presence of other pathogens and their effect on the host immune response during COVID-19 hospitalizations, we aim to offer insight into an underestimated scenario, furthering our current knowledge of determinants of severity that could be considered for future diagnostic and intervention strategies.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Células Epiteliais , Interferon Tipo I , Interleucina-17 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Coinfecção/imunologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Adulto , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/microbiologia , Idoso , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Candidíase/imunologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Micoses/imunologia
4.
medRxiv ; 2023 Sep 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37745424

RESUMO

Background: Many questions remain unanswered regarding the implication of lipid metabolites in severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. By re-analyzed sequencing data from the nasopharynx of a previously published cohort, we found that alox genes, involved in eicosanoid synthesis, were up-regulated in high WHO score patients, especially in goblet cells. Herein, we aimed to further understand the roles played by eicosanoids during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods and findings: We performed a total fatty acid panel on plasma and bulk RNA-seq analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from 10 infected and 10 uninfected patients. Univariate comparison of lipid metabolites revealed that lipid metabolites were increased in SARS-CoV-2 patients including the lipid mediators Arachidonic Acid (AA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). AA, EPA and the fatty acids Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), were positively correlated to WHO disease severity score. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that COVID-19 patients can be segregated based on WHO scores. Ontology, KEGG and Reactome analysis identified pathways enriched for genes related to innate immunity, interactions between lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells, interleukin signaling and, cell cycling pathways. Conclusions: Our study offers an association between nasopharynx mucosa eicosanoid genes expression, specific serum inflammatory lipids and, subsequent DNA damage pathways activation in PBMCs to severity of COVID-19 infection.

5.
bioRxiv ; 2023 Aug 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37609192

RESUMO

The choroid plexus (ChP) is a vital brain barrier and source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we use chronic two-photon imaging in awake mice and single-cell transcriptomics to demonstrate that in addition to these roles, the ChP is a complex immune organ that regulates brain inflammation. In a mouse meningitis model, neutrophils and monocytes accumulated in ChP stroma and surged across the epithelial barrier into the CSF. Bi-directional recruitment of monocytes from the periphery and, unexpectedly, macrophages from the CSF to the ChP helped eliminate neutrophils and repair the barrier. Transcriptomic analyses detailed the molecular steps accompanying this process, including the discovery of epithelial cells that transiently specialized to nurture immune cells, coordinate their recruitment, survival, and differentiation, and ultimately, control the opening/closing of the ChP brain barrier. Collectively, we provide a new conceptual understanding and comprehensive roadmap of neuroinflammation at the ChP brain barrier.

6.
Nat Genet ; 55(8): 1267-1276, 2023 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37443254

RESUMO

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are a valuable tool for understanding the biology of complex human traits and diseases, but associated variants rarely point directly to causal genes. In the present study, we introduce a new method, polygenic priority score (PoPS), that learns trait-relevant gene features, such as cell-type-specific expression, to prioritize genes at GWAS loci. Using a large evaluation set of genes with fine-mapped coding variants, we show that PoPS and the closest gene individually outperform other gene prioritization methods, but observe the best overall performance by combining PoPS with orthogonal methods. Using this combined approach, we prioritize 10,642 unique gene-trait pairs across 113 complex traits and diseases with high precision, finding not only well-established gene-trait relationships but nominating new genes at unresolved loci, such as LGR4 for estimated glomerular filtration rate and CCR7 for deep vein thrombosis. Overall, we demonstrate that PoPS provides a powerful addition to the gene prioritization toolbox.


