Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess maternal deaths in Brazil: A two-year assessment.

BACKGROUND: Accurate estimates of the COVID-19 pandemic's indirect impacts are crucial, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to update estimates of excess maternal deaths in Brazil during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was an exploratory mixed ecological study using the counterfactual approach. The observed maternal deaths were gathered from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between March 2015 and February 2022. Expected deaths from March 2020 to February 2022 were estimated using quasipoisson generalized additive models, considering quadrimester, age group, and their interaction as predictor variables. Analyses were performed in R version 4.1.2, RStudio, version 2023.03.1+446 and carried out with support from the "mgcv" and "plot_model" libraries. RESULTS: A total of 5,040 maternal deaths were reported, with varying excess mortality across regions and age groups, resulting in 69% excess maternal mortality throughout Brazil during the first two years of the pandemic. The Southeast region had 50% excess mortality throughout the first two years and 76% excess in the second year. The North region had 69% excess mortality, increasing in the second year, particularly among women aged 20-34. The Northeast region showed 80% excess mortality, with a significant increase in the second year, especially among women aged 35-49. The Central-West region had 75% excess mortality, higher in the second year and statistically significant among women aged 35-49. The South region showed 117% excess mortality, reaching 203% in the second year among women aged 20-34, but no excess mortality in the 10-19 age category. CONCLUSIONS: Over two years, Brazil saw a significant impact on maternal excess deaths, regardless of region and pandemic year. The highest peak occurred between March and June 2021, emphasizing the importance of timely and effective epidemic responses to prevent avoidable deaths and prepare for new crises.

Excess suicides in Brazil during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: Gender, regional and age group inequalities.

BACKGROUND: While the COVID-19 pandemic's total impact on global mortality is uncertain, an estimated 15 million excess deaths occurred during the first two pandemic years, suggesting that a broad impact, since several causes of death showed a substantial rise. AIMS: To estimate excess suicides in Brazil and evaluate differences within and between subgroups during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Based on suicide data from the mortality information system of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the expected number of suicides was estimated by age group, gender, 4-month periods and regions through quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. Analyses were performed in R software and RStudio. RESULTS: Between March 2020 and February 2022, 29,295 suicides were reported in Brazil, close to what would be expected (30,116; 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): [28,009, 32,224]), albeit in males and females aged 30 to 59 years and 60 years and over, there were excess suicides in at least one of the six 4-month periods evaluated, especially in the second pandemic year. In the Southeast region, a 28% increase was observed in women 60 years and older during the second year. In the North region, suicide increased 23% and 32% among women aged 30 to 59 years during the first and second pandemic years, respectively. The Northeast region had a 16% excess in suicides among men aged 30 to 59 years and 61% among women 60 years old and older during the second pandemic year, reaching 83% in July to October 2021. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 2 pandemic years, the pattern of suicides was not homogeneous in Brazil. There were substantial excess suicides in women aged 30 to 59 years from the North and Northeast, while among the elderly and men there was a consistent pattern in several four-month periods throughout Brazil.

Food profile of Yanomami indigenous children aged 6 to 59 months from the Brazilian Amazon, according to the degree of food processing: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to characterise the food profile of Yanomami indigenous children according to the degree of food processing and its associated factors. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study with Yanomami indigenous children aged 6 to 59 months. Socio-demographic, maternal and infant data were collected through a standardised questionnaire. The food profile was obtained by using a list of thirty-four foods to verify the child's consumption of these foods on the day preceding the interview. Foods were classified according to the degree of processing based on the NOVA system (in natura or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed). In natura and minimally processed foods were subdivided into 'regional' and 'urban' foods. Poisson regression analysis was applied to estimate the associated factors according to the 90 % CI. SETTING: Three villages (Auaris, Maturacá and Ariabú) in the Yanomami indigenous territory, in the Brazilian Amazon. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 251 Yanomami children aged 6 to 59 months were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of consumption of 'regional' and 'urban' in natura or minimally processed foods was 93 % and 56 %, respectively, and consumption of ultra-processed foods was 32 %. Ultra-processed food consumption was 11·6 times higher in children of Maturacá and 9·2 times higher in Ariabú when compared with the children of Auaris and 31 % lower in children who had mothers with shorter stature. CONCLUSION: Despite the high frequency of consumption of in natura and minimally processed foods, the consumption of ultra-processed foods was substantial and was associated with demographic and maternal factors in Yanomani indigenous children under 5 years of age.

[COVID-19 mortality in Brazil in different age groups: differentials between extreme rates in 2021 and 2022]. / Mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil em distintos grupos etários: diferenciais entre taxas extremas de 2021 e 2022.

This ecological study evaluated the trajectory of COVID-19 mortality rates in Brazil and compared the extreme rates of 2022 and 2021, in different age groups. Data on deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome by COVID-19 were obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. Deaths were evaluated from January 10, 2021 to February 12, 2022, grouped into Epidemiological Weeks (EW). Data analysis was conducted in the R software, using Poisson models to estimate mortality rates. Statistical significance level was set at 5%. A total of 408,180 deaths were evaluated, 0.34% of whom were under 18 years old, and 64.6% of whom were 60 years old and over. On the one hand, in the 0-1, 2-4 and 5-11 age groups, higher mortality rates were observed in EW 4-6/2022, compared to the higher ones in 2021. On the other, in the 12-17 age group, a lower rate was estimated in the EW 4-6/2022 group compared to the EW 11-13 group in 2021, with a mortality ratio of 0.60 (95%CI: 0.38-0.94). Opposing patterns were detected in COVID-19 mortality in Brazil among children and individuals included in the national vaccination campaign. Among the former, mortality rates equal to or worse than in previous phases of the epidemic were observed, contrasting with the consistent and strong decline registered in the latter, reinforcing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

Avaliar a trajetória das taxas de mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil e comparar as taxas extremas de 2022 e de 2021, em distintos grupos etários. Estudo ecológico com óbitos por síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19, tendo o Brasil como unidade de análise. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. Foram avaliados os óbitos no período de 10 de janeiro de 2021 a 12 de fevereiro de 2022, agrupado em Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE). A análise dos dados foi conduzida no software R, utilizando modelos Poisson para estimar as taxas de mortalidade. O nível de significância estatística foi 5%. Foram avaliados 408.180 óbitos, sendo 0,34% de indivíduos menores de18 anos e 64,6% daqueles com 60 anos e mais. De um lado, nas faixas etárias de 0-1, 2-4 e 5-11 anos, observaram-se maiores taxas de mortalidade nas SE 4-6/2022, em comparação às maiores de 2021. De outro, nos indivíduos de 12-17 anos, estimou-se taxa inferior no grupo de SE 4-6/2022, em comparação ao grupo de SE 11-13 de 2021, com razão de mortalidade 0,60 (IC95%: 0,38-0,94). Detectaram-se padrões opostos na mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil entre crianças e indivíduos incluídos na campanha nacional de vacinação. Entre os primeiros, observaram-se taxas de mortalidade iguais ou piores do que em fases anteriores da epidemia, contrapondo-se ao registro de queda consistente e forte dos últimos, reforçando a efetividade da vacina contra COVID-19.

