Integrated mathematical model to simulate the performance of a membrane bioreactor.

Membrane bioreactor technology includes the integration of biological wastewater treatment and physical separation by membrane filtration. When analyzing the system performance, efficiency of biological processes, physical separation and membrane fouling must be taken into consideration. Over the years, mathematical modelling of wastewater treatment has evolved and is being used extensively to optimize the performance of treatment systems. A Number of attempts have been made towards the development of mathematical models for membrane bioreactors and most of these models have not considered the effect of soluble microbial products on membrane fouling. Also the effect of periodic membrane cleaning was neglected. In this study, an integrated mathematical model was developed for the membrane bioreactor. A biological model based on activated sludge processes (extended with biopolymer kinetics) and a physical model with cake layer kinetics and membrane fouling have been combined. In order to overcome the drawbacks of previous attempts of modelling, the influence of soluble microbial products and extracellular polymeric substances are considered in the model integration. Further, the physical processes of the sludge removal and membrane cleaning which have strong influence on membrane fouling are considered in the model. "AQUASIM", a computer program for the identification and simulation of aquatic systems, was used for solving the processes. Calibrated and validated model enables the prediction of the system performance and membrane fouling under different operating conditions.

An 'omics' approach towards the characterisation of laboratory scale anaerobic digesters treating municipal sewage sludge.

In this study, laboratory scale digesters were operated to simulate potential shocks to the Anaerobic Digestion (AD) process at a 350 ML/day wastewater treatment plant. The shocks included high (42 °C) and low (32 °C) temperature (either side of mesophilic 37 °C) and a 20% loading of fats, oil and grease (FOG; 20% w:v). These variables were explored at two sludge retention times (12 and 20 days) and two organic loading rates (2.0 and 2.5 kgTS/m(3)day OLR). Metagenomic and metabolomic approaches were then used to characterise the impact of operational shocks in regard to temperature and FOG addition, as determined through monitoring of biogas production, the microbial profile and their metabolism. Results showed that AD performance was not greatly affected by temperature shocks, with the biggest impact being a reduction in biogas production at 42 °C that persisted for 32 ± 1 days. The average biogas production across all digesters at the completion of the experiment was 264.1 ± 76.5 mL/day, with FOG addition observed to significantly promote biogas production (+87.8 mL/day). Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of the digesters indicated that methanogens and methane oxidising bacteria (MOB) were low in relative abundance, and that the ratio of oxidising bacteria (methane, sulphide and sulphate) with respect to sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) had a noticeable influence on biogas production. Furthermore, increased biogas production correlated with an increase in short chain fatty acids, a product of the addition of 20% FOG. This work demonstrates the application of metagenomics and metabolomics to characterise the microbiota and their metabolism in AD digesters, providing insight to the resilience of crucial microbial populations when exposed to operational shocks.

Removal of dissolved organic compounds in fixed-bed columns: evaluation of low-rank coal adsorbents.

Characterisation of a range of Victorian low-rank coal (VLRC) based and commercial adsorbents under continuous flow conditions was conducted in down flow fixed-bed columns. The effect of bed depth, hydraulic loading and initial concentration of the adsorbate 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was studied. Prediction of the performance of the columns using bed-depth/service time analysis showed good agreement with the experimental results. The VLRC-based activated carbons gave lower service times for removal of 4-NP compared with the coconut-based commercial activated carbon Picactif. However, they showed comparable efficiency in terms of bed volumes treated and carbon usage rate (CUR). The VLRC-activated power station char (APSC) showed the lowest CUR of 0.57 g/L in comparison with 0.62 and 3.61 g/L exhibited by the commercial carbons Picactif and Hydraffin, respectively. The power station char (PSC) and Auschar gave poor CUR of 11.23 and 75.36 g/L, respectively. Three adsorbents were evaluated for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from aqueous solution. The breakthrough behaviour indicated that the pore size distribution of the adsorbents is an important physical characteristic for the adsorption of the NOM. There was a non-adsorbable fraction of the NOM that was a function of the type of adsorbent. In the presence of NOM, Picactif gave longer service time for the removal of 4-NP compared with APSC. consistent with the trend obtained in the absence of NOM. However, lower breakthrough times (at 10% C0) of 44 and 47% were obtained for APSC and Picactif, respectively. Further removal (35%) of 4-NP was achieved over extended operation of the beds, however more frequent backwashing was required as a result of the biological growth exhibited in the presence of NOM.

Isolations of enteric pathogens from synanthropic flies trapped in downtown Kuala Lumpur.

Four species of synanthropic flies were trapped in downtown Kuala Lumpur: Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies, Musca domestica, and Musca sorbens. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the organism causing melioidosis, was the dominant bacteria isolated from Chrysomya megacephala. Klebsiella oxytoca, commonly associated with nosocomial infections, was commonly isolated from Chrysomya megacephala, Musca domestica, and Musca sorbens. Aeromonas hydrophila, the bacteria causing gastroenteritis, was predominantly isolated from Chrysomya megacephala and also from Musca domestica and Musca sorbens. A total of 18 bacterial species was isolated from the synanthropic flies trapped. Burkholderia pseudomallei had been reported for the first time.