[Prescription And Delivery's Survey Of Benzodiazepines In The Occurrence Of Addictions At Mbour's District]. / Evaluation De La Prescription Et De La Delivrance Des Benzodiazepines Dans La Survenue Des Addictions Dans Le District Sanitaire De Mbour.

Impact of the prescription and delivery of benzodiazepines in the occurrence of addictions in the district of Mbour. INTRODUCTION: Benzodiazepines (BZD) are widely used nowadays and are at the origin of an addiction. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the quality of benzodiazepine prescribing and delivery in the Mbour department of Senegal and subsequently to implement an addictovigilance strategy. Thus, we studied the prescribing habits, the quality of delivery and identified the consumption habits of these drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a cross-sectional, prospective study with two questionnaires: addressed to patients and prescribers, conducted in pharmacies, hospitals, districts and Mbour health posts. RESULTS: 44% of BZD prescriptions were prescribed by doctors and especially general practitioner. 31.1% did not comply with the rules of prescription (marketing authorization). As for the dispensing rules, (85.3%) were dispensed without a prescription. The level of consumption was high in the 30-40 age group (43.95%) predominantly female (59%). Insomnia predominated as a reason for prescription (16.4%) on anxiety (11.94%) with (65.5%) dependence. CONCLUSION: The abuses observed in the prescription, the delivery and consumption of BZD, constitutes a real health problem. Half of the consumers become addicted, hence the need for a national addictovigilance program.

INTRODUCTION: Les benzodiazépines (BZD) sont très utilisées de nos jours et sont à l'origine d'une addiction. OBJECTIFS: L'objectif était d'évaluer la qualité de la prescription et de la délivrance des benzodiazépines dans le département de Mbour au Sénégal et ultérieurement mettre en place une stratégie d'addictovigilance. Ainsi, nous avons étudié les habitudes de prescription, la qualité de délivrance et identifié les habitudes de consommation de ces médicaments. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, prospective avec deux questionnaires : adressé aux patients et prescripteurs, menée dans des pharmacies, hôpital, district et postes de santé de Mbour. RÉSULTATS: 44% des ordonnances de BZD étaient prescrites par des médecins et particulièrement des généralistes. 31,1% ne respectaient pas les règles de prescriptions (hors AMM). Quant aux règles de délivrance, 85,3% étaient délivrées sans ordonnance. Le niveau de consommation était élevé dans la tranche d'âge 30-40 ans (43,95%) avec une prédominance féminine (59%). L'insomnie prédominait comme motif de prescription (16,4%) sur l'anxiété (11,94%) avec (65,5%) de dépendance. CONCLUSION: Les abus observés dans la prescription, la délivrance et la consommation des BZD, constitue un véritable problème de santé. La moitié des consommateurs deviennent addictes, d'où la nécessité de mettre en place un programme d'addictovigilance à l'échelon national.

[Impact of sickle cell trait on arterial stiffness in African subjects]. / Impact du trait drépanocytaire sur la rigidité artérielle des sujets africains.

Sickle cell trait (SCT) is the benign condition of sickle cell disease. Often asymptomatic, the carriers of the sickle cell trait have hemorheological disturbances with increased oxidative stress compared to healthy subjects. These disturbances can lead to structural and functional changes in large vessels. The aim of the study was to measure arterial stiffness, an independent marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, SCT carriers compared to sickle cell anemia (SCA) subjects. Nine SCT carriers aged 32±9 years (7 men) were compared to 14 SCA subjects aged 29±9 years (2 men) and 22 control subjects aged 34±9 years (11 men) recruited by the National blood transfusion center (CNTS) in Dakar (Senegal). Arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement of the finger-toe pulse wave velocity (PWVft) using pOpmètre® (Axelife SAS-France). The cardiovascular risk (CVR) was assessed according to the Framingham Laurier score. The SCT carriers had a higher PWVft (m/s) than SCA subjects (8.2±2.2 vs 6.1±0.9m/s, P=0.004) but not different from that of healthy controls (8.2±2.2 vs 7.4±1.8m/s, P=0.33). Linear regression showed a positive relationship between PWVft and the pulse pressure (PP) (P˂0.001; r2=0.39; F=13.20). The results show that the SCT carriers have stiffer arteries than SCA subjects. Linear regressions adjusted for age, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and PP, showed that only age and PP were independently correlated with arterial stiffness in the entire population.

