High-dose alemtuzumab and cyclosporine vs tacrolimus, methotrexate, and sirolimus for chronic graft-versus-host disease prevention.

ABSTRACT: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a significant problem for patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Although in vivo lymphodepletion for cGVHD prophylaxis has been explored in the myeloablative setting, its effects after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) are not well described. Patients (N = 83) with hematologic malignancies underwent targeted lymphodepletion chemotherapy followed by a RIC allo-HSCT using peripheral blood stem cells from unrelated donors. Patients were randomized to 2 GVHD prophylaxis arms: alemtuzumab and cyclosporine (AC; n = 44) or tacrolimus, methotrexate, and sirolimus (TMS; n = 39), with the primary end point of cumulative incidence of severe cGVHD. The incidence of severe cGVHD was lower with AC vs TMS prophylaxis at 1- and 5-years (0% vs 10.3% and 4.5% vs 28.5%; overall, P = .0002), as well as any grade (P = .003) and moderate-severe (P < .0001) cGVHD. AC was associated with higher rates of grade 3 to 4 infections (P = .02) and relapse (52% vs 21%; P = .003) with no difference in 5-year GVHD-free-, relapse-free-, or overall survival. AC severely depleted naïve T-cell reconstitution, resulting in reduced T-cell receptor repertoire diversity, smaller populations of CD4Treg and CD8Tscm, but a higher ratio of Treg to naïve T-cells at 6 months. In summary, an alemtuzumab-based regimen successfully reduced the rate and severity of cGVHD after RIC allo-HSCT and resulted in a distinct immunomodulatory profile, which may have reduced cGVHD incidence and severity. However, increased infections and relapse resulted in a lack of survival benefit after long-term follow-up. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT00520130.

Subsequent Cancers in Patients Affected with Moderate or Severe Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease.

Subsequent cancer (SC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and treatment-related immunosuppression have been recognized as risk factors for SC. This study sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors for SC in patients with established cGVHD, assessed separately for onset of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-categorized into nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC)-and all cancers other than NMSC. Two hundred and four patients were enrolled in the prospective cross-sectional cGVHD Natural History Study and underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation. Patients were followed-up with an annual survey. The cumulative incidences of NMSC and cancers other than NMSC with competing risks were estimated separately, and transplantation- and cGVHD-related factors were assessed for association with outcomes using Gray's test and multivariable Cox models. The time period for all analyses began at 2 years postevaluation to restrict analyses to patients presumed to not have had SC present at evaluation. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with NMSC and 19 were diagnosed with cancers other than NMSC, with 10-year cumulative incidences of 15.5% (95% confidence interval, 9.0% to 27.6%) and 13.8% (95% CI, 8.2% to 20.8%), respectively. Age at transplantation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.23 to 3.06) and higher C-reactive protein level at evaluation (HR, 9.49; 95% CI, 1.26 to 71.58) were jointly associated with NMSC, and gastrointestinal cGVHD at evaluation (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.78) was associated with reduced risk of NMSC. T cell depletion at transplantation (HR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.17 to 8.20), lymphoma as an indication for transplantation (HR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.56 to 10.05), and oral cGVHD severity at evaluation (HR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.52 to 12.46) were jointly associated with cancers other than NMSC. This study estimates the incidence of SC in a population of allo-HSCT recipients with severe cGVHD and identifies correlations with the subsequent development of SC. These factors seem to differ between NMSC and cancers other than NMSC. Further longitudinal investigations accounting for dynamic and cumulative processes are needed to improve our understanding and management of SC.

Clinical characterization and cytokine profile of fatigue in hematologic malignancy patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Limited information is available regarding clinical and biological properties of fatigue in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD). Patients with moderate-to-severe cGvHD per NIH criteria were enrolled on a cross-sectional study and categorized as "fatigued" if SF-36 vitality score was <40. Clinical and laboratory parameters of fatigued (n = 109) and nonfatigued patients (n = 72) were compared. In univariate analysis, walk velocity, NIH joint-fascia score, human activity profile, and SF-36 physical and mental health self-report scales were correlates of fatigue. No cGvHD biomarkers were associated with fatigue. NIH joint score, Lee sleep and depression questions, and PG-SGA activities and function score jointly predicted fatigue. Though higher rates of depression and insomnia were reported in the fatigued group, antidepressant or sleep aid use did not differ between groups. Survival ratio was not significantly different by fatigue status. Pathophysiology of fatigue in patients with cGvHD is complex and may involve mechanisms unrelated to disease activity. Patients with cGvHD experiencing fatigue had higher rates of untreated depression and insomnia, highlighting the need to focus clinical management of these conditions to improve health-related quality of life.