Los objetivos fueron evaluar la trayectoria de las tasas de mortalidad por COVID-19 en Brasil y comparar las tasas extremas del 2022 y del 2021, en diferentes grupos de edad. Estudio ecológico con muertes por síndrome respiratorio agudo Severo por COVID-19, teniendo a Brasil como unidad de análisis. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Gripe. Se evaluaron las defunciones del 10 de enero del 2021 al 12 de febrero del 2022, agrupadas en Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE). El análisis de datos se realizó en el software R, utilizando modelos Poisson para estimar las tasas de mortalidad. El nivel de significancia estadística fue del 5%. Se evaluaron un total de 408.180 defunciones, el 0,34% fue de individuos menores de 18 años y el 64,6% fue de individuos con 60 años o más. Por una parte, en los rangos de edad 0-1, 2-4 y 5-11 se observaron mayores tasas de mortalidad en SE 4-6/2022, en comparación con las más altas del 2021. Por otra parte, en los individuos de 12-17 años se estimó una tasa inferior en el grupo SE 4-6/2022, en comparación con el grupo de SE 11-13 del 2021, con una razón de mortalidad de 0,60 (IC95%: 0,38-0,94). Se detectaron estándares opuestos en la mortalidad por COVID-19 en Brasil entre niños e individuos incluidos en la campaña nacional de vacunación. Entre los primeros, se observaron tasas de mortalidad iguales o peores que en etapas anteriores de la epidemia, en contraste con el registro de una reducción consistente y fuerte de los últimos, lo que reforzó la efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19.

Robbery Victimization in Early Adulthood, and Depression and Anxiety at Age 30 Years: Results From the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.

Robbery is one of the most common urban crimes, but little is known about its relationship with mental disorders in young adults. This study aimed to assess the relationship between robbery victimization and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and comorbidity between MDD and GAD at 30 years of age. A birth cohort study has followed all children born in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, since 1982. At ages 23 and 30 years, participants were interviewed and asked about lifetime and recent experiences of robbery. Covariates were measured in interviews between birth and age 30 years. MDD and GAD were measured using the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations between robbery and mental disorders were calculated using Poisson regression with robust standard error. Of 3,701 cohort members interviewed at age 30 years, 42% reported robbery victimization during their lifetime. Victimization across three periods (lifetime, past 10 years, past 12 months) was associated with increased occurrence of MDD, GAD, as well as the MDD and GAD comorbidity. The strongest associations were found to robbery occurring in the previous 12 months with the MDD and GAD comorbidity, both for burglary at home (aPR 2.52; 95% CI 1.52-4.22) or community family victimization (aPR 2.10; 95% CI 1.34-3.27). These findings highlight the importance of community violence for mental health in young adulthood, and the need for public policies to prevent violence as well as support services for victims to mitigate its adverse health consequences.

Excess suicides in Brazil: Inequalities according to age groups and regions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed more than six million direct deaths. Low-and middle-income countries, such Brazil, were severely hit, not only due to direct effects on mortality, but also for its indirect effects on other causes of deaths. AIMS: The objective of this study was to estimate the excess suicides in Brazil and evaluate patterns within and between its regions during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. METHOD: The observed suicides are gathered from the mortality information system of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The estimates of expected suicides, according to sex, age group, bimonthly period and region, were reached through quasi-Poisson generalized additive models, with adjustment for overdispersion. The analyses were performed in R software, version 3.6.1 and RStudio, version 1.2.1335. RESULTS: From March 2020 to December 2020, 10,409 suicides were observed in Brazil, resulting in an overall decrease of 13%, in comparison to the expected rate for the period. There were excess suicides of 26% in men from the Northern region in the 60 years and more age group, as well as in women from the Northern region in the 30 to 59 years age group in two consecutive bimonthly periods. Excess suicides of 40% was also observed in women in the 60 years and more age group from the Northeastern region. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the overall decrease in suicides in Brazil over the period assessed, substantial excess suicides were observed in different age groups and sexes from the Northern and Northeastern regions of the country, which are regions that are historically more prone to health and socioeconomic inequalities.

[Changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths after substantial vaccination of the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil]. / Mudanças no padrão de internações e óbitos por COVID-19 após substancial vacinação de idosos em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly has received relatively little attention, particularly in a scenario predominated by the gamma variant. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and its relationship to changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. This was an ecological study with Brazilian Ministry of Health data on hospitalizations and deaths, assessing vaccination coverage based on a two-dose regimen, in addition to two vaccination regimens associated with a significant protective effect, one partial (35 days or more after the first dose of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) and the other complete (14 days or more after the second dose of the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine). Based on the date of initial symptoms, patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths were assessed comparatively in elderly 60-69 years and 70 years or more in two groups of Epidemiological Weeks (EW) in 2020 (unvaccinated) and 2021 (vaccinated). Hospitalization and death rates were estimated with Poisson regression. In the groups 60-69 and 70 years or more, vaccination coverage rates were 41.8% and 54.8%, as well as 53.5% and 90.1%, in the EW groups 18-20/2021 and 21-23/2021, respectively. Both EW groups in 2021 showed a substantial change in the patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths, with an increase in the risk of hospitalization and death in unvaccinated younger individuals and an important reduction in vaccinated elderly, especially those 60-69 years of age, besides overall reductions of 62% (95%CI: 52-69) and 63% (95%CI: 43-75) in hospitalization and death rates, respectively. Our results emphasize the importance of mass vaccination, especially during an epidemic such as in Manaus, marked by high circulation of the gamma variant.

A avaliação do impacto da vacinação contra a COVID-19 em idosos é escassa, sobretudo em um cenário com predomínio da variante Gama. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cobertura vacinal e sua relação com mudanças no padrão de internações e óbitos por COVID-19 em idosos de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Este é um estudo ecológico com dados de internações e óbitos do Ministério da Saúde que avaliou a cobertura vacinal, mediante esquema com duas doses, além de dois regimes de vacinação associados a significativo efeito protetor, um parcial (35 ou mais dias após a primeira dose da vacina Oxford/AstraZeneca) e outro completo (14 dias ou mais após a segunda dose da vacina Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir da data dos primeiros sintomas, padrões de internação e óbito por COVID-19 foram avaliados, comparativamente, em idosos de 60-69 e de 70 anos ou mais, em dois grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (não vacinados) e 2021 (vacinados). Taxas de internação e óbito foram estimadas pelo modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 anos e naqueles com 70 anos ou mais, a cobertura por vacina foi 41,8% e 54,8%, bem como 53,5% e 90,1% nos grupos de SE 18-20/2021 e 21-23/2021, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos de SE de 2021, observou-se substancial mudança nos padrões de internações e óbitos por COVID-19, com aumento no risco de internação e óbito nos mais jovens não vacinados, e importante redução no número de idosos vacinados, sobretudo naqueles com 60-69 anos, além de redução global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) e 63% (IC95%: 43-75) nas taxas de internação e óbitos, respectivamente. Nossos resultados reforçam a importância da vacinação em massa, especialmente em contexto epidêmico como o de Manaus, marcado por elevada circulação da variante Gama.