Determinants of long-lasting insecticidal net use in Burkina Faso after a mass distribution in the Diébougou health district.

BACKGROUND: In 2009, a mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) was conducted in an experimental site of the Diébougou health district. Carried out 1year after the distribution, this study aimed to determine the presence of LLINs in households, to determine the LLIN use rate, and thirdly, to identify key factors associated with LLIN use in households. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study, which covered the entire Diébougou health district. The study population consisted of households in the district. The statistical unit was the household head, or if absent his designated representative. For the selection of households to be studied, we considered the health centers and their geographic accessibility. We thus defined three zones: an area within 5 km of health centers, the area between 5 and 10 km away, and the area beyond 10 km. In each area, we randomly selected 20 households, totaling 60 households in the area of each health center, giving a sample of 840 households to be surveyed. We selected 60 households per health center in accordance with the time and financial resources allocated to data collection. The data were analyzed using the Epi Info 3.5.1 software package. The Chi square test was used to investigate the association between the dependent and independent variables with statistical significance set at P<0.05. When an association was demonstrated, the relative risk (RR) was calculated with the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 822 households (97.8%) were surveyed, households inhabited by 6379 people including 1175 (11.4%) children under 5 years of age and 158 (2.5%) pregnant women. The overall use of LLINs was 76.5%. This rate was 81.7% in children under 5 years and 57.6% among pregnant women. Factors influencing the use of LLINs were the implementation of a communication plan by health actors (RR=2.42 [2.03-2.83]), the social position of the household head (RR=1.62 [1.43-1.83]), the marital status of the household head (RR=1.41 [1.33-1.49]), the number of persons per room (RR=1.39 [1.08-1.78]), the religion of household head (RR=1.21 [1.15-1.27]), the level of education of the household head (RR=1.15 [1.06-1.24]), and the number of IECs (information, education, communication) sessions followed by the household (RR=1.14 [1.08-1.20]). CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide guidance on measures to ensure the success of the mass distribution of LLINs to the entire country.

[Evaluation of erythrocyte deformability in subjects with sickle cell trait during a soccer game: effect of hydration ad libitum]. / Évaluation de la déformabilité érythrocytaire des sujets porteurs de trait drépanocytaire au cours d'un match de football : effet de l'hydratation ad libitum.

This study compared erythrocyte changes between a group of subjects with sickle cell trait (SCT) and controls (subjects without hemoglobinopathy) during a soccer game in two conditions: with and without hydration. Erythrocyte deformability of subjects was assessed by the coefficient of erythrocyte rigidity (Tk) which was calculated before and after football match. Our results showed a significant increase in erythrocyte rigidity (Tk) in SCT at the end of physical activities without hydration; however when water was provided ad libitum their Tk decreased significantly, reaching values of controls. And adequate hydration is recommended in subjects with sickle cell trait during and after exercise.

[Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain among hospital staff in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. / Prévalence et facteurs de risque associés à la lombalgie chez le personnel hospitalier à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors, associated with low back pain among hospital staff in a developing country. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This transversal study was conducted from March 2007 to February 2008 at Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital in Ouagadougou (CHU-YO), Burkina Faso. RESULTS: There were 256 men and 180 women with an average age of 38 +/- 8.25 years (range, 22 to 58). Mean BMI was 25.11 +/- 4.03 Kg/m2. The prevalence of chronic low back pain was 56.4% overall, 47.3% in men and 69.4% in women. Individual risk factors included female sex (p=0.000004), age (p=0.026), and high BMI (p=0.0002). Sports activity appeared to be a protective factor (p=0,035). Professional risk factors were the number of working hours per week (p=0,005) and numbers of guards per month (p=0.014) and posture during work (p=0.01). Analysis of socioprofessional consequences revealed significant impact in 43 (17,5%) patients. The loss work hours in 2007 were estimated to 1020. Three patients had to change working stations due to disability and 82 (19%) reported restricted working capacity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of low back pain is high among hospital staff of CHU-YO. Preventive measures are needed to reduce socioprofessional consequences.

[HIV infection and modification of social relationships: study of 188 HIV-infected persons in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. / Infection à VIH et modifications des relations sociales: étude auprès de 188 personnes infectées par le VIH à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

HIV infection creates diverse representations among sick people, their families, the community and healthcare workers, representations that modify social relationships. To analyze the interpersonal relationships in families of people living with HIV, we began a cross-sectional descriptive study in 2001 of a population of HIV patients treated at an outpatient center in Ouagadougou. Our objectives were to: 1 degree) describe the changes in the social relationships between the subjects and members of their families; 2 degrees) itemize the difficulties they met within their families and identify the different types of discrimination they may suffer there. The systematic inclusion of HIV patients at the treatment center made it possible to question 188 subjects, including 122 women and 66 men aged 19 to 55 years. With the subjects' consent, 66 family members were also interviewed. According to these patients, the principal significant events experienced after disclosing their HIV status were absence of sexual intercourse with the partner (16.0%), rejection by their family (9.6%), taunting, criticism and contempt (6.4%). This conduct came from siblings (25%), other family members (20.8%), neighbours (20.8%), in-laws (16.7%), and the spouse (4.2%). Among our subjects, 74.5% informed their families that they were HIV-positive. Of the family members questioned, 82.1% considered the subject to be a victim and 17.9% considered him or her guilty. After receiving this information 21.5% of the families modified their relationships with the subjects. Despite information and awareness campaigns, HIV infection is laden with emotion and prejudice and subjects its victims to discriminatory behavior. Further public education is necessary to improve acceptance of people with this disease by their family and friends.

[Secondary school teachers' smoking in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso]. / Le tabagisme chez les enseignants du secondaire de la ville de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

This study was carried out among teachers of 10 secondary schools in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in order to contribute to the development and implementation of a tobacco control programme in the school setting. The study had the following objectives: 1) to determine the extent of teachers' smoking addiction in the secondary schools in the city of Ouagadougou, 2) to describe the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of teachers in the secondary school setting when confronted with smoking in the city's schools, 3) to determine the teachers' level of knowledge with respect to the harmful effects of smoking. The study was carried out from May 25 to June 30, 2001, and it included 300 teachers, 218 of which were men and 82 women. The study demonstrated that it is important to inform and sensitise teachers based upon their attitudes and perceptions with respect to tobacco.

[Prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders among women working in the health sector in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: results of an evaluation using the GHQ-28]. / Prévalence des troubles psychatriques mineurs chez les femmes travaillant dans le secteur de la santé a Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso: résultats d'une evaluation a l'aide de GHQ-28.

In a developing country like Burkina Faso, where the mental health care relates to only a minority of people affected by the mental disorders, investigations among the general population are very informative. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders among the female population in the urban environment of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, as well as the sociodemographic factors possibly associated with mental troubles among these women. The study was a descriptive transverse investigation with single passage carried out on 227 women whose mean age was 37.38 +/- 7.50 years old. The French version of the GHQ-28 was used to evaluate minor psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of the the psychiatric disorders within the population was 33.48%. The results of the GHQ-28 showed that social abnormal operations (59.03%), anxiety and insomnia (45.37%) were the disorders most frequently detected. The importance of psychiatric morbidity within the surveyed population suggests complementary studies aiming at specifying the supporting factors among others.

