Determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan by direct injection of human urine into a column-switching liquid chromatographic system with fluorescence detection.

Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for quantification of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan in human urine. Urine samples were diluted on the extraction mobile phase (1:4, v/v) and a volume of 20 microL of this mixture were directly injected onto the HPLC system. The analytes were extracted from the matrix using an on-line solid-phase extraction procedure involving a precolumn packed with 25 microm C(18) alkyl-diol support (ADS), and a solution 2% methanol in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8) at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min for isolation and preconcentration of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan. The enriched analytes were back-flushed after, onto the analytical column with a mixture of 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8)-acetonitrile-methanol (65:20:15, v/v/v) at a flow-rate of 3.0 mL/min and detected by fluorescence at 259 and 399 nm as excitation and emission wavelength respectively. The separation of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan was achieved on a Chromolith RP-18e monolithic column. The method provides extraction recoveries from spiked urine samples greater than 93%. Intra-day and inter-day precision were generally acceptable; the intra-day-assay C.V. was <3.5 for all compounds and the inter-day-assay C.V. was < 3.7%. The estimated calibration range was 0.001-2.5 microg/mL(-1) with excellent coefficient of determination (>0.9981). The detection limits for losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1 were 0.002, 0.0002 and 0.001 microg/mL(-1) when a sample volume of 20 microL was injected. The proposed method permitted the simultaneous determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan in 8 min, with an adequate precision and sensitivity. However, the overlap of the sample cleanup step with the analysis increases the sampling frequency to 12 samples/h. The developed column-switching method was successfully applied for the determination of these analytes in human urine samples of patients submitted at ARA-IIs therapy.

Determinación de paraquat en orina utilizando un sistema de inyección en flujo continuo / Determination of paraquat in urine samples by flow-injection analysis

El paraguat es un herbicida que pertenece al grupo de los biperidilos. Su determinación cuantitativa en orina es muy importante para diagnosticar la supervivencia de pacientes intoxicados. Muchos centros hospitalarios utilizan pruebas semicuantitativas para la determinación de paraquat en muestras biológicas. Sin embargo, éstas suelen carecer de precisión y exactitud. Por tanto, el desarrollo de métodos alternativos simples, exactos, precisos y accesibles podría resultar muy útil en instituciones hospitalarias. Sobre la base de estas consideraciones, se propone un método de análisis por inyección en flujo y detección espectrofotométrica para la determinación cuantitativa de paraquat en muestras de orina. La determinación se basa en la formación de un producto coloreado (600 nm) posterior a la reducción de paraquat con glucosa en un medio alcalino, mediante un sistema en línea. Bajo las condiciones óptimas de operación, la ley de Beer se cumple en el intervalo 1-50 µg mL-1 de paraquat con un coeficiente de correlación >0,999. La frecuencia de análisis fue de 12 h-1 con una desviación estándar relativa del 2,8% para una solución muestra que contiene 10 µg mL-1 de paraquat (n=3). El estudio de recuperación osciló entre 97,9 y 102,1%. El método analítico fue aplicado satisfactoriamente al análisis de muestras de dos pacientes intoxicados con paraquat.

Paraguat is a herbicide beloging to the bipyridinium group.The quantitative determination of paraquat in urine of humans is very important to diagnose survival of intoxicated patients. Many hospitals use semi-quantitative tests for determining paraquat in biological samples. However, they often lack precision and accuracy. Therefore, the development of simple, precise, accurate and accessible alternative methods could be very useful in hospital institutions. Based on these considerations, a flow-injection spectrophotometric procedure is proposed for paraquat determination in urine samples. The determination is based on the formation of a coloured product (600 nm) after on-line reduction of paraquat with glucose in alkaline medium. Under optimal conditions of operation, Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 1-50 µg mL-1 of paraquat with a correlation coefficient >0.999. The analytical frequency was 12 h-1 and the relative standard deviation was 2.8% for a sample solution containing 10 µg mL-1 paraquat (n=3). Recovery studies were between 97.9 and 102.1%. The analytical method was satisfactorily applied in the analyses of samples from two intoxicated patients.

Flow analysis-hydride generation-gas phase derivative molecular absorption spectrophotometric determination of antimony in oral homeopathic products ("AntimoniumTartaricum") formulated under alcoholic medium.

In this work, a flow analysis-hydride generation-gas phase derivative molecular absorption-(UV) spectrophotometric method has been developed for the direct determination of antimony in aqueous and hydro-alcoholic samples. Antimony (III) from undiluted samples is directly transformed into the gaseous stibine (SbH(3)) form by on-line reaction with sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH(4)) in acidic medium (HCl). The gaseous phase generated is separated from the liquid phase using a commercial gas-liquid separator, and swept - with the help of a carrier gas (N(2)) stream - into a quartz gas cell (10cm pathlength); where the corresponding absorption spectrum is acquired in a continuous mode over the 190-300nm wavelength range, using a conventional spectrophotometer. A derivative strategy was selected in order to avoid the strong spectral interference of the ethanol vapor on the gaseous SbH(3) absorption spectrum. In this way, the peak height at 223nm of the second order derivative spectrum appears as a clear, clean and interference free analytical signal, which allows the direct determination of antimony. The recovery values obtained from homeopathic formulations (prepared in alcoholic medium) spiked with know amounts of antimony ranged between 97.5 and 103%. The method provides a dynamic range from 0.20 to 30mgSbl(-1). The precision (RDS), evaluated by replicate analysis (n=5) of samples and standard solution containing between 2.5 and 15mgSbl(-1) was in all cases lower than 1.2%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of antimony in commercial homeopathic products ("Antimonium Tartaricum") prepared in hydro-alcoholic medium; and showed to be simple, precise, and accurate.