Comparing feces collection methods for evaluating the apparent digestibility coefficient of brewers' spent yeast in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY), derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in beer production, is a valuable protein source for aquafeeds. Estimations of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for nutrients in BSY are crucial for its inclusion in aquafeeds. ADC estimations for Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein in rainbow are hardly comparable from a methodological point of view, whereas the ADC estimations for BSY protein in Atlantic salmon are only based on stripped feces, which are known to produce underestimations. Therefore, new determinations of ADC of BSY nutrients are necessary for the inclusion of this ingredient in practical diets for salmonids. This study is focused on determining unbiased ADC values for protein and energy from BSY in juvenile Salmo salar. To reduce systematic biases, fecal samples were collected using stripping and decantation methods, which are known to produce under-and overestimations, respectively. 780 fish (25.16 ± 4.88 g) were stocked in six tanks. A reference diet (50% protein, 20% lipid, 1% Cr2O3) was provided to three tanks, and a test diet (70,30 reference diet to BSY) to the other three. ADC for BSY protein was 84.70 ± 1.04% (decantation) and 70.50 ± 4.03% (stripping). For gross energy, stripped feces yielded an ADC of 52.04 ± 5.30%, while decantation resulted in 63.80 ± 1.17%. Thus, ADC estimates were taken as the average of the stripping-value and the decantation-value, resulting in 77.6% for BSY crude protein, which is appreciably higher than previously measured values in S. salar fed undisrupted S. cerevisiae, and in 57.9% for gross energy.

How long-term emancipatory programming facilitates participatory evaluation: Building a methodology of participation through research with youth in Honduras.

Empowerment and participation are promoted as critical factors in meaningful development processes; however, action-oriented researchers face challenges in fostering genuine empowerment and meaningful participation within traditional funding cycles and research timelines. This case study illustrates a participatory methodology employed by researchers in partnership with one Honduran non-governmental organization (NGO) to conduct 'practical' participatory evaluation with rural Honduran youth. Through collaborative autoethnography, two components of this methodology are identified and described. The first component - 'foundational elements'- includes the NGO's culture of transformative participation and the organization's attention to synergies in the insider/outsider identities of research partners. The second component includes the ability of the research team to leverage this foundation for the participatory evaluation with rural youth. Importantly, this ability was grounded in and shaped by long-term, trust-based relationships between research partners. These relationships were the catalyst for success in this participatory initiative, connecting the 'foundational elements' identified to the collaborative outcomes experienced. Overall, this case study contributes to current and ongoing scholarly discussions on how to facilitate meaningful participation and capability expansion in research and evaluation contexts.

Detección de Staphylococcus aureus en teléfonos móviles de estudiantes de último año de odontología / Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in mobile phones of final year dental students

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue detectar la incidencia de Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) en pantallas de teléfonos móviles de estudiantes de último año de odontología mediante técnicas microbiológicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se tomaron 92 muestras de pantallas de teléfonos móviles, se realizó la identificación de S. aureus mediante pruebas microbiológicas: fermentación del manitol, reacciones positivas a las pruebas de desoxirribonucleasa, catalasa y coagulasa. Resultados: Se aisló 16 cepas de S. aureus 16/92 (17,4%) en pantallas de teléfonos móviles. El 100% de las cepas aisladas dieron reacciones positivas a las pruebas de desoxirribonucleasa, catalasa y coagulasa. Conclusiones: Se evidencia la presencia de S. aureus en pantallas de celulares de los teléfonos móviles de los estudiantes de último año lo que representa un riesgo para la diseminación de este patógeno.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence of S. aureus on mobile phone screens of last-year dental students using microbiological techniques. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional observational study. 92 samples were taken from mobile phone screens, S. aureus was identified by microbiological tests: mannitol fermentation, positive reactions to deoxyribonuclease, catalase and coagulase tests. Results: 16 strains of S. aureus 16/92 (17.4%) were isolated on mobile phone screens. 100% of the strains emerged positive reactions to deoxyribonuclease, catalase and coagulase tests. Conclusions: The presence of S. aureus is evidenced in cell phone screens of senior students' mobile phones, which represents a risk for the spread of this pathogen.

Factors Associated with Seasonal Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Subsistence Farming Households in Rural Honduras.

