Chronotropic Responses to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Sitagliptin in Atria from Diabetic Rats.

ABSTRACT: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, elucidation of the cardiovascular effects of antidiabetics is crucial. Incretin-based therapies are increasingly used for T2DM treatment as monotherapy and in combination. We aimed to study the effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sitagliptin on beating rates in isolated atria from diabetic rats. The chronotropic responses to GLP-1 RAs and sitagliptin as monotherapy and in combinations with metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride in isolated atria from control and diabetic rats were determined. GLP-1 (7-36), GLP-1 (9-36), and Exendin-4 (1-39) produced increases in beating rates in both control and diabetic rat atria. However, sitagliptin increased the beating frequency only in the diabetic group. Exendin (9-39), L-NAME, and indomethacin blocked responses to GLP-1 RAs but not the response to sitagliptin. Glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine, apamin, charybdotoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase incubations did not change responses to GLP-1 RAs and sitagliptin. GLP-1 RAs increase beating rates in isolated rat atrium through GLP-1 receptor, nitric oxide, and cyclooxygenase pathways but not potassium channels and reactive oxygen radicals.

The Functional Effects of Visfatin on Human Left Internal Mammary Artery.

ABSTRACT: Visfatin may play a role in vascular dysfunction in metabolic disorders. Apart from its insulin-mimetic actions, it has divergent actions in the cardiovascular system with discordant results in the literature. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of visfatin on vascular responses of the human left internal mammary artery. Sections of redundant human left internal mammary artery were cut into 3-mm wide rings and hung in 20-mL organ baths containing physiologic salt solution and attached to an isometric force transducer connected to a computer-based data acquisition system. Removing endothelium caused an increase in pD2 values for visfatin-induced relaxation responses (10 -12 -10 -7 M) (9.06 ± 0.21 and 11.08 ± 0.92, respectively). Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor FK866 (10 µM) reversed the visfatin-induced relaxations (10 -12 -10 -7 M) ( P = 0.024). Incubations with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro- l -arginine methylester and guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) caused significant reductions in relaxation responses of visfatin ( P = 0.011 and 0.008, respectively). Visfatin incubations decreased relaxation responses to acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside. Incubations with visfatin did not change contractile responses to angiotensin II, endothelin-1, noradrenalin, and phenylephrine. In this study, visfatin caused endothelium-dependent relaxations mediated by nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Furthermore, visfatin-induced decreases in relaxation responses were also related to endothelium-derived nitric oxide.

Functional effects of visfatin in isolated rat mesenteric small resistance arteries.

A new adipocytokine, visfatin is expressed in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and exerts effects on vascular system in addition to its relationship with various pathological conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the functional effects of visfatin and the possible underlying mechanism(s) of the effects of visfatin in isolated rat mesenteric small resistance arteries. The study was conducted in small resistance arterial rings isolated from rat mesenteric vascular beds. While visfatin incubation did not produce significant alterations in contractile responses of mesenteric arterial rings to noradrenaline, relaxation responses to acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were significantly reduced in endothelium-intact rings. The inhibitory effect of visfatin on responses to acetylcholine was not observed in endothelium-denuded preparations. Incubation of tissues with nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) inhibitor FK866 or superoxide dismutase (SOD) reversed the inhibitory effects of visfatin on relaxation responses to acetylcholine. Co-incubation of visfatin with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) did not produce a significant alteration in vascular responses to acetylcholine compared to L-NAME incubation alone. Mesenteric PVAT visfatin levels were significantly higher than and correlated positively with plasma visfatin levels. The results of our study indicated that visfatin-induced reductions in endothelium-dependent relaxations of rat isolated small resistance arteries are mediated by oxygen free radicals and a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. It was suggested that increment in systemic and/or local visfatin levels due to various pathologies including obesity and excessive weight gain may play a substantial role in initiation and/or propagation of vascular dysfunctions.

Is Klotho F352V Polymorphism the Missing Piece of the Bone Loss Puzzle in Renal Transplant Recipients?

BACKGROUND: Bone disorders are next to cardiovascular problems in frequency in renal transplant (RT) recipients. Reduction in 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D) levels is among the reasons causing bone loss in these patients. Klotho (KL) serves as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and functions in vitamin D metabolism. KL polymorphisms have been identified in several studies, and phenylalanine to valine substitution at amino acid position 352 seemed to be important to KL function. We investigated KL F352V polymorphism and its relation with 1,25D levels in RT recipients. METHODS: The study included 25 RT recipients (8 female, 17 male) and 26 (14 female, 12 male) healthy control subjects who were wild (FF) phenotypes in terms of KL F352V polymorphism. RT recipients with (FV, n = 11) and without (FF, n = 14) a heterozygote polymorphism were determined with high resolution DNA melting analysis of KL F352V polymorphism. Serum 1,25D levels were measured using the RIA method. RESULTS: RT recipients with FV phenotype had significantly lower 1,25D levels (17.58 ± 18.38 pg/ml) compared to recipients with FF phenotype (44.91 ± 24.68 pg/ml) and control subjects (28.24 ± 12.13 pg/ml). 1,25D levels in RT recipients with FF phenotype were significantly higher than control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: KL F352V polymorphism may increase the expression of FGF23 co-receptor, KL protein and thus may decrease renal expression of 1α-hydroxylase, and/or stimulate 24-hydroxylase in RT recipients. The resultant decrease 1,25D levels may participate in bone loss in these patients.

