The Structural Profile of HPV 18 in Terms of Chromosomal and Nuclear Degenerative Changes and the Ratio of Nucleus/Cytoplasm on Liquid based Cervical Cells.

Background: HPV 18 is one of the important oncogenic types. HPV 18 is generally evaluated together with HPV 16 and/or high-risk HPV types in light microscopic studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of only HPV 18 on the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and chromosomal and nuclear degenerative changes in liquid-based samples. Materials and Methods: Eighty liquid-based cervical samples were used in this retrospective study. These smears were prepared by HPV Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) detection and genotyping with the Cobas 4800 HPV system. Forty HPV 18 infected and forty smears with no infection agent were evaluated for chromosomal (nuclear budding, micronuclei), nuclear degenerative changes (membrane irregularity, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, abnormal chromatin distribution, binucleation (BN), karyorrhexis (KR), karyolysis (KL), karyopyknosis (KP)), and cytologic findings (koilocyte (KC), cells with perinuclear PR) using light microscopy. Cellular diameters were evaluated using image analysis software. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 19.0. p values < .05 were considered significant. Results: The statistically significant difference between the presence of HPV 18 and karyorrectic cell, KC, nuclear membrane irregularity, enlargement, the mean nuclear width and height (p < 0.05). No cellular changes other than those mentioned were observed. Conclusions: The present study is significant in that, it reveals the relationship between only and particularly HPV 18 and nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and chromosomal and nuclear degenerative changes in liquid-based cytology. HPV 18 affects KR, koilocytosis, nuclear membrane irregularity, enlargement, and nuclear diameters. Light microscopic analysis of these abnormalities increases the sensitivity and specificity of cytology in the evaluation of cellular pictures due to HPV 18.

X irradiation induced colonic mucosal injury and the detection of apoptosis through PARP-1/p53 regulatory pathway.

This study aimed to explore whether PARP-1 regulatory pathway mediated X irradiation induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis or not. In this regard, colonic mucosal injury caused by whole-body X-irradiation induced apoptosis through PARP-1, caspase 3 and p53 regulatory pathway were evaluated in experimental rat models. Eighteen Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. Two radiation groups received 8.3 Gy dose of whole-body X-irradiation as a single dose and the control group received physiological saline intraperitoneally. Radiation groups were sacrificed after 6 h and 4 days of irradiation. PARP-1 and caspase 3 expression in the nuclei of colonic crypt cells significantly increased 6 h after irradiation, and declined 4 days after irradiation. In conflict with other studies that reported p53 as not being expressed widely in colonic mucosa, in our study the expressions of p53 were elevated both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of the crypt cells, especially 6 h after irradiation. In the radiation groups, colonic mucosal injury score was significantly elevated compared with that of the control group. Our data demonstrated that PARP-1, caspase-3 and p53 expression increased in colonic mucosa 6 h after irradiation.

Lower connectivity of tumor coexpression networks is not specific to cancer.

Global level network analysis of molecular links is necessary for systems level view of complex diseases like cancer. Using genome-wide expression datasets, we constructed and compared gene co-expression based specific networks of pre-cancerous tumors (adenoma) and cancerous tumors (carcinoma) with paired normal networks to assess for any possible changes in network connectivity. Previously, loss of connectivity was reported as a characteristics of cancer samples. Here, we observed that pre-cancerous conditions also had significantly less connections than paired normal samples. We observed a loss of connectivity trend for colorectal adenoma, aldosterone producing adenoma and uterine leiomyoma. We also showed that the loss of connectivity trend is not specific to positive or negative correlation based networks. Differential hub genes, which were the most highly differentially less connected genes in tumor, were mostly different between different datasets. No common gene list could be defined which underlies the lower connectivity of tumor specific networks. Connectivity of colorectal cancer methylation targets was different from other genes. Extracellular space related terms were enriched in negative correlation based differential hubs and common methylation targets of colorectal carcinoma. Our results indicate a systems level change of lower connectivity as cells transform to not only cancer but also pre-cancerous conditions. This systems level behavior could not be attributed to a group of genes.

Cytomorphometric Characteristics of Buccal Mucosal Cells in Behçet's Disease Patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the cytomorphometric characteristics of the buccal cells of Behçet's disease patients with those of healthy controls. METHODS: This case-control study compared a group of 30 patients with Behçet's disease with an age- and gender-matched control group of 30 healthy individuals. The buccal mucosal smears were stained using the Papanicolaou technique for cytomorphometric analyses. The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas were evaluated using digital image analysis; the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic areas and nuclear roundness are presented. RESULTS: The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of the BD patients' cells were significantly smaller than those of the healthy controls' cells, while the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and neutrophil infiltration rate did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, and nuclear roundness factor were significantly higher in patients without aphthae. The neutrophil infiltration rate did not differ significantly in patients with or without aphthae. CONCLUSION: Behçet's disease can produce cytomorphometric changes in buccal cells that are detectable by exfoliative cytology and cytomorphometric analysis techniques.

Nuclear morphometric and morphological analysis of exfoliated buccal and tongue dorsum cells in type-1 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus type 1 that results from immunologically mediated damage to the ß-cells in the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can be associated with salivary gland dysfunction and alterations in the oral epithelial cells. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative changes in buccal and tongue dorsum epithelial cells using an exfoliative cytology method in type 1 diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed light microscopic analysis of the buccal and tongue dorsum smears in thirty type 1 diabetic patients and thirty healthy individuals. The oral smears were stained using Papanicolaou method for cytological examination and nuclear morphometric analysis. In each case, the mean nuclear area, perimeter, length, breadth, and roundness factor were evaluated in each smear using the image analysis software (Q Win, Leica™). RESULTS: The nuclear area, length, breadth, and perimeters were significantly higher in the diabetic group from tongue dorsum smear than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In the cytological examination, karyorrhexis-karyolysis-karyopyknosis, binucleation, nuclear membrane irregularity, cytoplasmic polymorphism, perinuclear halo were observed in oral smears with type 1 diabetic patients. Binucleation (P = 0.002) and nuclear membrane irregularity (P = 0.024) were significantly more common in buccal smears of diabetic group. Furthermore, the sensitivity of buccal mucosa was significantly higher in the diabetic group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The light microscopic and nuclear morphometric study indicates that type 1 diabetes can produce morphological and nuclear morphometric changes in the oral mucosa that are noticeable with exfoliative cytology.

Interleukin 18 gene polymorphism is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis.

Proinflammatory cytokines with immunosuppressive properties play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is one of the most important innate cytokines produced from macrophages in the early stages of the inflammatory immune response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between IL18 gene polymorphisms and MS. IL18 genotyping were performed in 101 MS patients and 164 control subjects by using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The frequency of MS patients with the CC genotype of the IL18 gene at position -137 was significantly higher than with the GG genotype [p = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) 3.17]. In haplotype analysis of two SNPs in the IL18 gene, frequency of the CC haplotype was significantly higher in MS patients (p = 0.002, OR 3.0). However, the genotype distribution of the IL18 -607 C/A polymorphism in the MS patient group was not significantly different from that of the control group. These data suggest that IL18 gene polymorphisms at position -137 might be a genetic risk factor for MS in the Turkish population.