The gross anatomy of larynx, trachea and syrinx in the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus).

Five long-legged buzzards (Buteo rufinus), weighing 475-570 g, were used in this study. It was determined that long-legged buzzards' larynx is composed of three different cartilages. Among these cartilages, the cricoid and procricoid cartilages were single and the arytenoid cartilage was double. The partially ossified corpus and ala of the cricoid cartilage were connected with cartilaginous plate. Trachea was formed up of complete cartilage circles. The tracheal cartilages were notched in dorsal and ventral directions and a number of the tracheal cartilages inter-mingling one another were between 89-96. Syrinx, which was covered with the inter-clavicular air sac, was in contact with basis cordis. It was observed that there is tracheobronchial type syrinx in long-legged buzzard and this syrinx is formed by two different cartilage groups named as the cartt. tracheosyringeales and cartt. bronchosyringeales. The first cartilage rings of the cartt. tracheosyringeales formed the tympanum. The tympanum, cartt. tracheosyringeales and cartt. bronchosyringeales were created of three, two or three and four cartilage rings, respectively. Membrana tympaniformis lateralis and medialis, two pairs of thin membranes constituting voice formation, also determined in long-legged buzzard. Membrana tympaniformis lateralis was observed to be very short between the first and second cartilage rings of cartt. bronchosyringeales. Although the instrictic syringeal muscles were not present in long-legged buzzard, the sternotracheal and tracheolateral muscles, expressed as extrinsic syringeal muscles, were evident. In this study, which is expected to give contribution to veterinary anatomy literature, the similarities and differences in larynx, trachea and syrinx of long-legged buzzard with other bird species were exposed.

Morphometric study of the intraorbital muscles (musculi bulbi) in New Zealand rabbit.

Eight female New Zealand rabbits were used. The bulbus oculi was removed bilaterally from orbita then intraorbital muscles were revealed by dissection and their length and breadth and the distance of the muscle insertion to the corneal limbus were measured. Junction formations of the insertion tendon of intraorbital muscle to the sclera were identified.

Facial bones of long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus).

The department of National Parks and Protection of Wild Nature sent five (two males, three females) adult long-legged buzzards for investigation of their deaths to Ankara University Veterinary Faculty. Facial bones of buzzards were evaluated. Distinguishing facial features such as strong os premaxillare, cavum nasale filled with spider webbing-like structures, prominent os prefrontalis and processes, H-shaped paraglossum were determined. In this study, we investigated the anatomic properties of facial bones in long-legged buzzard. We also aimed to identify the data using these bones in order to separate different bird species.

Macro anatomical investigations of the cranial cervical ganglion in domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).

In this study, the left and right cranial cervical ganglia (ganglion cervicale craniale) of eight young (four male, four female) domestic pigs weighing around 70-80 kg were inspected macro anatomically. The cranial cervical ganglion (CCG) was found cranio-ventrally of the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve, medial of the jugular process extremity, ventral of the atlas, dorsal of the epiglottis base and medial of the common root (CR) established by the internal carotid and occipital arteries. The internal carotid nerve and jugular nerve ramified from the cranial part of CCG. The jugular nerve gave branches that merged with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Other nerve branches originating from the cranial part of the ganglion reached to the external carotid artery and CR. The internal carotid nerve varied among cadavers in number of branches (two to four). These branches did not travel along the side of the internal carotid artery. The central part of CCG gave thin nerve branches that reached to various anatomical structures including the first and second cervical nerves, wall of the pharynx, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, external carotid artery and CR. The caudal part of CCG gave nerve branches that merged with the vagus, cranial laryngeal nerves, and common carotid artery. The external carotid nerves, which were two or three in number, also originated from the caudal part of CCG. In conclusion, the nerves ramifying from CCG of the pig varied in number among cadavers. Compared with literature raised in other species, there are also differences in number of nerve branches and course pattern of these nerves.

The ligaments and sesamoid bones of knee joint in New Zealand rabbits.

This study has been conducted on the knee joints of the New Zealand rabbits. A total of 20 knee joints from 10 (five female, five male) adult New Zealand rabbits were studied in the study. Fourteen ligaments and four sesamoid bones including the patellar bone, the infrapatellar adipose body, and the suprapatellar cartilage specifically present in rabbits were grossly observed. The caudal meniscotibial ligaments of the lateral meniscus were noted to be lacking in these rabbits. Moreover, the medial collateral ligament did not have a capsular character in nature. Thus, adipose tissue was determined at a point where the suprapatellar cartilage and patella fused.