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in diabetic rat small resistance arteries.

We investigated the functional effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1(7-36)] and GLP-1(9-36) and the mechanism(s) playing a role in the effects of these agents in isolated small resistance arteries from control and diabetic rats. Cumulative concentrations of GLP-1(7-36) and GLP-1(9-36) produced concentration-dependent relaxations in endothelium-intact but not endothelium-denuded arteries that were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39) significantly inhibited responses to GLP-1 analogs. Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway blockers, but not indomethacin, significantly decreased responses to GLP-1(7-36) or GLP-1(9-36) in control and diabetic rats. 4-Aminopyridine or glibenclamide incubation did not alter relaxations to GLP-1 analogs. GLP-1(7-36)- and GLP-1(9-36)-induced relaxations were blunted significantly and to similar extends by charybdotoxin and apamin combination in control and diabetic rats. Catalase did not affect, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) caused a significant increase in relaxations to GLP-1 analogs only in diabetic rats. We provided evidence about the relaxant effects of GLP-1(7-36) and GLP-1(9-36) in resistance arteries that were reduced in diabetic rats. Both calcium-activated potassium channels and endothelium played a major role in relaxations. Increment in certain reactive oxygen species and/or reduction in superoxide dismutase function might play a role in reduced relaxant responses of resistance arteries to GLP-1(7-36) and GLP-1(9-36) in diabetic rats.

The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on endosulfan toxicity in rabbits.

We investigated the endosulfan-induced alterations and the effect of vitamin C supplementation on endosulfan-induced alterations in serum biochemical markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in rabbits. Basal, 4th and 6th week serum levels of total oxidant status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total protein sulfhydryl (T-SH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured in rabbits administered endosulfan (1 mg/kg) alone or in combination with vitamin C (20 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Control rabbits received either vehicles or vitamin C. Serum TOS, TBARS and AOPP levels at 4th and 6th week were significantly higher whereas T-SH levels were significantly lower than basal values in endosulfan-administered rabbits. GST increased significantly at 4th week but decreased below basal value at 6th week. Similarly, TAC decreased significantly at 6th week. Vitamin C supplementation increased TAC at 4th and 6th weeks in controls and increased T-SH and GST and decreased TOS, TBARS and AOPP at 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. TAC increased significantly at 6th week by vitamin C supplementation in endosulfan-administered rabbits. There were significant increments in TBARS and decrements in TAC and GST levels at 6th week compared to 4th week in endosulfan-administered rabbits. Present findings indicated to an increased and progressively uncompensated oxidant stress in endosulfan-administered rabbits that was substantially ameliorated by vitamin C supplementation through an improvement in antioxidant capacity. It was suggested that vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in preventing the detrimental effects of increased oxidative stress caused by endosulfan exposure.

The role of nitric oxide and potassium channels in the effect of adrenomedullin in human internal thoracic arteries.

We investigated the effects of adrenomedullin (ADM) and the role(s) of cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide (NO) synthase and potassium channels in the effects of ADM in human internal thoracic artery (ITA) rings. Samples of redundant ITA rings were suspended in organ baths and isometric tension was continuously recorded. ADM (10(-10)-10(-7)M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in ITA rings precontracted by phenylephrine. The relaxant responses to ADM were significantly higher in endothelium-intact than denuded preparations. Incubation of ITA rings with indomethacin (10(-5)M) did not cause a significant decrease in relaxant responses to ADM, while 10(-4)M of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester caused a significant decrease. Both specific guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (5x10(-5)M) and ADM receptor antagonist ADM((22-52)) (10(-7)M) also caused significant decreases in relaxant responses to ADM. Neither 4-aminopyridine (5mM) nor glibenclamide (10(-5)M) caused significant alterations in vasodilatory effect of ADM. ADM-induced relaxation was significantly blunted by both charybdotoxin and apamin. The present study provided pharmacological evidence about the functional relaxant effect of ADM in human ITA preparations. The findings suggested that both Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels and endothelium, through release of NO play a major role in ADM-induced relaxations in isolated human ITA preparations.

