Challenges and Risks in Out-of-Hospital Transport of Patients During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Norwegian critical care resources are regionalized making air ambulances transport of suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients a necessity. We prospectively observed pre- and interhospital transportation of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in our physician-manned emergency medical services. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational quality assurance study of primary and secondary missions conducted by 2 Norwegian air ambulances during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Forty-one (24.1%) were primary missions, whereas 129 (75.9%) were interhospital transports. Most patients (158 [92.9%]) were transported with ground-based vehicles, and 12 (7.1%) were transported by rotor wing aircrafts. One hundred thirty-four of 170 patients (78.8%) were COVID-19 positive at the time of transportation. The median (interquartile range) fraction of inspired oxygen concentration was 0.60 (0.50-0.80), the positive end-expiratory pressure was 11 cm H2O (8-13.5 cm H2O), and the peak inspiratory pressure was 26 cm H2O (22-30 cm H2O). Some degree of elevated treatment challenge was reported in 157 (87.7%) transports, and in 139 (77.7%), the patient risk was considered elevated. The physician stated that some degree of elevated risk for the provider was elevated in 131 (73.2%) of the transports. CONCLUSION: The capacity of the physician-manned emergency medical services to safely transfer patients remains essential to maintain resilient critical care capacity, and the perceived elevated risks should be considered in capacity planning.

Outcome in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest before and after implementation of an ECPR protocol.

AIM: To compare the outcomes in patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) fulfilling the criteria for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) before and after implementation of an ECPR protocol, whether the patient received ECPR or not. METHODS: We compared cardiac arrest registry data before (2014-2015) and after (2016-2019) implementation of the ECPR protocol. The ECPR criteria were presumed cardiac origin, witnessed arrest with ventricular fibrillation, bystander CPR, age 18-65, advanced life support (ALS) within 15 min and ALS > 10 min without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The primary outcome was 30-day survival; the secondary outcomes were sustained ROSC, neurological outcome and the proportion of patients transported with ongoing ALS. RESULTS: There were 1086 and 3135 patients in the pre- and post-implementation sample; 48 (4%) and 100 (3%) met the ECPR criteria, respectively. Of these, 21 (44%) vs. 37 (37%) were alive after 30 days, p = 0.4, and 30 (63%) vs. 50 (50%) achieved sustained ROSC, p = 0.2. All survivors in the pre-implementation sample had cerebral performance category 1-2 vs. 30 (81%) in the post-implementation sample, p = 0.03. Of the patients fulfilling the ECPR criteria, 7 (15%) and 26 (26%), p = 0.1, were transported with ongoing ALS in the pre- and post-implementation sample, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in 30-day survival or prehospital ROSC in patients with refractory OHCA before and after initiation of an ECPR protocol.

Live Tissue Training on Anesthetized Pigs for Air Ambulance Crews.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with life- or limb-threatening severe injuries pose a challenge to prehospital services. Time-critical decision making and treatment are challenging because of occasional incomplete information, limited resources, adverse environments, and a range of basic and advanced technical skills available. To prepare for these infrequent critical situations, medical personnel from the helicopter emergency medical service at Oslo University Hospital developed a 1-day advanced trauma training course focusing on individual skills and teamwork during resuscitative procedures. METHODS: Participants were trained under supervision in teams on an established live tissue model with anesthetized pigs. A questionnaire-based evaluation was conducted before and after training to measure the feasibility of covering the allocated learning objectives in the time allotted and participants' perception of any change in their skills as a result of the course. RESULTS: The self-reported skill level in all learning objectives improved significantly. Combining all learning objectives, the median self-reported skill level was significantly increased from 4 to 6 points (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Experienced prehospital physicians and other health staff reported an increased level of skill and competence in lifesaving and limb-saving procedures after completing a brief, intense 1-day course using living anesthetized pigs and cadaver models.

Decision support tool and suggestions for the development of guidelines for the helicopter transport of patients with COVID-19.

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 emerged in December 2019 and is now pandemic. Initial analysis suggests that 5% of infected patients will require critical care, and that respiratory failure requiring intubation is associated with high mortality.Sick patients are geographically dispersed: most patients will remain in situ until they are in need of critical care. Additionally, there are likely to be patients who require retrieval for other reasons but who are co-incidentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 or shedding virus.The COVID-19 pandemic therefore poses a challenge to critical care retrieval systems, which often depend on small teams of specialists who live and work together closely. The infection or quarantining of a small absolute number of these staff could catastrophically compromise service delivery.Avoiding occupational exposure to COVID-19, and thereby ensuring service continuity, is the primary objective of aeromedical retrieval services during the pandemic. In this discussion paper we collaborated with helicopter emergency medical services(HEMS) worldwide to identify risks in retrieving COVID-19 patients, and develop strategies to mitigate these.Simulation involving the whole aeromedical retrieval team ensures that safety concerns can be addressed during the development of a standard operating procedure. Some services tested personal protective equipment and protocols in the aeromedical environment with simulation. We also incorporated experiences, standard operating procedures and approaches across several HEMS services internationally.As a result of this collaboration, we outline an approach to the safe aeromedical retrieval of a COVID-19 patient, and describe how this framework can be used to develop a local standard operating procedure.

[Seriously injured patients transferred from local hospitals to a university hospital]. / Alvorlig skadede overført til universitetssykehus.

BACKGROUND: We studied diagnostics and stabilizing surgery in severely injured patients transferred from local hospitals to a university hospital. The purpose was to identify a potential for improvement of regional trauma care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The material comprises all severely injured patients (Injury Severity [ISS] Score > 15) transferred from local hospitals to the University Hospital of Northern Norway in the period 01.01.2006 - 31.12.2007. Information about diagnostics, extent of injury and treatment during the first 24 hours after transferral was recorded by retrospective chart review. Emergency surgical interventions are defined according to plans for a national trauma system. RESULTS: 6/74 patients underwent emergency surgery at the local hospital (chest tube insertion, external fracture fixation); eight after arrival at the university hospital (chest tube insertion, hemostatic packing of the abdomen and pelvis, external fracture fixation). 66/74 were CT-scanned locally; 37 with a CT multitrauma series (CT caput, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis). Of the 62 who had head CT scans performed at a local hospital, the cervical spine was not imaged for 10. For eight of 55 patients who had CT scans of the thorax/abdomen/pelvis intravenous contrast agent was not administered. INTERPRETATION: Trauma care at local hospitals may be improved by more systematic imaging, a lower threshold for emergency surgery, and early communication with the university hospital.