A randomized phase 2 trial of pomalidomide in subjects failing prior therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a therapeutic challenge. Sclerotic skin manifestations are especially difficult to treat. We conducted a randomized phase 2 clinical trial (#NCT01688466) to determine the safety, efficacy, and preferred dose of pomalidomide in persons with moderate to severe cGVHD unresponsive to corticosteroids and/or subsequent lines of therapy. Thirty-four subjects were randomized to receive pomalidomide 0.5 mg per day orally (n = 17; low-dose cohort) or 2 mg per day at a starting dose of 0.5 mg per day increasing to 2 mg per day over 6 weeks (n = 17; high-dose cohort). The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) at 6 months according to the 2005 National Institutes of Health cGVHD Response Criteria. Thirty-two patients had severe sclerotic skin and received a median of 5 (range, 2-10) previous systemic therapies. ORR was 47% (95% confidence interval, 30-65) in the intention-to-treat analyses. All were partial responses, with no difference in ORR between the cohorts. ORR was 67% (45%-84%) in the 24 evaluable subjects at 6 months. Nine had improvement in National Institutes of Health joint/fascia scores (P = .018). Median change from the baseline in body surface area involvement of skin cGVHD was -7.5% (-10% to 35%; P = .002). The most frequent adverse events were lymphopenia, infection, and fatigue. Eight subjects in the high-dose cohort had dose decreases because of adverse events. There was 1 death in the low-dose cohort from bacterial pneumonia. Our data indicate antifibrotic effects of pomalidomide and possible association with increases in concentrations of blood regulatory T-cell and interleukin-2. Pomalidomide 0.5 mg per day is a safe and effective therapy for advanced corticosteroid-refractory cGVHD.

Clinical characteristics and cytokine biomarkers in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease persisting seven or more years after diagnosis.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the leading late complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Many patients receive multiple lines of systemic therapy until cGVHD resolves, but about 15% remain on systemic treatment for more than 7 years after cGVHD diagnosis. This study describes the clinical and biological factors of patients who present with cGVHD persisting for ≥7 years (persistent cGVHD). Patients with persistent cGVHD (n = 38) and those with cGVHD for <1 year (early cGVHD) (n = 83) were enrolled in a prospective cross-sectional natural history study. Patients in the persistent cGVHD group were a median of 10.2 years from cGVHD diagnosis (range 7-27 years). Fifty-eight percent of persistent cGVHD patients (22/38) were receiving systemic immunosuppression, compared to 88% (73/83) in the early cGVHD group. In multivariable analysis, bone marrow (BM) stem cell source, presence of ENA autoantibodies, higher NIH lung score, higher platelet counts, and higher IgA levels were significantly associated with persistent cGVHD. A high sensitivity panel of serum biomarkers including seven cytokines diagnostic for cGVHD was analyzed and showed significantly lower levels of BAFF and CXCL10 in patients with persistent cGVHD. In conclusion, standardly accepted clinical measures of disease severity may not accurately reflect disease activity in patients with persistent cGVHD. However, many patients with persistent cGVHD are still receiving systemic immunosuppression despite lacking evidence of disease activity. Development of reliable clinical biomarkers of cGVHD activity may help guide future systemic treatments.