The effect of hydrogen peroxide in human internal thoracic arteries: role of potassium channels, nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase products.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated both the effect and the role(s) of potassium channels, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) products in the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in human internal thoracic artery (ITA) rings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of redundant ITA obtained from patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass graft surgery were cut into 3 mm wide rings and suspended in 20 ml organ baths. Isometric tension was continuously measured with an isometric force transducer connected to a computer-based data acquisition system. RESULTS: H(2)O(2) (10(-7)-10(-4) M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in human ITA precontracted by phenylephrine. The relaxant responses to H(2)O(2) did not differ significantly between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded preparations. Incubation of human ITA rings with superoxide dismutase (50 U/ml) did not affect the relaxant responses to H(2)O(2), while 1,000 U/ml catalase caused a significant decrease. Incubation of endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded human ITA rings with voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) significantly inhibited the relaxant responses to H(2)O(2). COX inhibitor indomethacin (10(-5) M) also caused a significant inhibition. Incubation with ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker glibenclamide (10(-6) M) or Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin (10(-7) M) or NO synthase (NOS) blocker N(omega)-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (10(-4) M) did not alter relaxant responses of ITA rings to H(2)O(2). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggested that H(2)O(2)-induced relaxation responses in human ITA were neither dependant on the endothelium nor blocked by NOS inhibition but they rather seem to depend on the activation of voltage-dependent potassium channels and COX.

The role of potassium channels in the vasodilatory effect of levosimendan in human internal thoracic arteries.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the role of potassium channels in vasodilatory effect of levosimendan in human internal thoracic arteries. METHODS: Samples of redundant internal thoracic arteries obtained from patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass graft surgery were cut into 3 mm wide rings and suspended in 20 ml organ baths. Isometric tension was continuously measured with an isometric force transducer connected to a computer-based data acquisition system. RESULTS: Levosimendan (10(-8)-10(-5) M) or cromakalim (10(-8)-10(-5) M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in human internal thoracic arteries precontracted by 10(-6) M phenylephrine. The relaxant responses to levosimendan did not differ significantly between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded preparations. Incubation of human internal thoracic artery rings with adenosine 3',5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent potassium channel blocker glibenclamide (10(-6) M) for 30 min significantly inhibited the relaxant responses to both levosimendan and cromakalim. The Ca2+-activated potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin (10(-7) M) also caused a significant but smaller inhibition on relaxant responses to levosimendan. Incubation of the rings with the voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) for 10 min did not cause significant alterations in relaxant responses to levosimendan. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggested that levosimendan-induced relaxation responses in human internal thoracic arteries were depended on the activation of ATP-dependent and Ca2+-activated potassium channels.

The role of potassium channels in relaxant effect of levosimendan in rat small mesenteric arteries.

We investigated both the effect of levosimendan and the role of various potassium channels in KCl-precontracted rat small mesenteric arteries. Levosimendan (10(-6)-10(-3) M) or cromakalim (CRO, 10(-7)-10(-4) M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in small mesenteric arteries precontracted by 30 mM KCl. The relaxant responses to levosimendan in KCl-precontracted arteries did not differ significantly between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded preparations. Incubation of rat small mesenteric arterial segments with ATP-dependent potassium channel (KATP) blocker glibenclamide (GLI, 10(-6) M) for 30 min significantly inhibited the relaxant responses to both levosimendan and CRO. Neither the Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel (KCa) blocker iberiotoxin (10(-7) M) nor the voltage-dependent potassium channel (KV) blocker 4-aminopyridine (5 mM) incubation for 30 min caused significant alterations in relaxant responses to levosimendan in KCl-precontracted small mesenteric arteries. These findings suggested that levosimendan-induced relaxation responses in isolated rat small mesenteric arteries were neither depended on endothelium nor inhibited by the blockers of KV or KCa but, they rather seem to depend on the activation of KATP.

The effect of pentoxifylline on haemolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass in open-heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Haemolysis has long been recognized as one of the responses to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative, has been known for many years for its haemorrheological properties. In this prospective, randomized study, we investigated whether a PTX treatment would reduce the haemolysis during CPB. METHODS: The effect of PTX treatment on haemolysis during CPB was studied in 25 patients (PTX group). Oral PTX (1200 mg/day in 3 divided doses) treatment for 3 days was followed by 300 mg i.v. PTX administration after anaesthesia induction. The control group consisted of 25 patients with equivalent surgery but no PTX treatment. Blood samples were collected at seven time points: prior to CPB, at 5 and 10 min of CPB and 5, 10 and 15 min after removal of cross clamping and 10 min after weaning from bypass in order to measure the haemolysis parameters, which included free haemoglobin and haptoglobin. RESULTS: PTX-treatment caused statistically significant decrements in plasma free haemoglobin levels during CPB. On the other hand, plasma haptoglobin levels stayed higher in PTX-medicated patients during the CPB as compared to control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that PTX may be an effective agent in reducing the haemolysis during CPB.

