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Analyses of complex behaviors of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) have become increasingly important in diseases diagnosis. The changes of the phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) signal formed by the velocity of flowing CSF are represented as a set of velocity-encoded images or maps, which can be thought of as signal data in the context of medical imaging, enabling the evaluation of pulsatile patterns throughout a cardiac cycle. However, automatic segmentation of the CSF region in a PC-MRI image is challenging, and implementing an explained ML method using pulsatile data as a feature remains unexplored. This paper presents lightweight machine learning (ML) algorithms to perform CSF lumen segmentation in spinal, utilizing sets of velocity-encoded images or maps as a feature. The Dataset contains 57 PC-MRI slabs by 3T MRI scanner from control and idiopathic scoliosis participants are involved to collect data. The ML models are trained with 2176 time series images. Different cardiac periods image (frame) numbers of PC-MRIs are interpolated in the preprocessing step to align to features of equal size. The fivefold cross-validation procedure is used to estimate the success of the ML models. Additionally, the study focusses on enhancing the interpretability of the highest-accuracy eXtreme gradient boosting (XGB) model by applying the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) technique. The XGB algorithm presented its highest accuracy, with an average fivefold accuracy of 0.99% precision, 0.95% recall, and 0.97% F1 score. We evaluated the significance of each pulsatile feature's contribution to predictions, offering a more profound understanding of the model's behavior in distinguishing CSF lumen pixels with SHAP. Introducing a novel approach in the field, develop ML models offer comprehension into feature extraction and selection from PC-MRI pulsatile data. Moreover, the explained ML model offers novel and valuable insights to domain experts, contributing to an enhanced scholarly understanding of CSF dynamics.
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Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Aprendizado de Máquina , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Fluxo Pulsátil , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Algoritmos , Escoliose/diagnóstico por imagem , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei located deep in the insular cortex, are responsible for many functions such as motor learning, emotion, and behavior control. Nowadays, because it has been shown that deep brain stimulation and insular tumor surgery can be performed by endovascular treatment, the importance of the vascular anatomy of the basal ganglia is being increasingly recognized. OBJECTIVE: To explain the arterial blood supply of the basal ganglia using white matter dissection. METHODS: The Klingler protocol was used to prepare 12 silicone-injected human hemispheres. The dissections were performed from lateral to medial with the fiber dissection technique to preserve arteries. RESULTS: The globus pallidus blood supply came from the medial lenticulostriate, lateral lenticulostriate, and anterior choroidal arteries; the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus were supplied by the branches of posterior cerebral artery; the putamen was supplied by the lateral and medial lenticulostriate arteries; and the caudate nucleus was supplied by the lateral lenticulostriate and medial lenticulostriate arteries and the recurrent artery of Heubner. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the detailed anatomy of the basal ganglia and its vascular supply is essential for avoiding postoperative ischemic complications in surgeries related to the insula. In addition, knowledge of this anatomy and vascular relationship opens the doors to endovascular deep brain stimulation treatment. This study provides a 3-dimensional understanding of the blood supply to the basal ganglia by examining it using the fiber dissection technique. Further studies could use advanced imaging modalities to explore the vascular relationships with critical structures in the brain.
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Gânglios da Base , Núcleo Subtalâmico , Humanos , Gânglios da Base/diagnóstico por imagem , Gânglios da Base/cirurgia , Gânglios da Base/irrigação sanguínea , Núcleo Subtalâmico/cirurgia , Globo Pálido , Encéfalo , Artérias Cerebrais/cirurgiaRESUMO
AIM: Craniosynostosis is a clinical condition that goes with cranial deformities caused by early ossification of fibrous tissue at the suture line. The rate of metopic synostosis has been increasing in recent years. Our aim in this article is to mathematically present the results of endoscopic assisted surgery in the treatment of metopic synostosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a follow-up of the stages of treatment of 43 patients with metopic synostosis who underwent surgery in a multicenter retrospective study between 2018 and 2021. We developed the formula D3/((D1+D2)/2) based on the theory of "The Angle of a Triangle Opposite The Longest Side is the Largest Angle". And we called this method \'Metopic Angle Proportion (MAP)'. Paired samples T-test was performed for statistical results. P value 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: According to the MAP method; measurements for frontal enlargement, mean pretreatment length D1: 34,57 mm, D2: 34,81 mm, D3: 60,46 mm, and the end of treatment as D1: 37,88 mm, D2: 38,19 mm, D3: 71,09 mm. We perfomed the formula D3/((D1+D2)/2). While this rate was 1.74 before treatment, it increased to 1.87 after treatment. As a result of statistical analysis, it was also found to be significant (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: Studies have shown that the rate of trigonocephaly increases between synostoses. This shows that the treatment rate is increasing. As a treatment option , open vault surgery is an older and more familiar technique. However, this method has disadvantages such as long surgical time, higher blood loss, the need for intensive care in the postoperative period, and the surgeon\'s dependence on experience and 3D thinking skills. However, Endoscopic assisted surgery offers a more comfortable surgery and better results.Endoscopy-assisted suturectomy can be applied in many health centres because it is safe, easy and cheaper.