Early human cytomegalovirus reactivation is associated with lower incidence of relapse of myeloproliferative disorders after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between early cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This prompted us to evaluate the impact of CMV reactivation on outcomes of 155 consecutive adult patients transplanted in our institution. In our study, CMV reactivation did not affect cumulative incidence (CI) of relapse in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. However, the CI of relapse in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (AML and MPN) was 37% (95% CI, 21-53) in patients without CMV reactivation as opposed to 17% (95% CI, 9-28) in patients with CMV reactivation (p = 0.03). An important correlation between CMV reactivation and relapse was found in patients with MPN; the CI of relapse was 50% (95% CI, 12-80) in patients without CMV reactivation as opposed to only 7% (95% CI, 0-27) in patients with CMV reactivation (p = 0.02). A substantial reduction of relapse in myeloproliferative disorders associated with CMV reactivation was confirmed by multivariate analysis (HR 2.73; 95% CI, 1.09-6.82, p = 0.03) using time-dependent covariates for high-risk disease, older age, RIC conditioning, ATG, grade II-IV acute, and chronic GVHD. To our knowledge, we are the first to show an association of CMV reactivation with relapse reduction in MPN patients. This putative virus vs myeloproliferation effect warrants further research.

Comparison of Branded and Generic Imatinib Plasma Concentrations in Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Unicentric Study.

INTRODUCTION: For over a decade, imatinib has been the first-line treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Doubts on the bioequivalence and bioavailability of emerging generic compounds have been expressed. Adequate imatinib plasma concentration ([IPC] ≥1000 µmol/L) is associated with a better chance of optimal treatment response in patients with CML. In this study, we compared the achieved IPCs between the branded compound and its 2 generic forms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: IPCs were compared in 24 consecutive patients with CML in the first chronic phase who changed from branded to generic imatinib. The median age was 49 years (range, 22-76 years). Fifteen of them were male. Six patients were switched to Neopax, 13 to Imakrebin, and 5 patients received both generics consecutively. All compounds were used in an equivalent dose of 400 mg orally once daily for at least 1 month before plasma concentrations were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine imatinib plasma concentration from a specimen collected 21 to 24 hours after the last dose. RESULTS: The median IPC achieved with branded imatinib was 1454 µmol/L (range, 485-2707 µmol/L) with 18 patients (75%) having IPC ≥ 1000 µmol/L. For Neopax and Imakrebin, median IPCs were 1717 µmol/L (range, 1249-3630 µmol/L) and 1458 µmol/L (range, 707-880 µmol/L), respectively, with 11 of 11 (100%) and 16 of 18 (89%) patients having IPC ≥ 1000 µmol/L. No significant difference in measured IPCs between all 3 compounds was found (P > .257). CONCLUSION: When taken at equivalent doses, imatinib generics are bioequivalent and comparable in clinical efficacy and have the potential for substantial savings in the treatment cost for CML.

Which questionnaires should we use to evaluate quality of life in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease?

AIM: To investigate the ability of two standard quality of life (QOL) questionnaires - The Short Form (36-item) Health Survey (SF-36) and The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ C30) to evaluate QOL in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) graded according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, QOL was assessed in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb and were alive and in complete remission for more than one year after allo-SCT. RESULTS: The study included 58 patients, 38 patients with cGVHD and 20 controls, patients without cGVHD. Patients with cGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria had significantly lower scores of global health status and lower QOL on all SF-36 subscales and most of QLQ C30 functional subscales (P<0.050 for all comparisons). Furthermore, patients with active cGVHD had significantly lower QOL scores than patients with inactive cGVHD, and this difference was most evident in physical functioning subscale of SF-36 (P=0.0007) and social functioning subscale of QLQ C30 (P=0.009). CONCLUSION: cGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria is correlated with patient-reported QOL, particularly in the physical domains as detected by SF-36. QLQ C30 questionnaire adds more information on social functioning and should be used as a valuable tool in the evaluation of social domains in cGVHD patients.

The mechanism of synergistic effects of arsenic trioxide and rapamycin in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines lacking typical t(15;17) translocation.

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has potent clinical activity in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but is much less efficacious in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) lacking t(15;17) translocation. Recent studies have indicated that the addition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors may increase the sensitivity of malignant cells to ATO. The aim of the present study was to test for possible synergistic effects of ATO and rapamycin at therapeutically achievable doses in non-APL AML cells. In HL-60 and U937 cell lines, the inhibitory effects of low concentrations of ATO and rapamycin were synergistic and more pronounced in U937 cells. The combination of drugs increased apoptosis in HL-60 cells and increased the percentage of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase in both cell lines. In U937 cells, rapamycin alone increased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and the addition of ATO decreased the level of phosphorylated ERK, Ser473 phosphorylated Akt and anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein. Primary AML cells show high sensitivity to growth-inhibitory effects of rapamycin alone or in combination with ATO. The results of the present study reveal the mechanism of the synergistic effects of two drugs at therapeutically achievable doses in non-APL AML cells.

