RESUMO
Ionizing radiation has been used for decades and expanded to several applications in multivariate sectors, becoming an important tool to promote controlled chemical reactions in polymeric structures, according to their chemical properties for developing new materials. In addition, the use of radiation can also be applied in order to reduce or eliminate compounds from solutions that may be harmful or of low interest. In this review, we overviewed the chemistry behind material irradiation and the attractive use of ionizing radiation in scientific and industrial development. In this regard, the review was divided into three main sections titled (1) chemical kinetics intermediated by radiation, (2) chemical bonds intermediated by radiation, and (3) radiation chemistry on polymers. We concluded that graft polymerization, crosslinking and chain scission reactions induced by ionizing radiation are very efficient and green strategies for developing new materials with improved properties. Furthermore, water radiolysis plays a key role in the degradation of several contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and microplastics, in aqueous solutions. However, more studies must be conducted to complement the existing theory about the proposed mechanisms responsible for modifying the chemical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and so forth properties of irradiated materials.
Assuntos
Plásticos , Polímeros , Polímeros/química , Cinética , Radiação Ionizante , ÁguaRESUMO
El desarrollo de generadores radisotópicos solo para uso industrial y de radiotrazadores, a partir de los ya existentes como el de 
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, se ha potenciado en los últimos 10 años como una opción atractiva ante las dificultades de garantizar la disponibilidad de radiotrazadores para aplicaciones en la industria. Teniendo en cuenta que la extracción con la mezcla 30 % TBF-16 % TOA/ciclohexano se utilizó con éxito para adecuar el eluido del generador de / como radiotrazador de fluidos orgánicos, se realizó un estudio de optimización de la composición volumétrica de esta mezcla; se estableció un modelo matemático para predecir el grado de extracción (R %) del , en dependencia de las concentraciones volumétricas de TOA y TBF, para una actividad de 3.1 MBq, y se determinó que, aún reduciendo la concentración volumétrica de TBF al 1 % y la de TOA al 0.3 %, se extrajo el 96.44 ± 0.21 % del 
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The development of radioisotope generators for industrial use, and of radiotracers from those already existing as that of /, has been strengthened in the last 10 years like an attractive option to solve the difficulties in guaranteeing the availability of radiotracers for application in the industry. Extraction with the mixture 30 % TBP-16 % TOA/cyclohexane has been successfully used to adapt the , eluted from / generator, as an organic fluid radiotracer. This work presents an optimization study of volumetric composition of this mixture, to guide the extraction process towards the best cost benefit relation according to necessary activity at a given application. Based on experimental results, a model that predicts extraction yield (R %) as a dependent variable of TOA and TBP volumetric concentrations was established, for 3.1 MBq of . Moreover, the outcomes show that even when TBP volumetric concentration decreases from 30 to 1 % and TOA concentration, from 16 to 0.3 %, the extraction yield was 96.44 ± 0.21%.