La evaluación del impacto de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en ancianos es escasa, sobre todo en un escenario con predominio de la variante Gamma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la cobertura de vacunación y su relación con cambios en el patrón de internamientos y óbitos por COVID-19 en ancianos de Manaos, Amazonas, Brasil. Este es un estudio ecológico con datos de internamientos y óbitos del Ministerio de Salud, que evaluó la cobertura de vacunación, mediante un esquema con dos dosis, además de dos regímenes de vacunación, asociados a un significativo efecto protector, uno parcial (35 o más días tras la primera dosis de la vacuna Oxford/AstraZeneca) y otro completo (14 días o más tras la segunda dosis de la vacuna Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir de los datos de los primeros síntomas, se evaluaron patrones de internamiento y óbito por COVID-19, comparativamente, en ancianos de 60-69 y de 70 años o más, en dos grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (no vacunados) y 2021 (vacunados). Se estimaron tasas de internamiento y óbito mediante el modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 años y en aquellos con 70 años o más, la cobertura por vacuna fue 41,8% y 54,8%, así como 53,5% y 90,1% en los grupos de SE 18-20/2021 y 21-23/2021, respectivamente. En ambos grupos de SE de 2021, se observó un cambio sustancial en los patrones de internamiento y óbitos por COVID-19, con un aumento en el riesgo de internamiento y óbito en los más jóvenes no vacunados e importante reducción en los ancianos vacunados, sobre todo en aquellos con 60-69 años, además de una reducción global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) y 63% (IC95%: 43-75) en las tasas de internamiento y óbitos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la importancia de la vacunación en masa, especialmente en un contexto epidémico como el de Manaos, marcado por una elevada circulación de la variante Gamma.

Mudanças no padrão de internações e óbitos por COVID-19 após substancial vacinação de idosos em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / Changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths after substantial vaccination of the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil / Cambios en el patrón de internamientos y óbitos por COVID-19 tras una elevada vacunación de ancianos en Manaos, Amazonas, Brasil

A avaliação do impacto da vacinação contra a COVID-19 em idosos é escassa, sobretudo em um cenário com predomínio da variante Gama. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cobertura vacinal e sua relação com mudanças no padrão de internações e óbitos por COVID-19 em idosos de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Este é um estudo ecológico com dados de internações e óbitos do Ministério da Saúde que avaliou a cobertura vacinal, mediante esquema com duas doses, além de dois regimes de vacinação associados a significativo efeito protetor, um parcial (35 ou mais dias após a primeira dose da vacina Oxford/AstraZeneca) e outro completo (14 dias ou mais após a segunda dose da vacina Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir da data dos primeiros sintomas, padrões de internação e óbito por COVID-19 foram avaliados, comparativamente, em idosos de 60-69 e de 70 anos ou mais, em dois grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (não vacinados) e 2021 (vacinados). Taxas de internação e óbito foram estimadas pelo modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 anos e naqueles com 70 anos ou mais, a cobertura por vacina foi 41,8% e 54,8%, bem como 53,5% e 90,1% nos grupos de SE 18-20/2021 e 21-23/2021, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos de SE de 2021, observou-se substancial mudança nos padrões de internações e óbitos por COVID-19, com aumento no risco de internação e óbito nos mais jovens não vacinados, e importante redução no número de idosos vacinados, sobretudo naqueles com 60-69 anos, além de redução global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) e 63% (IC95%: 43-75) nas taxas de internação e óbitos, respectivamente. Nossos resultados reforçam a importância da vacinação em massa, especialmente em contexto epidêmico como o de Manaus, marcado por elevada circulação da variante Gama.

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly has received relatively little attention, particularly in a scenario predominated by the gamma variant. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and its relationship to changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. This was an ecological study with Brazilian Ministry of Health data on hospitalizations and deaths, assessing vaccination coverage based on a two-dose regimen, in addition to two vaccination regimens associated with a significant protective effect, one partial (35 days or more after the first dose of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) and the other complete (14 days or more after the second dose of the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine). Based on the date of initial symptoms, patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths were assessed comparatively in elderly 60-69 years and 70 years or more in two groups of Epidemiological Weeks (EW) in 2020 (unvaccinated) and 2021 (vaccinated). Hospitalization and death rates were estimated with Poisson regression. In the groups 60-69 and 70 years or more, vaccination coverage rates were 41.8% and 54.8%, as well as 53.5% and 90.1%, in the EW groups 18-20/2021 and 21-23/2021, respectively. Both EW groups in 2021 showed a substantial change in the patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths, with an increase in the risk of hospitalization and death in unvaccinated younger individuals and an important reduction in vaccinated elderly, especially those 60-69 years of age, besides overall reductions of 62% (95%CI: 52-69) and 63% (95%CI: 43-75) in hospitalization and death rates, respectively. Our results emphasize the importance of mass vaccination, especially during an epidemic such as in Manaus, marked by high circulation of the gamma variant.

La evaluación del impacto de la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en ancianos es escasa, sobre todo en un escenario con predominio de la variante Gamma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la cobertura de vacunación y su relación con cambios en el patrón de internamientos y óbitos por COVID-19 en ancianos de Manaos, Amazonas, Brasil. Este es un estudio ecológico con datos de internamientos y óbitos del Ministerio de Salud, que evaluó la cobertura de vacunación, mediante un esquema con dos dosis, además de dos regímenes de vacunación, asociados a un significativo efecto protector, uno parcial (35 o más días tras la primera dosis de la vacuna Oxford/AstraZeneca) y otro completo (14 días o más tras la segunda dosis de la vacuna Sinovac-CoronaVac). A partir de los datos de los primeros síntomas, se evaluaron patrones de internamiento y óbito por COVID-19, comparativamente, en ancianos de 60-69 y de 70 años o más, en dos grupos de Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020 (no vacunados) y 2021 (vacunados). Se estimaron tasas de internamiento y óbito mediante el modelo Poisson. Entre 60-69 años y en aquellos con 70 años o más, la cobertura por vacuna fue 41,8% y 54,8%, así como 53,5% y 90,1% en los grupos de SE 18-20/2021 y 21-23/2021, respectivamente. En ambos grupos de SE de 2021, se observó un cambio sustancial en los patrones de internamiento y óbitos por COVID-19, con un aumento en el riesgo de internamiento y óbito en los más jóvenes no vacunados e importante reducción en los ancianos vacunados, sobre todo en aquellos con 60-69 años, además de una reducción global de 62% (IC95%: 52-69) y 63% (IC95%: 43-75) en las tasas de internamiento y óbitos, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la importancia de la vacunación en masa, especialmente en un contexto epidémico como el de Manaos, marcado por una elevada circulación de la variante Gamma.

Mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil em distintos grupos etários: diferenciais entre taxas extremas de 2021 e 2022 / COVID-19 mortality in Brazil in different age groups: differentials between extreme rates in 2021 and 2022 / Mortalidad por COVID-19 en Brasil en diferentes grupos de edad: diferenciales entre tasas extremas del 2021 y del 2022

Avaliar a trajetória das taxas de mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil e comparar as taxas extremas de 2022 e de 2021, em distintos grupos etários. Estudo ecológico com óbitos por síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19, tendo o Brasil como unidade de análise. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. Foram avaliados os óbitos no período de 10 de janeiro de 2021 a 12 de fevereiro de 2022, agrupado em Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE). A análise dos dados foi conduzida no software R, utilizando modelos Poisson para estimar as taxas de mortalidade. O nível de significância estatística foi 5%. Foram avaliados 408.180 óbitos, sendo 0,34% de indivíduos menores de18 anos e 64,6% daqueles com 60 anos e mais. De um lado, nas faixas etárias de 0-1, 2-4 e 5-11 anos, observaram-se maiores taxas de mortalidade nas SE 4-6/2022, em comparação às maiores de 2021. De outro, nos indivíduos de 12-17 anos, estimou-se taxa inferior no grupo de SE 4-6/2022, em comparação ao grupo de SE 11-13 de 2021, com razão de mortalidade 0,60 (IC95%: 0,38-0,94). Detectaram-se padrões opostos na mortalidade por COVID-19 no Brasil entre crianças e indivíduos incluídos na campanha nacional de vacinação. Entre os primeiros, observaram-se taxas de mortalidade iguais ou piores do que em fases anteriores da epidemia, contrapondo-se ao registro de queda consistente e forte dos últimos, reforçando a efetividade da vacina contra COVID-19.