[Writing quality of medical prescriptions at the Social Security System of Ouagadougou]. / Etude de la qualité rédactionnelle des ordonnances médicales à la Caisse de sécurité sociale de Ouagadougou.

A medical prescription may sometimes include errors which might have a negative impact on the patient's health. The objective of this study was to analyse the key elements of medical prescriptions given to patients covered by the Ouagadougou social security health insurance system. The population of practitioners included in the study comprises all of the medical doctors practicing in Ouagadougou. The study consisted of a review of all prescriptions registered by the family benefits and professional hazards service branches dating from January 1st to December 31st 1997. The identification of the doctors and patients was satisfactory in more than 97% of the prescriptions. However, certain errors were frequent such as the omission of the treatment's duration, the medication's dosage, and the form. The oversights observed were comparable to those described in the literature. Repeating similar periodic evaluations with a systematic feedback relayed to the practitioners will bring about an improvement of medical prescriptions.

[Preliminary information to patients and presentation by Burkinabe physicians of the results of HIV detection test in Burkina Faso]. / Information préalable des patients et annonce par les médecins burkinabé des résultats des tests sérologiques de dépistage de l'infection à VIH au Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: The action of individuals and their family is determining in the result of AIDS control and the knowledge of people's serological situation facilitates their involvement in AIDS control. This study was carried out in order METHODS: A transversal investigation through a self-administered anonymous questionnaire was carried out among the 250 Burkinabe physicians working in a public, private or religious health care sector. The questionnaire was sent by mail, attached to a response coupon. A response of 74% was obtained. RESULTS: Seventy seven physicians, that is 48.7% of the sample, informed patients who were likely to be HIV infected about their intention to ask for an HIV test. Seventy five physicians, that is 47.5% of the sample informed patients on the results of their serological tests on HIV infection. The characteristics of physicians who informed customers on the results of their serological test were similar to those of physicians who informed their patients on the demand for test concerning them. There were often specialists, physicians with long experience in medical practice and physicians more involving in curative consultations than in preventive ones (respectively 54.7% versus 23.3%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: These results show the necessity of providing young physicians with counselling training, especially general practitioners who should be working in prevention services. Moreover, they constitute a basis for an objective discussion between physicians working in hospital, officials in charge of the national program for AIDS control and medical training schools.

[An ecologic study of adult and larval Culicidae in a rice field of Kou Valley, Burkino Faso]. / Etude écologique des Culicidae adultes et larvaires dans une rizière en Vallée du Kou, Burkina Faso.

An entomological survey based on collections of human bait mosquitoes and of mosquito larvae was carried out through one year in a rice-field, the Kou Valley of southwest Burkina Faso. Each year, in this irrigated rice field there are two crops of rice, one during the dry season and another during the wet one. Between the two rice cycles irrigation is interrupted and the rice field becomes dry. The rice crop cycle moves through several stages, all of which have positive or negative effects on the development of the larvae of most abundant mosquitoes species. Rice cultivation does not explain however entirely the ecology of mosquito populations. Two main limiting factors for mosquito development are highlighted: the season with two periods (1. dry, 2. wet) and the rice cultivation with three periods (1. start of the flooding, growing rice transplantation and tillering, 2. rice heading and flowering, 3. rice maturation and harvest). The development of a majority of mosquito species depends strictly on rice growth: (i) Anopheles gambiae s.1. uses the whole rice field during the first period of rice cultivation until growing rice protects the larval breeding places from solar radiation. It is the most frequent mosquito (53% of the man-biting mosquitoes caught). 5% of its larvae are parasitized with a fungus Coelomomyces sp., (ii) A. pharoensis has its maximum density during the second period of rice cultivation, as Culex gr. decens; both seem to succeed better in the dry season, contrary to all other anophelines, (iii) A. coustani profits by the third period when the pH of the breeding places becomes basic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)