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AIM: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a rare disorder among the elderly, characterized by gait disorder, dementia, and urinary incontinence. Considering the rareness of NPH and a lot of other pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease, lumbar spinal stenosis, and even aging cause similar symptoms, NPH is an underdiagnosed entity. However, the percentage of misdiagnosis is not given in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, patients diagnosed with NPH were retrospectively screened between 2015 and May 2019 in our clinical database and Ste-P formula was applied. Example cases showed that some of the patients receive inaccurate medical and surgical treatments before being diagnosed with NPH. RESULTS: As a result of the study was seen that a few out of 29 patients confused dizziness with trunkal ataxia or imbalance due to gait abnormality. As the time between onset of complaints and diagnosis increased, the value approached "zero", and diagnosis became difficult. CONCLUSION: Every unnecessary operation carries serious risks that may threaten the life of the patient and decrease the quality of life. These surgeries and instrumentation materials used may also result to additional financial cost. Similarly, long-term use of Parkinson's and dementia medications has a serious economical burden on the insurance systems and is detrimental to the patient's health. Considering all these diagnoses and physiological conditions that can be easily confused with each other, we recommend in this article a new formula to reduce the possibility of misdiagnosis and treatment in patients with walking disorder.
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OBJECTIVES: Double pituitary adenoma is a rare entity that can pose a significant challenge. The incidence of double or multiple pituitary adenomas is â¼1% in autopsy cases and 0.4-1.3% in surgical series. Its definition varies, including 'double adenomas' in the literature in contrast to 'multiple adenomas', which is more specific and suitable. While some authors require separating topographically unique tumours, others have used a looser definition of separate immunohistochemistry. CASE PRESENTATION: We presented the case of a 26-year-old patient with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms, with double pituitary adenomas secreting growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). To date, 89 patients have been reported in the literature with symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome, but only five had GH-TSH secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Double adenoma resection is of great importance for ensuring successful biochemical treatment. To ensure a successful operation, a careful preoperative 3T MRI examination is of great importance.
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Although at least half of medical students are women, neurosurgery is not often preferred by women, and the proportion of female neurosurgeons who can participate in the academic platform is very low. In this study, we aimed to show the role of female neurosurgeons in the Turkish Neurosurgical Society and to describe the number and the location of female neurosurgeons in Turkey. We examined the age, academic rank, years of work in the profession, membership rate in society subgroups, h-index parameters, and relationships of certificated female neurosurgeons registered in the Turkish Neurosurgical Society. We examined gender rate differences between society subgroups using chi-square tests. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. According to the year-end 2020 data of the Turkish Neurosurgery Society, 94 (5.5%) of the 1699 neurosurgery specialists registered in Turkey are women. There are currently 94 board-certified female neurosurgeons between the ages of 31 and 92 years; 10 are full professors (10.6%), 16 are associate professors (17%), 5 are assistant professors (5.3%), and 63 are neurosurgery specialist physicians (67%). Female neurosurgeons are present among six of the subfields categorized by the Turkish Neurosurgical Society: 7 in pediatric neurosurgery (11.47%); 8 in spinal and peripheral nerve surgery (2.4%); 3 in neurovascular surgery (2.02%); 7 in functional neurosurgery (5.8%); 11 in neuroanatomy (9.2%); and 23 in neurooncology (6.9%). The number of female neurosurgeons in Turkey continues to grow each year. To increase the proportion of women in this field, it is important to support female neurosurgeons and enable them to take on more tasks.
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Neurocirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neurocirurgiões , Neurocirurgia/educação , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , TurquiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury is a major health and socioeconomic problem and the first cause of young death worldwide. For this reason, the prevention of post-traumatic brain injury and the research of new methods for it are important today. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the use of antiepileptic drugs contributed to axonal healing after traumatic brain injury. METHODS: Thirty-six Long-Evans rats, each weighing 300-350 g, were used in this study. A total of 6 groups, including the sham, control, and 4 study groups, were determined. A 1.5 mm-sized trauma was created in the biparietal area with a blunt-tipped dissector. Carbamazepine phenytoin valproic acid and levetiracetam (phenytoin: 30 mg/kg, valproic acid: 60 mg/kg, levetiracetam: 80 mg/kg, and carbamazepine: 36 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered to the study groups, and the control group intraperitoneally received a physiological saline solution (15 ml/kg) twice daily for 3 days. After 72 h, hemispheres of the sacrificed subjects were taken for examination in biochemistry and histology. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, and NG2 levels in the samples were determined. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in biochemical measurements. Histopathological examination revealed that the NG2 expression was more intense in the group treated with phenytoin and levetiracetam (phenytoin was partly higher) and the amount of edema decreased. The NG2 expression increased and the edema decreased, though lower in the group treated with carbamazepine and valproic acid, compared with phenytoin and levetiracetam. An increase in the NG2 expression and edema intensity were determined in the control and sham groups. CONCLUSION: Antiepileptic drug selection after traumatic brain injury is an important medical matter. Although the patient-oriented selection is essential, the study suggests that the choice of phenytoin, levetiracetam carbamazepine, and valproic acid will, respectively, have an accelerating effect for axonal healing.