This ecological study evaluated the trajectory of COVID-19 mortality rates in Brazil and compared the extreme rates of 2022 and 2021, in different age groups. Data on deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome by COVID-19 were obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. Deaths were evaluated from January 10, 2021 to February 12, 2022, grouped into Epidemiological Weeks (EW). Data analysis was conducted in the R software, using Poisson models to estimate mortality rates. Statistical significance level was set at 5%. A total of 408,180 deaths were evaluated, 0.34% of whom were under 18 years old, and 64.6% of whom were 60 years old and over. On the one hand, in the 0-1, 2-4 and 5-11 age groups, higher mortality rates were observed in EW 4-6/2022, compared to the higher ones in 2021. On the other, in the 12-17 age group, a lower rate was estimated in the EW 4-6/2022 group compared to the EW 11-13 group in 2021, with a mortality ratio of 0.60 (95%CI: 0.38-0.94). Opposing patterns were detected in COVID-19 mortality in Brazil among children and individuals included in the national vaccination campaign. Among the former, mortality rates equal to or worse than in previous phases of the epidemic were observed, contrasting with the consistent and strong decline registered in the latter, reinforcing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

Los objetivos fueron evaluar la trayectoria de las tasas de mortalidad por COVID-19 en Brasil y comparar las tasas extremas del 2022 y del 2021, en diferentes grupos de edad. Estudio ecológico con muertes por síndrome respiratorio agudo Severo por COVID-19, teniendo a Brasil como unidad de análisis. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Gripe. Se evaluaron las defunciones del 10 de enero del 2021 al 12 de febrero del 2022, agrupadas en Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE). El análisis de datos se realizó en el software R, utilizando modelos Poisson para estimar las tasas de mortalidad. El nivel de significancia estadística fue del 5%. Se evaluaron un total de 408.180 defunciones, el 0,34% fue de individuos menores de 18 años y el 64,6% fue de individuos con 60 años o más. Por una parte, en los rangos de edad 0-1, 2-4 y 5-11 se observaron mayores tasas de mortalidad en SE 4-6/2022, en comparación con las más altas del 2021. Por otra parte, en los individuos de 12-17 años se estimó una tasa inferior en el grupo SE 4-6/2022, en comparación con el grupo de SE 11-13 del 2021, con una razón de mortalidad de 0,60 (IC95%: 0,38-0,94). Se detectaron estándares opuestos en la mortalidad por COVID-19 en Brasil entre niños e individuos incluidos en la campaña nacional de vacunación. Entre los primeros, se observaron tasas de mortalidad iguales o peores que en etapas anteriores de la epidemia, en contraste con el registro de una reducción consistente y fuerte de los últimos, lo que reforzó la efectividad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19.

In-hospital case fatality ratio due to COVID-19 in four Brazilian state capitals and its possible temporal relationship with the Gamma variant, 2020-2021. / Letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em quatro capitais brasileiras e sua possível relação temporal com a variante Gama, 2020-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To describe in-hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) case fatality ratios due to COVID-19 in four Brazilian state capitals, during the months of epidemic peaks and previous months. METHODS: This was an ecological study using monthly data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, between 2020-2021, in individuals aged 20 years or older. Case fatality ratio and mortality rate were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: In Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazonas, ICU case fatality ratio among those >59 years old was lower in December/2020 (80.9%; 95%CI 78.4;83.3) and during the peak in January/2021 (79.9%; 95%CI 77.4;82.5), compared to the peak in April/2020 (88.2%; 95%CI 86.1;90.3). In São Paulo, the capital city of the state of São Paulo, Curitiba, the capital city of the state of Paraná, and Porto Alegre, the capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, there was a decrease or stability in ICU and in-hospital case fatality ratio in January/2021, compared to the reference month in 2020. CONCLUSION: In January/2021, in-hospital and ICU case fatality ratios decreased or remained stable in the four state capitals, especially in Manaus, and during the epidemic peak with the prevalence of the Gamma variant.

Intergenerational Association of Short Maternal Stature with Stunting in Yanomami Indigenous Children from the Brazilian Amazon.

To describe the factors associated to stunting in <5-year-old Yanomami Brazilian children, and to evaluate the association of short maternal stature to their offspring's stunting. A cross-sectional study carried out in three villages in the Yanomami territory. We performed a census, in which all households with children < 5-years-old were included. The length/height-for-age z-score <-2 standard deviations was used to classify the children as stunted. Short maternal height was defined as <145 cm for adult women, and <-2 standard deviations of the height-for-age z-score for adolescent women. We used adjusted Poisson regression models to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) along the 90% confidence interval. We evaluated 298 children. 81.2% of children suffered from stunting and 71.9% of the mothers from short stature. In the bivariate analysis, a significant association of stunting with short maternal stature, gestational malaria and child's place of birth were observed. Considering the variables of the children under five years of age, there were significant associations with age group, the child's caregiver, history of malaria, pneumonia, and malnutrition treatment. In the adjusted hierarchical model, stunting was 1.22 times greater in the offspring of women with a short stature (90% CI: 1.07-1.38) compared to their counterparts. Brazilian Amazonian indigenous children living in a remote area displayed an alarming prevalence of stunting, and this was associated with short maternal height, reinforcing the hypothesis of intergenerational chronic malnutrition transmission in this population. In addition, children above 24 months of age, who were born in the village healthcare units and who had had previous treatment in the past for stunting presented higher rates of stunting in this study.

[Excess deaths from respiratory causes in eight Brazilian metropolises during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias em oito metrópoles brasileiras durante os seis primeiros meses da pandemia de COVID-19.

In Brazil, one of the countries most heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality data fail to reflect the real number of deaths from the disease. The study aimed to estimate excess deaths from respiratory causes and their trends during the first six month of the COVID-19 epidemic in adults 20 years or older in eight regional metropolises in Brazil. In this ecological study, deaths from respiratory causes (influenza, pneumonias, bronchitis, other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute or chronic respiratory failure, respiratory failure or respiratory disorder not otherwise specified, and other deaths coded with respiratory symptoms) were extracted from the Mortality Information System. Expected deaths were estimated with quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. From February 23 to August 8, 2020, 46,028 deaths from respiratory causes were recorded in the eight cities, with an excess of 312% (95%CI: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas State), presented the highest excess, with 758% (95%CI: 668-858) and São Paulo the lowest, with 174% (95%CI: 164-183). Early excess mortality was detected in Epidemiological Weeks (EW) 9-12 in Belém (Pará State), Fortaleza (Ceará State), and São Paulo. In general, excess mortality was relatively higher in the 40-59-year age bracket and in men. Excess mortality was regionally heterogeneous, with 2,463% (95%CI: 1,881-3,281) in EW 17-20 in Manaus (North Region) and 808% (95%CI: 612-1,059) in EW 28-32 in Curitiba (Paraná State, South Region). The high and heterogeneous percentage of excess respiratory deaths suggests high underreporting of COVID-19 deaths, which highlights regional inequalities and the need for revision of deaths associated with respiratory symptoms.