Assuntos
Herança Multifatorial , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Humanos , Herança Multifatorial/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética
7.
Biochem J ; 480(13): 921-939, 2023 07 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37410389

RESUMO

Standalone and consortia-led single-cell atlases of healthy and diseased human airways generated with single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have ushered in a new era in respiratory research. Numerous discoveries, including the pulmonary ionocyte, potentially novel cell fates, and a diversity of cell states among common and rare epithelial cell types have highlighted the extent of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity in the respiratory tract. scRNA-seq has also played a pivotal role in our understanding of host-virus interactions in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, as our ability to generate large quantities of scRNA-seq data increases, along with a growing number of scRNA-seq protocols and data analysis methods, new challenges related to the contextualisation and downstream applications of insights are arising. Here, we review the fundamental concept of cellular identity from the perspective of single-cell transcriptomics in the respiratory context, drawing attention to the need to generate reference annotations and to standardise the terminology used in literature. Findings about airway epithelial cell types, states and fates obtained from scRNA-seq experiments are compared and contrasted with information accumulated through the use of conventional methods. This review attempts to discuss major opportunities and to outline some of the key limitations of the modern-day scRNA-seq that need to be addressed to enable efficient and meaningful integration of scRNA-seq data from different platforms and studies, with each other as well as with data from other high-throughput sequencing-based genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Análise de Célula Única , Humanos , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , COVID-19/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Células Epiteliais , RNA/genética
8.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 20(9): 597-614, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37258747

RESUMO

The number of studies investigating the human gastrointestinal tract using various single-cell profiling methods has increased substantially in the past few years. Although this increase provides a unique opportunity for the generation of the first comprehensive Human Gut Cell Atlas (HGCA), there remains a range of major challenges ahead. Above all, the ultimate success will largely depend on a structured and coordinated approach that aligns global efforts undertaken by a large number of research groups. In this Roadmap, we discuss a comprehensive forward-thinking direction for the generation of the HGCA on behalf of the Gut Biological Network of the Human Cell Atlas. Based on the consensus opinion of experts from across the globe, we outline the main requirements for the first complete HGCA by summarizing existing data sets and highlighting anatomical regions and/or tissues with limited coverage. We provide recommendations for future studies and discuss key methodologies and the importance of integrating the healthy gut atlas with related diseases and gut organoids. Importantly, we critically overview the computational tools available and provide recommendations to overcome key challenges.


Assuntos
Trato Gastrointestinal , Organoides , Humanos , Previsões
9.
medRxiv ; 2022 Oct 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36324802

RESUMO

Recent case reports and epidemiological data suggest fungal infections represent an under-appreciated complication among people with severe COVID-19. However, the frequency of fungal colonization in patients with COVID-19 and associations with specific immune responses in the airways remain incompletely defined. We previously generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset characterizing the upper respiratory microenvironment during COVID-19, and mapped the relationship between disease severity and the local behavior of nasal epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cells. Our study, in agreement with findings from related human cohorts, demonstrated that a profound deficiency in host immunity, particularly in type I and type III interferon signaling in the upper respiratory tract, is associated with rapid progression to severe disease and worse clinical outcomes. We have now performed further analysis of this cohort and identified a subset of participants with severe COVID-19 and concurrent detection of Candida species-derived transcripts within samples collected from the nasopharynx and trachea. Here, we present the clinical characteristics of these individuals, including confirmatory diagnostic testing demonstrating elevated serum (1, 3)-ß-D-glucan and/or confirmed fungal culture of the predicted pathogen. Using matched single-cell transcriptomic profiles of these individuals' respiratory mucosa, we identify epithelial immune signatures suggestive of IL-17 stimulation and anti-fungal immunity. Further, we observe significant expression of anti-fungal inflammatory cascades in the nasal and tracheal epithelium of all participants who went on to develop severe COVID-19, even among participants without detectable genetic material from fungal pathogens. Together, our data suggests that IL-17 stimulation - in part driven by Candida colonization - and blunted type I/III interferon signaling represents a common feature of severe COVID-19 infection.