The effect of morphine in rat small mesenteric arteries.

We investigated the effect of morphine in phenylephrine (PE)- or KCl-precontracted rat small mesenteric arteries. Morphine (10(-6)-10(-4) M) administration caused concentration-dependent relaxation responses in small mesenteric arteries precontracted by PE or KCl. Removal of endothelium did not significantly alter the relaxation responses to morphine. The relaxant responses to morphine were partially inhibited by pre-treatment of tissues with naloxone (NAL, 10(-5) M) for 20 min. The inhibitory effect of NAL on relaxant responses to morphine in PE- or KCl-precontracted arteries did not differ significantly between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded preparations. Incubation of endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded arterial segments with NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) M) or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin (10(-5) M) or histamine H(1)-receptor blocker diphenhydramine (10(-6) M), for 20 min did not inhibit the relaxation responses to morphine. Small mesenteric arterial segment contractions induced by stepwise addition of calcium to high KCl solution with no calcium were almost completely inhibited by morphine. These findings suggested that morphine-induced relaxation responses in isolated rat small mesenteric arteries were neither dependent on endothelium nor blocked by NOS or COX inhibition but they rather seem to depend on an interaction of morphine with calcium influx pathways.

Comparision of the inotropic effects of levosimendan, rolipram, and dobutamine on human atrial trabeculae.

The aim of this study was to compare the positive inotropic effects of 3 different agents with 3 different mechanisms of actions-levosimendan, rolipram, and dobutamine-on human atrial trabecular muscles. Samples of right atrial appendage (1 cm, 500-1000 mg) were removed and immersed in preoxygenated and modified Tyrode solution. In oxygenated Tyrode solution, preparations were used to investigate the concentration-effect relationship of levosimendan, dobutamine, and rolipram on percentage developed tension (DT), from 10 to 10 M, each concentration for 15 minutes. All 3 agents produced concentration-dependent increments in DT. We found that levosimendan was the most efficacious positive inotropic agent on isolated human atrial trabeculae. Both the sensitivity (pD2) and maximum response (Emax) of human atrial trabeculae to levosimendan (6.711 +/- 0.26 and 23.2 +/- 2.2 mN, respectively) were significantly greater than those of dobutamine (6.663 +/- 0.19 and 17.6 +/- 2.8 mN) and rolipram (6.497 +/- 0.18 and 15.0 +/- 1.0 mN). pD2 and Emax values for dobutamine were significantly higher than those for rolipram. It was suggested that because of its potential to enhance cardiac performance without predisposition to calcium-induced arrhythmias, levosimendan might be more useful as a positive inotropic agent in clinical practice.

The effects of citicoline and lamotrigine alone and in combination following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

The neuroprotective efficacies of citicoline and lamotrigine, alone and in combination, were investigated in experimental permanent focal ischemia. Seven groups of adult male rats underwent focal cerebral ischemia and were given the following treatments: placebo (P), low and high doses of citicoline (C250 and C500, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day i.p., respectively), low and high doses of lamotrigine (L50 and L100, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day p.o., respectively), and combination regimes of both drugs in low (C250 + L50) and high doses (C500 + L100). Citicoline, but not lamotrigine, exerted neuroprotective efficacy during this acute ischemic stroke model. The citicoline and lamotrigine combination did not provide a significant additive neuroprotective effect.

The effect of pentoxifylline on haemolysis in patients with double cardiac prosthetic valves.

OBJECTIVE: Intravascular haemolysis frequently occurs in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. In this prospective study, we investigated whether pentoxifylline (PTX) has an effect on haemolysis following prosthetic valvular replacement in 40 patients who underwent double valve (mitral and aortic) replacement. METHODS AND RESULTS: The patients were randomly assigned to two groups as control (n = 20) and PTX group (n = 20). PTX was given in a daily oral dose of 1200 mg (3 times 400 mg) for 120 days. Laboratory tests for evidence of haemolysis namely, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), plasma total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and haptoglobin levels, corrected reticulocyte percent and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity (SLDH) were performed before and after the PTX treatment. PTX treatment caused significant increases in Hb, Htc, and haptoglobin levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, there were significant decreases in SLDH, total and indirect bilirubin levels, and corrected reticulocyte percent in patients receiving PTX as compared with their respective control values (P < 0.01, for all). PTX treatment caused a significant improvement, to different extents, in signs of haemolysis in 60% of the patients. On the other hand, the response rate was 5% in the placebo-treated control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PTX may be an effective agent in the management of haemolysis in patients with prosthetic heart valves.