No Brasil, um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia de COVID-19, dados de mortalidade não refletem a real cifra de óbitos pela doença. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias e suas trajetórias durante os seis primeiros meses da epidemia de COVID-19, em adultos com 20 anos e mais de oito metrópoles regionais do Brasil. Estudo ecológico em que mortes por causas respiratórias (influenza, pneumonias, bronquites, outras doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas, insuficiência respiratória aguda ou crônica, insuficiência respiratória ou transtorno respiratório não especificado e outras mortes codificadas com sintomas respiratórios) foram extraídas do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Óbitos esperados foram estimados com modelos aditivos generalizados quasipoisson. Entre 23 de fevereiro e 8 de agosto de 2020, foram registradas 46.028 mortes por causas respiratórias nas 8 cidades e excesso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas), apresentou o maior excedente, 758% (IC95%: 668-858) e São Paulo o menor, 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Foi detectado precoce excesso nas Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 em Belém (Pará), Fortaleza (Ceará) e São Paulo. Em geral, o excesso de mortes, em termos relativos, foi maior dos 40-59 anos e em homens. A mortalidade excedente foi regionalmente heterogênea, com 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) nas SE 17-20 em Manaus (Região Norte) e 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) nas SE 28-32 em Curitiba (Paraná, Região Sul). O elevado e heterogêneo percentual de mortes respiratórias excedentes sugere alta subnotificação de óbitos por COVID-19, reforça as desigualdades regionais e a necessidade de revisão das mortes associadas a sintomas respiratórios.

En Brasil, uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19, los datos de mortalidad no reflejan la cifra real de fallecimientos por la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el exceso de muertes por causas respiratorias y sus trayectorias durante los seis primeros meses de la epidemia de COVID-19, en adultos con 20 años y más de ocho metrópolis regionales de Brasil. Estudio ecológico donde las muertes por causas respiratorias (gripe, neumonías, bronquitis, otras enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas, insuficiencia respiratoria aguda o crónica, insuficiencia respiratoria o trastorno respiratorio no especificado y otras muertes codificadas con síntomas respiratorios) fueron extraídas del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Los óbitos esperados fueron estimados con modelos generalizados aditivos casi-Poisson. Entre el 23 de febrero y el 8 de agosto de 2020, se registraron 46.028 muertes por causas respiratorias en las ocho ciudades y un exceso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaos (Amazonas) presentó el mayor excedente, un 758% (IC95%: 668-858) y São Paulo el menor, un 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Se detectó un exceso precoz en las Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 en Belém (Pará), Fortaleza y São Paulo. En general, el exceso de muertes, en términos relativos, fue mayor de los 40-59 años y en hombres. La mortalidad excedente fue regionalmente heterogénea, con 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) en las SE 17-20 en Manaos (Región Norte) y un 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) en las SE 28-32 en Curitiba (Paraná, Región Sur). El elevado y heterogéneo porcentaje de muertes respiratorias excedentes sugiere un alto subregistro de óbitos por COVID-19, refuerza las desigualdades regionales y la necesidad de revisión de las muertes asociadas a síntomas respiratorios.

[Excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic: underreporting and regional inequalities in Brazil]. / Excesso de mortes durante a pandemia de COVID-19: subnotificação e desigualdades regionais no Brasil.

Brazil is one of the most heavily impacted countries by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the real number of deaths from the disease makes the scenario even more challenging. This study aimed to estimate the excess deaths and their differences in adults 20 years and older in Manaus (Amazonas State), Fortaleza (Ceará State), Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, according to place of death, demographic characteristics, and trajectory over time. The data were obtained from the Mortality Information System and the Central Information Office of the National Civil Registry. The estimates of expected deaths were obtained from quasi-Poisson generalized additive models, adjusting for overdispersion. From February 23 to June 13, 2020, 74,410 natural deaths were recorded in the four cities, with 46% excess deaths (95%CI: 44-47). The largest amount of excess deaths was in Manaus, with 112% (95%CI: 103-121), followed by Fortaleza with 72% (95%CI: 67-78), Rio de Janeiro with 42% (95%CI: 40-45), and São Paulo with 34% (95%CI: 32-36). Excess deaths were greater in males and non-significant in Epidemiologic Weeks (EW) 9-12, except in São Paulo, 10% (95%CI: 6-14). The peak in excess deaths generally occurred in EW 17-20. The number of excess deaths not explained directly by COVID-19 and deaths at home or on public byways is high, especially in Manaus. The high percentages of excess deaths, deaths not explained directly by COVID-19, and deaths outside the hospital suggest high underreporting of deaths from COVID-19 and reinforce the extensive spread of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the need for epidemiological surveillance services to review all causes of deaths associated with respiratory symptoms.

O Brasil é um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia de COVID-19 e o real número de mortes pela doença torna o cenário ainda mais desafiador. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o excesso de mortes e suas diferenças em adultos com 20 anos e mais em Manaus (Amazonas), Fortaleza (Ceará), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, de acordo com o local de ocorrência do óbito, características demográficas e trajetória ao longo do tempo. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e na Central de Informações do Registro Civil Nacional. As estimativas de óbitos esperados foram obtidas por meio de modelos aditivos generalizados quasi-Poisson com ajuste de sobredispersão. Entre 23 de fevereiro e 13 de junho de 2020, foram registradas 74.410 mortes naturais nas quatro cidades, com excesso de mortes de 46% (IC95%: 44-47). O maior excesso de mortes ocorreu em Manaus, 112% (IC95%: 103-121), seguido por Fortaleza, 72% (IC95%: 67-78), Rio de Janeiro, 42% (IC95%: 40-45) e São Paulo, 34% (IC95%: 32-36). O excesso de mortes foi maior nos homens e não significativo nas Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12, exceto em São Paulo, 10% (IC95%: 6-14). Em geral, o pico de mortes excedentes ocorreu nas SE 17-20. O excesso de mortes não explicado diretamente pela COVID-19 e de mortes em domicílios/via pública foi alto, especialmente em Manaus. A elevada porcentagem de mortes excedentes, de mortes não explicadas diretamente pela COVID-19 e de mortes fora do hospital sugerem alta subnotificação de mortes por COVID-19 e reforça a extensa dispersão do SARS-CoV-2, como também a necessidade da revisão de todas as causas de mortes associadas a sintomas respiratórios pelos serviços de vigilância epidemiológica.