10.
Sci Transl Med ; 14(660): eabi8633, 2022 08 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36044598

RESUMO

Environmental enteropathy (EE) is a subclinical condition of the small intestine that is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. It is thought to be a key contributing factor to childhood malnutrition, growth stunting, and diminished oral vaccine responses. Although EE has been shown to be the by-product of a recurrent enteric infection, its full pathophysiology remains unclear. Here, we mapped the cellular and molecular correlates of EE by performing high-throughput, single-cell RNA-sequencing on 33 small intestinal biopsies from 11 adults with EE in Lusaka, Zambia (eight HIV-negative and three HIV-positive), six adults without EE in Boston, United States, and two adults in Durban, South Africa, which we complemented with published data from three additional individuals from the same clinical site. We analyzed previously defined bulk-transcriptomic signatures of reduced villus height and decreased microbial translocation in EE and showed that these signatures may be driven by an increased abundance of surface mucosal cells-a gastric-like subset previously implicated in epithelial repair in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, we determined cell subsets whose fractional abundances associate with EE severity, small intestinal region, and HIV infection. Furthermore, by comparing duodenal EE samples with those from three control cohorts, we identified dysregulated WNT and MAPK signaling in the EE epithelium and increased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in a T cell subset highly expressing a transcriptional signature of tissue-resident memory cells in the EE cohort. Together, our work elucidates epithelial and immune correlates of EE and nominates cellular and molecular targets for intervention.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Enteropatias , Adulto , Criança , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Humanos , Enteropatias/metabolismo , Enteropatias/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , África do Sul , Zâmbia
11.
Immunity ; 55(7): 1153-1155, 2022 07 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35830824

RESUMO

Technical, analytical, and ethical challenges have obscured our understanding of immune cell subset ontogeny during human fetal development. Recently published in Science, Suo et al. (2022) apply multiple single-cell and spatial tools to provide a comprehensive roadmap during human gestation.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Feminino , Feto , Humanos , Gravidez
12.
Cells ; 11(9)2022 04 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35563693

RESUMO

The airway epithelium provides the first line of defense to the surrounding environment. However, dysfunctions of this physical barrier are frequently observed in allergic diseases, which are tightly connected with pro- or anti-inflammatory processes. When the epithelial cells are confronted with allergens or pathogens, specific response mechanisms are set in motion, which in homeostasis, lead to the elimination of the invaders and leave permanent traces on the respiratory epithelium. However, allergens can also cause damage in the sensitized organism, which can be ascribed to the excessive immune reactions. The tight interaction of epithelial cells of the upper and lower airways with local and systemic immune cells can leave an imprint that may mirror the pathophysiology. The interaction with effector T cells, along with the macrophages, play an important role in this response, as reflected in the gene expression profiles (transcriptomes) of the epithelial cells, as well as in the secretory pattern (secretomes). Further, the storage of information from past exposures as memories within discrete cell types may allow a tissue to inform and fundamentally alter its future responses. Recently, several lines of evidence have highlighted the contributions from myeloid cells, lymphoid cells, stromal cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells to the emerging concepts of inflammatory memory and trained immunity.


Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade , Alérgenos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Epitélio , Humanos , Mucosa Respiratória
13.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 150(2): 415-424, 2022 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35460728

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Dupilumab, a mAb targeting IL-4Rα, improves upper and lower airway symptoms in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), but the mechanisms leading to clinical improvement are not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to identify the mechanistic basis of clinical improvement in patients with AERD treated with dupilumab. METHODS: A total of 22 patients with AERD were treated with dupilumab for 3 months for severe asthma and/or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 months after initiation of dupilumab. Nasal fluid, urine, blood, and inferior turbinate scrapings were collected at the 3 time points for determination of mediator levels, cellular assays, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS: Participants had rapid improvement in clinical measures, including sense of smell, sinonasal symptoms, and lung function after 1 month of treatment with dupilumab; the improvements were sustained after 3 months of dupilumab. Baseline severity of smell loss was correlated with lower nasal prostaglandin E2 levels. Dupilumab increased nasal prostaglandin E2 level and decreased levels of nasal albumin, nasal and urinary leukotriene E4, and serum and nasal IgE. Transcripts related to epithelial dysfunction and leukocyte activation and migration were downregulated in inferior turbinate tissue after treatment with dupilumab. There were no dupilumab-induced changes in nasal eosinophilia. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of IL-4Rα in AERD led to rapid improvement in respiratory symptoms and smell, with a concomitant improvement in epithelial barrier function, a decrease in inflammatory eicosanoid levels, and an increase in the anti-inflammatory eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 level. The therapeutic effects of dupilumab are likely due to decreased IL-4Rα signaling on respiratory tissue granulocytes, epithelial cells, and B cells.