Splenomegaly in myelofibrosis--new options for therapy and the therapeutic potential of Janus kinase 2 inhibitors.

Splenomegaly is a common sign of primary myelofibrosis (PMF), post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis (post-PV MF), and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (post-ET MF) that is associated with bothersome symptoms, which have a significant negative impact on patients' quality of life. It may also be present in patients with advanced polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET). Until recently, none of the therapies used to treat MF were particularly effective in reducing splenomegaly. The discovery of an activating Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) activating mutation (JAK2V617F) that is present in almost all patients with PV and in about 50-60 % of patients with ET and PMF led to the initiation of several trials investigating the clinical effectiveness of various JAK2 (or JAK1/JAK2) inhibitors for the treatment of patients with ET, PV, and MF. Some of these trials have documented significant clinical benefit of JAK inhibitors, particularly in terms of regression of splenomegaly. In November 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the JAK1- and JAK2-selective inhibitor ruxolitinib for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including PMF, post-PV MF, and post-ET MF. This review discusses current therapeutic options for splenomegaly associated with primary or secondary MF and the treatment potential of the JAK inhibitors in this setting.

Ruxolitinib for the treatment of myelofibrosis: its clinical potential.

Ruxolitinib is an orally bioavailable, selective Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF), a bone marrow disease in which the JAK pathway is dysregulated, leading to impaired hematopoiesis and immune function. By inhibiting JAK1 and JAK2, ruxolitinib modulates cytokine-stimulated intracellular signaling. In a phase II clinical trial in patients with MF, ruxolitinib recipients exhibited durable reductions in spleen size, reductions in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, improvements in physical activity, weight gain, and alleviation of symptoms (including constitutional symptoms) in patients with and without JAK2 mutation. These findings were confirmed by two phase III clinical MF studies, in which a greater proportion of ruxolitinib recipients achieved a spleen volume reduction of ≥35% from baseline at week 24, compared with placebo in one study (41.9% versus 0.7%; P < 0.0001) and with best available therapy in the other (31.9% versus 0%; P < 0.0001). Alleviation of MF symptoms and improvements in quality of life were also significantly greater in ruxolitinib recipients. Overall survival of patients treated with ruxolitinib was significantly longer than of those receiving the placebo. Owing to risks of potentially serious adverse effects, eg, myelosuppression, ruxolitinib should be used under close physician supervision. Longer follow-up of the phase III MF studies is needed to reach firm conclusions regarding ruxolitinib's capacity to modify the natural disease course.

Ruxolitinib: a new JAK1/2 inhibitor that offers promising options for treatment of myelofibrosis.

Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is the first potent, selective, oral inhibitor of JAK1 and 2 being developed for clinical use. Its major cellular and systemic effects are proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and reduction in cytokine plasma levels, all mediated by the drug's inhibition of JAKs' ability to phosphorylate STAT. In initial clinical trials of its use in myelofibrosis, ruxolitinib exhibited durable efficacy in reduction of splenomegaly and alleviation of constitutional symptoms. Patients also showed weight gain and improvement in general physical condition. The dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia. In preliminary findings of a Phase III trial in patients with primary, postpolycythemia-vera, or postessential-thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, administration at an initial dosage of 15 or 20 mg twice daily led to a spleen-volume response rate (≥ 35% reduction at 24 weeks) of 41.9 versus 0.7% for placebo (p < 0.0001); furthermore, 45.9% of the ruxolitinib recipients had ≥ 50% improvement in symptom score (on the modified Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form version 2.0) versus 5.3% for placebo (p < 0.0001). Ruxolitinib recipients also showed improvement in parameters of quality of life.

[Diagnostic and prognostic significance of CD45 cell surface antigen expression in hematologic malignancies with main focus on acute leukemias]. / Dijagnosticko i prognosticko znacenje izrazaja biljega CD45 u hematoloskim zlocudnim bolestima s posebnim osvrtom na akutne leukemije.