In the context of climate change, a nutritional transition, and increased pressures to migrate internally and internationally, this study examined the relationship between seasonal food insecurity and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors among small-scale subsistence farmers in rural northern Honduras. Anchored by a partnership with the Fundación para la Investigación Participativa con Agricultores de Honduras (FIPAH) and the Yorito Municipal Health Centre, a cross-sectional household survey was administered in Yorito, Honduras, in July 2014. The study population included 1263 individuals from 248 households across 22 rural communities. A multivariate mixed effects negative binomial regression model was built to investigate the relationship between the self-reported number of months without food availability and access from subsistence agriculture in the previous year (August 2013-July 2014) and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production variables. This study found a lengthier 'lean season' among surveyed household than previously documented in Honduras. Overall, 62.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): [59.52, 64.87]) of individuals experienced at least four months of insufficient food in the previous year. Individuals from poorer and larger households were more likely to experience insufficient food compared to individuals from wealthier and smaller households. Additionally, individuals from households that produced both maize and beans were less likely to have insufficient food compared to individuals from households that did not grow these staple crops (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.83; 95% CI: [0.69, 0.99]). Receiving remittances from a migrant family member did not significantly reduce the prevalence of having insufficient food. As unpredictable crop yields linked to climate change and extreme weather events are projected to negatively influence the food security and nutrition outcomes of rural populations, it is important to understand how demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors may modify the ability of individuals and households engaged in small-scale subsistence agriculture to respond to adverse shocks.

Efecto de las actividades físicas en la disminución del estrés laboral / Effect of physical activity in reducing work-related stress

Introducción: el estrés laboral, como fenómeno asociado al proceso de industrialización, es causa frecuente de saturación física y metal, provocando una reducción de la efectividad productiva y la calidad del vida de sujeto; en la intervención de este proceso influye, entre otros aspectos, el índice de actividad física y social que posee el individuo y su entorno. Objetivo: disminuir el estrés laboral del personal administrativo de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador. Métodos: se investigó una muestra de 47 trabajadores administrativos de una población de 255 sujetos, los cuales fueron sometidos a un diagnóstico mediante una encuesta de 10 preguntas diseñadas para determinar la presencia de algunos síntomas relacionados con el estrés antes y después de implementar un programa de actividades físicas durante seis meses. Resultados: las pruebas realizadas antes y después de iniciar el proceso de aplicación de la propuesta se sometieron al análisis estadístico a partir de la Prueba de Friedman, la cual demostró la existencia de diferencias significativas favorables en el postest (p= 0,000) por la incidencia efectiva del programa de actividades físicas en el grupo intervenido, corroborado por la Prueba de los Rangos con Signo de Wilcoxon que demostró diferencias significativas en todas las categorías estudiadas en las variables (Siempre: p= 0,011; Casi Siempre: p= 0,005; Raras Veces: p= 0,005 y Nunca: p= 0,015). Conclusiones: se determina una disminución del estrés en el personal administrativo al comparar los rangos promedios de la prueba inicial y final aplicada(AU)

Introduction: Work stress, as a phenomenon associated with the industrialization process, is a frequent cause of physical and mental saturation, causing a reduction of the subject's productive effectiveness and quality of life. In the intervention of this process, among other aspects, there is an influence of the index of physical and social activity by the individual and its environments. Objective: To reduce the work stress of the directing staff of ESPE University of the Armed Forces in Sangolquí, Ecuador. Methods: A sample of 47 directing workers was investigated, out of a population of 255 subjects. They underwent a diagnosis through a survey of 10 questions designed to determine the presence of some symptoms related to stress, before and after implementing a program of activities for six months. Results: The tests performed before and after starting the program's application were submitted for statistical analysis through the Friedman test, which showed the existence of significant favorable differences in the post-test (p= 0.000) for the incidence of the physical activity program in the intervention group, corroborated by the Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test, which showed significant differences in all the categories studied in the variables (always: p= 0.011, almost always: p= 0.005, seldom: p= 0.005, and never: p= 0.015). Conclusions: A decrease in stress in the directing staff is determined when comparing the average ranges of the initial and final tests applied(AU)

Water contaminated with Didymosphenia geminata generates changes in Salmo salar spermatozoa activation times.

Didimosphenia geminata ("didymo"), has become a powerful and devastating river plague in Chile. A system was developed in D. geminata channels with the purpose evaluating the effects of water polluted with didymo on the activation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spermatozoa. Results indicate that semen, when activated with uncontaminated river water had an average time of 60±21s. When using Powermilt, (a commercial activator), times of 240±21s are achieved, while rivers contaminated with D. geminata achieve a motility time of 30±12s. Interestingly enough, the kinetic parameters of VSL, VCL and VAP showed no significant changes under all of the conditions. Furthermore, the presence of D. geminata reduces activation time of the samples as the cells age, indicating increased effects in spermatozoa that are conserved for more than 5 days. D. geminata has antioxidant content, represented by polyphenols; 200ppm of polyphenol were obtained in this study per 10g of microalgae. Spermatozoa exposed to these extracts showed a reduction in mobility time in a dose dependent manner, showing an IC50 of 15ppm. The results suggest an effect on spermatozoa activation, possibly due to the release of polyphenols present in contaminated rivers, facilitating the alteration of sperm motility times, without affecting the viability or kinetics of the cells. These findings have important implications for current policy regarding the control of the algae. Current control measures focus on the number of visible species, and not on the compounds that they release, which this study shows, also have a problematic effect on salmon production.