Assuntos
Asma Induzida por Aspirina , Pólipos Nasais , Rinite , Sinusite , Aspirina/efeitos adversos , Asma Induzida por Aspirina/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , Eicosanoides , Humanos , Pólipos Nasais/induzido quimicamente , Pólipos Nasais/tratamento farmacológico , Prostaglandinas , Rinite/induzido quimicamente , Rinite/tratamento farmacológico , Sinusite/induzido quimicamente , Sinusite/tratamento farmacológico
14.
Immunity ; 55(5): 827-846.e10, 2022 05 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35483355

RESUMO

Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection results in a complex multicellular structure: the granuloma. In some granulomas, immune activity promotes bacterial clearance, but in others, bacteria persist and grow. We identified correlates of bacterial control in cynomolgus macaque lung granulomas by co-registering longitudinal positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging, single-cell RNA sequencing, and measures of bacterial clearance. Bacterial persistence occurred in granulomas enriched for mast, endothelial, fibroblast, and plasma cells, signaling amongst themselves via type 2 immunity and wound-healing pathways. Granulomas that drove bacterial control were characterized by cellular ecosystems enriched for type 1-type 17, stem-like, and cytotoxic T cells engaged in pro-inflammatory signaling networks involving diverse cell populations. Granulomas that arose later in infection displayed functional characteristics of restrictive granulomas and were more capable of killing Mtb. Our results define the complex multicellular ecosystems underlying (lack of) granuloma resolution and highlight host immune targets that can be leveraged to develop new vaccine and therapeutic strategies for TB.


Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Fibrose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Animais , Ecossistema , Granuloma , Pulmão , Macaca fascicularis , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia
16.
Nat Biomed Eng ; 6(4): 476-494, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35314801

RESUMO

The cellular composition of barrier epithelia is essential to organismal homoeostasis. In particular, within the small intestine, adult stem cells establish tissue cellularity, and may provide a means to control the abundance and quality of specialized epithelial cells. Yet, methods for the identification of biological targets regulating epithelial composition and function, and of small molecules modulating them, are lacking. Here we show that druggable biological targets and small-molecule regulators of intestinal stem cell differentiation can be identified via multiplexed phenotypic screening using thousands of miniaturized organoid models of intestinal stem cell differentiation into Paneth cells, and validated via longitudinal single-cell RNA-sequencing. We found that inhibitors of the nuclear exporter Exportin 1 modulate the fate of intestinal stem cells, independently of known differentiation cues, significantly increasing the abundance of Paneth cells in the organoids and in wild-type mice. Physiological organoid models of the differentiation of intestinal stem cells could find broader utility for the screening of biological targets and small molecules that can modulate the composition and function of other barrier epithelia.


Assuntos
Organoides , Celulas de Paneth , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Intestinos , Camundongos , Celulas de Paneth/fisiologia , Células-Tronco
17.
Nat Commun ; 13(1): 261, 2022 01 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35017529

RESUMO

Enteroendocrine (EE) cells are the most abundant hormone-producing cells in humans and are critical regulators of energy homeostasis and gastrointestinal function. Challenges in converting human intestinal stem cells (ISCs) into functional EE cells, ex vivo, have limited progress in elucidating their role in disease pathogenesis and in harnessing their therapeutic potential. To address this, we employed small molecule targeting of the endocannabinoid receptor signaling pathway, JNK, and FOXO1, known to mediate endodermal development and/or hormone production, together with directed differentiation of human ISCs from the duodenum and rectum. We observed marked induction of EE cell differentiation and gut-derived expression and secretion of SST, 5HT, GIP, CCK, GLP-1 and PYY upon treatment with various combinations of three small molecules: rimonabant, SP600125 and AS1842856. Robust differentiation strategies capable of driving human EE cell differentiation is a critical step towards understanding these essential cells and the development of cell-based therapeutics.


Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Células Enteroendócrinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Enteroendócrinas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Antracenos/farmacologia , Cromogranina A/metabolismo , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Peptídeo YY/metabolismo , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Rimonabanto/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Somatostatina/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
18.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(47)2021 11 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34782454

RESUMO

Cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates, such as lanosterol and desmosterol, are emergent immune regulators of macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli or lipid overloading, respectively. However, the participation of these sterols in regulating macrophage functions in the physiological context of atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease driven by the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall, has remained elusive. Here, we report that desmosterol, the most abundant cholesterol biosynthetic intermediate in human coronary artery lesions, plays an essential role during atherogenesis, serving as a key molecule integrating cholesterol homeostasis and immune responses in macrophages. Depletion of desmosterol in myeloid cells by overexpression of 3ß-hydroxysterol Δ24-reductase (DHCR24), the enzyme that catalyzes conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol, promotes the progression of atherosclerosis. Single-cell transcriptomics in isolated CD45+CD11b+ cells from atherosclerotic plaques demonstrate that depletion of desmosterol increases interferon responses and attenuates the expression of antiinflammatory macrophage markers. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis of in vivo macrophage foam cells demonstrate that desmosterol is a major endogenous liver X receptor (LXR) ligand involved in LXR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation and thus macrophage foam cell formation. Decreased desmosterol accumulation in mitochondria promotes macrophage mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammasome activation. Deficiency of NLRP3 or apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) rescues the increased inflammasome activity and atherogenesis observed in desmosterol-depleted macrophages. Altogether, these findings underscore the critical function of desmosterol in the atherosclerotic plaque to dampen inflammation by integrating with macrophage cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory activation and protecting from disease progression.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Desmosterol/farmacologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/patologia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários , Células Espumosas/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Receptores X do Fígado/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/genética , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica/metabolismo , Esteróis/metabolismo
19.
Immunity ; 54(10): 2169-2171, 2021 10 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34644549

RESUMO

For new principal investigators, the first years are key to getting a laboratory off the ground and running. COVID-19 has changed the world, bringing on unforeseen difficulties and challenges at every level. We asked these investigators to share their experiences in navigating the unique environment since the start of the pandemic-what has changed in their vision for their laboratory, how they have adapted, and what advice they can share with others in a similar situation.


Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Laboratórios , Adaptação Psicológica , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , COVID-19/psicologia , Comunicação , Humanos , Laboratórios/tendências , Pessoal de Laboratório/psicologia , Pessoal de Laboratório/tendências , SARS-CoV-2
20.
Cell ; 184(18): 4713-4733.e22, 2021 09 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34352228

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause severe respiratory COVID-19. However, many individuals present with isolated upper respiratory symptoms, suggesting potential to constrain viral pathology to the nasopharynx. Which cells SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets and how infection influences the respiratory epithelium remains incompletely understood. We performed scRNA-seq on nasopharyngeal swabs from 58 healthy and COVID-19 participants. During COVID-19, we observe expansion of secretory, loss of ciliated, and epithelial cell repopulation via deuterosomal cell expansion. In mild and moderate COVID-19, epithelial cells express anti-viral/interferon-responsive genes, while cells in severe COVID-19 have muted anti-viral responses despite equivalent viral loads. SARS-CoV-2 RNA+ host-target cells are highly heterogenous, including developing ciliated, interferon-responsive ciliated, AZGP1high goblet, and KRT13+ "hillock"-like cells, and we identify genes associated with susceptibility, resistance, or infection response. Our study defines protective and detrimental responses to SARS-CoV-2, the direct viral targets of infection, and suggests that failed nasal epithelial anti-viral immunity may underlie and precede severe COVID-19.


Assuntos
COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Imunidade , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto , Idoso , Efeito Espectador , COVID-19/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nasofaringe/patologia , Nasofaringe/virologia , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , Mucosa Respiratória/patologia , Mucosa Respiratória/virologia , Transcrição Gênica , Carga Viral
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