Brasil es uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19 y el número real de muertes por la enfermedad lo convierte en un escenario todavía más desafiante. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el exceso de muertes y sus diferencias en adultos con 20 años y más en Manaus (Amazonas), Fortaleza (Ceará), Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo, de acuerdo con el lugar de ocurrencia del fallecimiento, características demográficas y trayectoria a lo largo del tiempo. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y de la Central de Información del Registro Civil Nacional. Las estimaciones de óbitos esperados se obtuvieron mediante modelos aditivos generalizados quasi-Poisson con ajuste de sobredispersión. Entre el 23 de febrero y 13 de junio de 2020, se registraron 74.410 muertes naturales en las cuatro ciudades, con un exceso de muertes de un 46% (IC95%: 44-47). El mayor exceso de muertes se produjo en Manaus, 112% (IC95%: 103-121), seguido por Fortaleza, 72% (IC95%: 67-78), Río de Janeiro, 42% (IC95%: 40-45) y São Paulo, 34% (IC95%: 32-36). El exceso de muertes fue mayor en hombres y no significativo en las Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12, excepto en São Paulo, 10% (IC95%: 6-14). En general, el pico de muertes excedentarias se produjo en las SE 17-20. El exceso de muertes no explicado directamente por la COVID-19 y de las muertes en domicilios/vía pública fue alto, especialmente en Manaus. El elevado porcentaje de muertes excedentarias, de muertes no explicadas directamente por la COVID-19, y de muertes fuera del hospital, sugieren una alta subnotificación de muertes por COVID-19 y refuerza la extensa dispersión del SARS-CoV-2, así como también la necesidad de una revisión de todas las causas de muertes asociadas a síntomas respiratorios, por parte de los servicios de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias em oito metrópoles brasileiras durante os seis primeiros meses da pandemia de COVID-19 / Excess deaths from respiratory causes in eight Brazilian metropolises during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic / Exceso de muertes por causas respiratorias en ocho metrópolis brasileñas durante los seis primeros meses de la pandemia de COVID-19

Resumo: No Brasil, um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia de COVID-19, dados de mortalidade não refletem a real cifra de óbitos pela doença. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o excesso de mortes por causas respiratórias e suas trajetórias durante os seis primeiros meses da epidemia de COVID-19, em adultos com 20 anos e mais de oito metrópoles regionais do Brasil. Estudo ecológico em que mortes por causas respiratórias (influenza, pneumonias, bronquites, outras doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas, insuficiência respiratória aguda ou crônica, insuficiência respiratória ou transtorno respiratório não especificado e outras mortes codificadas com sintomas respiratórios) foram extraídas do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Óbitos esperados foram estimados com modelos aditivos generalizados quasipoisson. Entre 23 de fevereiro e 8 de agosto de 2020, foram registradas 46.028 mortes por causas respiratórias nas 8 cidades e excesso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas), apresentou o maior excedente, 758% (IC95%: 668-858) e São Paulo o menor, 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Foi detectado precoce excesso nas Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 em Belém (Pará), Fortaleza (Ceará) e São Paulo. Em geral, o excesso de mortes, em termos relativos, foi maior dos 40-59 anos e em homens. A mortalidade excedente foi regionalmente heterogênea, com 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) nas SE 17-20 em Manaus (Região Norte) e 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) nas SE 28-32 em Curitiba (Paraná, Região Sul). O elevado e heterogêneo percentual de mortes respiratórias excedentes sugere alta subnotificação de óbitos por COVID-19, reforça as desigualdades regionais e a necessidade de revisão das mortes associadas a sintomas respiratórios.

In Brazil, one of the countries most heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality data fail to reflect the real number of deaths from the disease. The study aimed to estimate excess deaths from respiratory causes and their trends during the first six month of the COVID-19 epidemic in adults 20 years or older in eight regional metropolises in Brazil. In this ecological study, deaths from respiratory causes (influenza, pneumonias, bronchitis, other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute or chronic respiratory failure, respiratory failure or respiratory disorder not otherwise specified, and other deaths coded with respiratory symptoms) were extracted from the Mortality Information System. Expected deaths were estimated with quasi-Poisson generalized additive models. From February 23 to August 8, 2020, 46,028 deaths from respiratory causes were recorded in the eight cities, with an excess of 312% (95%CI: 304-321). Manaus (Amazonas State), presented the highest excess, with 758% (95%CI: 668-858) and São Paulo the lowest, with 174% (95%CI: 164-183). Early excess mortality was detected in Epidemiological Weeks (EW) 9-12 in Belém (Pará State), Fortaleza (Ceará State), and São Paulo. In general, excess mortality was relatively higher in the 40-59-year age bracket and in men. Excess mortality was regionally heterogeneous, with 2,463% (95%CI: 1,881-3,281) in EW 17-20 in Manaus (North Region) and 808% (95%CI: 612-1,059) in EW 28-32 in Curitiba (Paraná State, South Region). The high and heterogeneous percentage of excess respiratory deaths suggests high underreporting of COVID-19 deaths, which highlights regional inequalities and the need for revision of deaths associated with respiratory symptoms.

Resumen: En Brasil, uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19, los datos de mortalidad no reflejan la cifra real de fallecimientos por la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el exceso de muertes por causas respiratorias y sus trayectorias durante los seis primeros meses de la epidemia de COVID-19, en adultos con 20 años y más de ocho metrópolis regionales de Brasil. Estudio ecológico donde las muertes por causas respiratorias (gripe, neumonías, bronquitis, otras enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas, insuficiencia respiratoria aguda o crónica, insuficiencia respiratoria o trastorno respiratorio no especificado y otras muertes codificadas con síntomas respiratorios) fueron extraídas del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Los óbitos esperados fueron estimados con modelos generalizados aditivos casi-Poisson. Entre el 23 de febrero y el 8 de agosto de 2020, se registraron 46.028 muertes por causas respiratorias en las ocho ciudades y un exceso de 312% (IC95%: 304-321). Manaos (Amazonas) presentó el mayor excedente, un 758% (IC95%: 668-858) y São Paulo el menor, un 174% (IC95%: 164-183). Se detectó un exceso precoz en las Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12 en Belém (Pará), Fortaleza y São Paulo. En general, el exceso de muertes, en términos relativos, fue mayor de los 40-59 años y en hombres. La mortalidad excedente fue regionalmente heterogénea, con 2.463% (IC95%: 1.881-3.281) en las SE 17-20 en Manaos (Región Norte) y un 808% (IC95%: 612-1.059) en las SE 28-32 en Curitiba (Paraná, Región Sur). El elevado y heterogéneo porcentaje de muertes respiratorias excedentes sugiere un alto subregistro de óbitos por COVID-19, refuerza las desigualdades regionales y la necesidad de revisión de las muertes asociadas a síntomas respiratorios.

Letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19 em quatro capitais brasileiras e sua possível relação temporal com a variante Gama, 2020-2021 / Letalidad hospitalaria por COVID-19 en cuatro capitales brasileñas y su posible relación temporal con la variante Gamma, 2020-2021 / In-hospital case fatality ratio due to COVID-19 in four Brazilian state capitals and its possible temporal relationship with the Gamma variant, 2020-2021

Objetivo: Descrever a letalidade por COVID-19 - hospitalar e em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) - em quatro capitais brasileiras, em meses de picos epidêmicos e nos meses anteriores. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com dados mensais de 2020-2021 do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe, em indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais. Foram estimadas letalidade e mortalidade, com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Em Manaus, a letalidade em UTI nos >59 anos foi menor em dezembro/2020 (80,9%; IC95% 78,4;83,3) e no pico de janeiro/2021 (79,9%; IC95% 77,4;82,5), em comparação ao pico de abril/2020 (88,2%; IC95% 86,1;90,3). Em São Paulo, Curitiba e Porto Alegre, observou-se queda ou estabilidade na letalidade hospitalar e em UTI, em janeiro/2021, em comparação ao mês de referência de 2020. Conclusão: Em janeiro/2021, a letalidade hospitalar e em UTI caiu ou manteve-se estável nas quatro capitais, especialmente em Manaus e durante o pico epidêmico com predomínio da variante Gama.