CD45 cell surface antigen is a transmembrane protein with tyrosine phosphatase activity, expressed by all nucleated cells of hematopoietic origin, except erythrocytes and platelets. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD45 represent irreplaceable tool in differential diagnosis of hematologic and other, non-hematologic low differentiated malignancies, primarily in cases of: extranodal lymphomas, non-hematologic malignancies with nodal or bone marrow localization or their metastases in mentioned sites. As cell surface immunophenotype marker, CD45 is of great value in differentiation of lymphoproliferative diseases subtypes. By flow cytometry, based on CD45 expression, the malignant cell population is being identified and that fact is used in, not only diagnosis, but also in detection of minimal residual disease, especially in cases of CD45 negative acute leukemias. Incidence of childhood CD45 negative acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) is about 10%. Children diagnosed with low CD45 expression ALL generally have better prognosis than those with high CD45 expression, especially when cut-off value for CD45 expression is set on 90%. We have analyzed CD45 expression by flow cytometry in 28 consecutive patients diagnosed with ALL in our institution during a 5-year period. Among these patients 7.1% were CD45 negative. A positive correlation between CD45 and CD20 expression was found, and a negative correlation between CD45 and CD34. In our group of patients, CD45 expression did not have any influence on survival.

[Association of CD34 cell surface antigen expression with cytomorphological characteristics of acute promyelocytic leukemia blasts and clinical characteristics of patients: one center experience]. / Povezanost izrazaja biljega CD34 s morfoloskim znacajkama blasta u akutnoj promijelocitnoj leukemiji i klinickim znacajkama oboljelih: iskustvo jednog centra.

The aims of the study were to investigate the association between cytomorphology and immunophenotypic expression of CD34 cell surface antigen of blasts and their relationship with clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Sixteen consecutive patients (male 69% and female 31%) diagnosed with APL at Department of Hematology, Merkur University Hospital between August 1998 and December 2010 were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 43.9 (range: 18-78, SD 14.9). The patients' clinical and laboratory features, cytomorphological characteristics of APL-blasts and their immunophenotype determined by flow cytometry were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups, CD34- and CD34+, and were then compared according to clinical and laboratory characteristics. There was no difference according to age, sex or white blood cell count between two groups. The mean value of hypogranular/agranular APL-blasts was markedly higher in CD34+ group than CD34- group (34%, range 9-60, SD 24.4 vs. 11.5%, range 0-38, SD 13.7), with borderline statistical significance (P=0.055). CD34- patients had significantly better overall survival than CD34+ ones (P=0.02). Patients without Auer rods detected in APL-blasts had higher CD34 expression (69.4% +/- 33.8) compared to patients with detected Auer rods (7.3% +/- 24.8), but statistical significance was not reached (p=0.053). Our results are consistent with the results of other published studies and point to the fact that higher CD34 expression and lower cytoplasmic granularity of APL-blasts are factors that seem to define a specific subgroup of APL patients. Together with other diagnostic tools currently available, they could be of value in planning treatment of APL patients.

[Longterm indolent course of pleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma with multiple chromosomal abnormalities]. / Dugogodisnji indolentni tijek pleomorfnog limfoma plastene zone s multiplim kromosomskim abnormalnostima.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell neoplasm characterized by aggressive clinical course with an average 3- to 5-year patient survival. We present a patient whose illness turned from initial classical morphological variant to a more aggressive pleomorphic form of MCL in only a few months, but with unchanged long-term indolent clinical course. At the time when lymphoid cell pleomorphism was proven, the disease presented itself through recurrent peripheral lymphadenopathy without extranodal involvement or general symptoms. Other numerous abnormalities were found next to typical cytogenetic translocation t (11,14). Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of MCL, pleomorphic type. After autologous stem cell transplantation, the disease remained morphologically the same, but the patient was in a good general condition for a long period of time. More than two years after the pleomorphic MCL had been diagnosed and one year after the transplantation, major lymphadenopathy occurred. Our case report points to a large spectrum of morphological and cytogenetic variability of MCL, which often does not correlate with the clinical course of the disease.