Objetivo: Describir la tasa de letalidad hospitalaria y en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) por Covid-19 en cuatro capitales brasileñas, durante picos epidémicos y en meses anteriores. Métodos: Estudio ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Influenza, durante 2020-2021, en personas de 20 años o más. Se estimaron tasas de mortalidad y letalidad, con intervalos de confianza del 95,0% (IC95%). Resultados: En Manaus, la letalidad en UCI en >59 años fue menor en el pico de enero/2021 (79,9%; IC95% 77,4;82,5) y diciembre/2020 (80,9%; IC95% 78,4;83,3), comparado al pico de abril/2020 (88,2%; IC95% 86,1;90,3). En São Paulo, Curitiba y Porto Alegre hubo disminución o estabilidad para letalidad hospitalaria y en UCI, comparada con la referencia de 2020. Conclusión: En enero/2021, la letalidad hospitalaria y en UCI disminuyó o se mantuvo estable en las cuatro capitales, especialmente en Manaus, y durante el pico epidémico con predominio de la variante Gamma.

Objective: To describe in-hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) case fatality ratios due to COVID-19 in four Brazilian state capitals, during the months of epidemic peaks and previous months. Methods: This was an ecological study using monthly data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System, between 2020-2021, in individuals aged 20 years or older. Case fatality ratio and mortality rate were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazonas, ICU case fatality ratio among those >59 years old was lower in December/2020 (80.9%; 95%CI 78.4;83.3) and during the peak in January/2021 (79.9%; 95%CI 77.4;82.5), compared to the peak in April/2020 (88.2%; 95%CI 86.1;90.3). In São Paulo, the capital city of the state of São Paulo, Curitiba, the capital city of the state of Paraná, and Porto Alegre, the capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, there was a decrease or stability in ICU and in-hospital case fatality ratio in January/2021, compared to the reference month in 2020. Conclusion: In January/2021, in-hospital and ICU case fatality ratios decreased or remained stable in the four state capitals, especially in Manaus, and during the epidemic peak with the prevalence of the Gamma variant.

Excesso de mortes durante a pandemia de COVID-19: subnotificação e desigualdades regionais no Brasil / Excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic: underreporting and regional inequalities in Brazil / Exceso de muertes durante la pandemia de COVID-19: subnotificación y desigualdades regionales en Brasil

O Brasil é um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia de COVID-19 e o real número de mortes pela doença torna o cenário ainda mais desafiador. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o excesso de mortes e suas diferenças em adultos com 20 anos e mais em Manaus (Amazonas), Fortaleza (Ceará), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, de acordo com o local de ocorrência do óbito, características demográficas e trajetória ao longo do tempo. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e na Central de Informações do Registro Civil Nacional. As estimativas de óbitos esperados foram obtidas por meio de modelos aditivos generalizados quasi-Poisson com ajuste de sobredispersão. Entre 23 de fevereiro e 13 de junho de 2020, foram registradas 74.410 mortes naturais nas quatro cidades, com excesso de mortes de 46% (IC95%: 44-47). O maior excesso de mortes ocorreu em Manaus, 112% (IC95%: 103-121), seguido por Fortaleza, 72% (IC95%: 67-78), Rio de Janeiro, 42% (IC95%: 40-45) e São Paulo, 34% (IC95%: 32-36). O excesso de mortes foi maior nos homens e não significativo nas Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12, exceto em São Paulo, 10% (IC95%: 6-14). Em geral, o pico de mortes excedentes ocorreu nas SE 17-20. O excesso de mortes não explicado diretamente pela COVID-19 e de mortes em domicílios/via pública foi alto, especialmente em Manaus. A elevada porcentagem de mortes excedentes, de mortes não explicadas diretamente pela COVID-19 e de mortes fora do hospital sugerem alta subnotificação de mortes por COVID-19 e reforça a extensa dispersão do SARS-CoV-2, como também a necessidade da revisão de todas as causas de mortes associadas a sintomas respiratórios pelos serviços de vigilância epidemiológica.

Brazil is one of the most heavily impacted countries by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the real number of deaths from the disease makes the scenario even more challenging. This study aimed to estimate the excess deaths and their differences in adults 20 years and older in Manaus (Amazonas State), Fortaleza (Ceará State), Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, according to place of death, demographic characteristics, and trajectory over time. The data were obtained from the Mortality Information System and the Central Information Office of the National Civil Registry. The estimates of expected deaths were obtained from quasi-Poisson generalized additive models, adjusting for overdispersion. From February 23 to June 13, 2020, 74,410 natural deaths were recorded in the four cities, with 46% excess deaths (95%CI: 44-47). The largest amount of excess deaths was in Manaus, with 112% (95%CI: 103-121), followed by Fortaleza with 72% (95%CI: 67-78), Rio de Janeiro with 42% (95%CI: 40-45), and São Paulo with 34% (95%CI: 32-36). Excess deaths were greater in males and non-significant in Epidemiologic Weeks (EW) 9-12, except in São Paulo, 10% (95%CI: 6-14). The peak in excess deaths generally occurred in EW 17-20. The number of excess deaths not explained directly by COVID-19 and deaths at home or on public byways is high, especially in Manaus. The high percentages of excess deaths, deaths not explained directly by COVID-19, and deaths outside the hospital suggest high underreporting of deaths from COVID-19 and reinforce the extensive spread of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the need for epidemiological surveillance services to review all causes of deaths associated with respiratory symptoms.

Brasil es uno de los países más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19 y el número real de muertes por la enfermedad lo convierte en un escenario todavía más desafiante. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el exceso de muertes y sus diferencias en adultos con 20 años y más en Manaus (Amazonas), Fortaleza (Ceará), Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo, de acuerdo con el lugar de ocurrencia del fallecimiento, características demográficas y trayectoria a lo largo del tiempo. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y de la Central de Información del Registro Civil Nacional. Las estimaciones de óbitos esperados se obtuvieron mediante modelos aditivos generalizados quasi-Poisson con ajuste de sobredispersión. Entre el 23 de febrero y 13 de junio de 2020, se registraron 74.410 muertes naturales en las cuatro ciudades, con un exceso de muertes de un 46% (IC95%: 44-47). El mayor exceso de muertes se produjo en Manaus, 112% (IC95%: 103-121), seguido por Fortaleza, 72% (IC95%: 67-78), Río de Janeiro, 42% (IC95%: 40-45) y São Paulo, 34% (IC95%: 32-36). El exceso de muertes fue mayor en hombres y no significativo en las Semanas Epidemiológicas (SE) 9-12, excepto en São Paulo, 10% (IC95%: 6-14). En general, el pico de muertes excedentarias se produjo en las SE 17-20. El exceso de muertes no explicado directamente por la COVID-19 y de las muertes en domicilios/vía pública fue alto, especialmente en Manaus. El elevado porcentaje de muertes excedentarias, de muertes no explicadas directamente por la COVID-19, y de muertes fuera del hospital, sugieren una alta subnotificación de muertes por COVID-19 y refuerza la extensa dispersión del SARS-CoV-2, así como también la necesidad de una revisión de todas las causas de muertes asociadas a síntomas respiratorios, por parte de los servicios de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Explosion in mortality in the Amazonian epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic 19. / Explosão da mortalidade no epicentro amazônico da epidemia de COVID-19.

Manaus, the capital of the Brazilian State of Amazonas, is the current epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in Amazonia. The sharp increase in deaths is a huge concern for health system administrators and society. The study aimed to analyze excess overall mortality according to Epidemiological Week (EW) in order to identify changes potentially associated with the epidemic in Manaus. Overall and cause-specific mortality data were obtained from the Central Database of the National Civil Registry and the Mortality Information System for 2018, 2019, and 2020. The study analyzed age bracket, sex, place of death, EW, calendar year, and causes of death. Ratios were calculated between deaths in 2019/2018 and 2020/2019 to estimate excess deaths, with 5% confidence intervals. No significant excess overall mortality was seen in the ratios for 2019/2018, independently of EW. Meanwhile, the ratios for 2020/2019 increased from 1.0 (95%CI: 0.9-1.3) in EW 11 to 4.6 (95%CI: 3.9-5.3) in EW 17. Excess overall mortality was observed with increasing age, especially in individuals 60 years or older, who accounted for 69.1% (95%CI: 66.8-71.4) of the deaths. The ratios for 2020/2019 for deaths at home or on public byways were 1.1 (95%CI: 0.7-1.8) in EW 12 and 7.8 (95%CI: 5.4-11.2) in EW 17. The explosion in overall mortality in Manaus and the high proportion of deaths at home or on public byways reveals the epidemic's severity in contexts of heavy social inequality and weak effectiveness of government policies, especially policies meant to deal with social inequalities and strengthen the Unified Health System.

Mental disorders in adolescents, youth, and adults in the RPS Birth Cohort Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís), Brazil. / Transtornos mentais em adolescentes, jovens e adultos do Consórcio de Coortes de Nascimento brasileiras RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís).

Although depression and anxiety are known to result in disabilities and workplace and health system losses, population-based studies on this problem are rare in Brazil. The current study assessed the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents, youth, and adults and the relationship to sociodemographic characteristics in five birth cohorts (RPS) in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State), Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul State), and São Luís (Maranhão State), Brazil. Major depressive episode, suicide risk, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Bootstrap confidence intervals were estimated and prevalence rates were stratified by sex and socioeconomic status in the R program. The study included 12,350 participants from the cohorts. Current major depressive episode was more prevalent in adolescents in São Luís (15.8%; 95%CI: 14.8-16.8) and adults in Ribeirão Preto (12.9%; 95%CI: 12.0-13.9). The highest prevalence rates for suicide risk were in adults in Ribeirão Preto (13.7%; 95%CI: 12.7-14.7), and the highest rates for social phobia and generalized anxiety were in youth in Pelotas, with 7% (95%CI: 6.3-7.7) and 16.5% (95%CI: 15.4-17.5), respectively. The lowest prevalence rates of suicide risk were in youth in Pelotas (8.8%; 95%CI: 8.0-9.6), social phobia in youth in Ribeirão Preto (1.8%; 95%CI: 1.5-2.2), and generalized anxiety in adolescents in São Luís (3.5%; 95%CI: 3.0-4.0). Mental disorders in general were more prevalent in women and in individuals with lower socioeconomic status, independently of the city and age, emphasizing the need for more investment in mental health in Brazil, including gender and socioeconomic determinants.

Embora se reconheça que depressão e ansiedade resultem em incapacidades, bem como em prejuízos laborais e para os sistemas de saúde, pesquisas de base populacional são escassas no Brasil. Este estudo avaliou a prevalência de transtornos mentais em adolescentes, jovens e adultos e sua relação com características sociodemográficas em cinco coortes de nascimento (RPS): Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo), Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul) e São Luís (Maranhão), Brasil. Episódio depressivo, risco de suicídio, fobia social e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada foram avaliados usando-se o Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Intervalos de confiança bootstrap foram estimados e prevalências estratificadas por sexo e nível socioeconômico no programa R. Foram incluídos 12.350 participantes das coortes. Episódio depressivo maior atual foi mais prevalente em adolescentes de São Luís (15,8%; IC95%: 14,8-16,8) e nos adultos de Ribeirão Preto (12,9%; IC95%: 12,0-13,9). As maiores prevalências para risco de suicídio ocorreram nos adultos de Ribeirão Preto (13,7%; IC95%:12,7-14,7), fobia social e ansiedade generalizada nos jovens de Pelotas com 7% (IC95%: 6,3-7,7) e 16,5% (IC95%: 15,4-17,5), respectivamente. As menores prevalências de risco de suicídio ocorreram nos jovens de Pelotas (8,8%; IC95%: 8,0-9,6), fobia social nos jovens de Ribeirão Preto (1,8%; IC95%: 1,5-2,2) e ansiedade generalizada nos adolescentes de São Luís (3,5%; IC95%: 3,0-4,0). Em geral, os transtornos mentais foram mais prevalentes nas mulheres e naqueles com menor nível socioeconômico, independentemente do centro e idade, reforçando a necessidade de maior investimento em saúde mental no Brasil, sem desconsiderar determinantes de gênero e socioeconômicos.

A pesar de que se reconozca que la depresión y ansiedad provoquen incapacidades, así como perjuicios laborales y problemas para los sistemas de salud, las investigaciones de base poblacional son escasas en Brasil. Este estudio evaluó la prevalencia de trastornos mentales en adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos, y su relación con características sociodemográficas en cinco cohortes de nacimiento (RPS), en Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo), Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul) y São Luís (Maranhão), Brasil. Episodio depresivo, riesgo de suicidio, fobia social y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada se evaluaron usando el Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Se estimaron los intervalos de confianza bootstrap y las prevalencias fueron estratificadas por sexo y nivel socioeconómico en el programa R. Se incluyeron a 12.350 participantes de las cohortes. Un episodio actual depresivo mayor fue más prevalente en adolescentes de São Luís (15,8%; IC95%: 14,8-16,8) y en adultos de Ribeirão Preto (12,9%; IC95%: 12,0-13,9). Las mayores prevalencias para el riesgo de suicidio se produjeron en los adultos de Ribeirão Preto (13,7%; IC95%:12,7-14,7), fobia social y ansiedad generalizada en los jóvenes de Pelotas con 7% (IC95%: 6,3-7,7) y 16,5% (IC95%: 15,4-17,5), respectivamente. Las menores prevalencias de riesgo de suicidio se produjeron en los jóvenes de Pelotas (8,8%; IC95%: 8,0-9,6), fobia social en los jóvenes de Ribeirão Preto (1,8%; IC95%: 1,5-2,2) y ansiedad generalizada en los adolescentes de São Luís (3,5%; IC95%: 3,0-4,0). En general, los trastornos mentales fueron más prevalentes en las mujeres y en aquellos con menor nivel socioeconómico, independientemente del centro y edad, reforzando la necesidad de una mayor inversión en salud mental en Brasil, sin desconsiderar determinantes de género y socioeconómicos.