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Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Axônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Remielinização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Axônios/fisiologia , Carbamazepina/administração & dosagem , Carbamazepina/uso terapêutico , Levetiracetam/administração & dosagem , Levetiracetam/uso terapêutico , Fenitoína/administração & dosagem , Fenitoína/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Resultado do Tratamento , Ácido Valproico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Valproico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
AIM: To discuss a special type of skull lesion detected after delivery. We reviewed our experience on scalp swelling in term neonates to further investigate the relationship between cranial injuries and labor process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 55 newborns with scalp swellings were assessed with medical records retrospectively between January 2007-July 2017. A radiologist and a pediatric neurosurgeon re-analyzed all skull X-ray images via picture archiving and communication system of the hospital. RESULTS: A special type of skull fracture, called Kanat (wing) fracture, was detected. The fractures appeared unique, were located in the midline parietal bone, and were difficult to detect by X-ray. Kanat fractures accounted for 12.7% of the 55 cases (n=7). Patients without (group-1) and patients with (group-2) Kanat fractures were compared based on the head circumference of the newborns (p=0.881), fetal birth weight (p=0.20), maternal age (p=0.04), duration of second stage of labor (p=0.217), maternal body mass index (p=0.278), total labor time (p=0.922) and parity (p=0.375). No statistically significant difference between the two groups was determined for the compared parameters. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first research describing and discussing the possible effects of maternal, fetal and delivery characteristics on Kanat fractures. Designing clinical and experimental researches to enhance awareness and acknowledgement of skull injuries and labor process could improve the clinical outcome of the newborns.
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Traumatismos do Nascimento/etiologia , Traumatismos do Nascimento/patologia , Fraturas Cranianas/etiologia , Fraturas Cranianas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
OBJECT: The goal of this study was to determine the value of the 3D sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolutions (3D-SPACE) technique in the evaluation of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) patency. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with ETV were examined using 3-T MRI units. Sagittal-plane 3D-SPACE with variant flip-angle mode, 3D T1-weighted (T1W), and 3D heavily T2-weighted (T2W) images were obtained with isotropic voxel sizes. Also, sagittal-axial plane phase-contrast cine (PC)-MR images were obtained. The following findings were evaluated: diameters of stoma and third ventricle, flow-void sign on 3D-SPACE and PC-MR images, integrity of the third ventricle on heavily T2W images, and quantitative PC-MRI parameters of the stoma. Obtained sequences were evaluated singly, in combination with one another, and all together. RESULTS: The mean area, flow, and velocity values measured at the level of stoma in patients with patent stoma were significantly higher than those measured in patients with closed stoma (p < 0.05). There was significant correlation among PC-MRI, 3D-SPACE, and 3D heavily T2W techniques regarding assessment of ETV patency (p < 0.001). The 3D-SPACE technique provided the lowest rate of ambiguous results. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D-SPACE technique seems to be the most efficient one for determination of ETV patency. The authors suggest the use of 3D-SPACE as a stand-alone first-line sequence in addition to routine brain MRI protocols in assessing patients with ETV, thereby decreasing scan time and reserving the use of a combination of additional sequences such as PC-MRI and 3D heavily T2W images in suspicious or complex cases.
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Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Terceiro Ventrículo/cirurgia , Ventriculostomia/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terceiro Ventrículo/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: Piriformis syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the piriformis muscle compresses or irritates the sciatic nerve. The treatment of piriformis syndrome includes injections into the piriformis muscle around the sciatic nerve. These invasive approaches have been used with various techniques to increase the safety of the procedure. Computed tomography (CT)-guided injection of the piriformis muscle and the clinical outcome of the patients are discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors presented 10 consecutive patients that underwent CT-guided piriformis injection between March and December 2007. Three patients had a history of a severe fall on the buttocks, one had gluteal abscess formation following deep intramuscular injection, and another one had a habit of prolonged sitting on the carpet. Etiology was not identified in the other patients. Main complaints of the patients were pain and numbness in the legs. Hypesthesia was the major neurological finding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electromyography (EMG) were performed in all patients. RESULTS: Nine patients had full and sustained recovery of their symptoms after piriformis injection. Only the patient who had gluteal abscess formation following deep intramuscular injection showed moderate improvement. Another patient was operated on in the 6th month after piriformis injection due to an extruded disc herniation. CONCLUSION: CT-guided piriformis injection is a safe and effective method in the treatment of piriformis syndrome.
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Injeções Intramusculares/métodos , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome do Músculo Piriforme/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome do Músculo Piriforme/terapia , Radiografia Intervencionista/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Bupivacaína/administração & dosagem , Bupivacaína/uso terapêutico , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Metilprednisolona/administração & dosagem , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cãibra Muscular/etiologia , Exame Neurológico , Ciática/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore audiologic outcome of auditory brain stem implantation (ABI) and cochlear implantation (CI) in NF2 patients and patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) in the only hearing ear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study includes retrospective analysis of 2 cases. One is totally deaf patient due to NF2, and the other one is totally deaf due to VS development in only hearing ear. Tumor was removed by retrosigmoid approach in NF2 patient and ABI was performed simultaneously. For the VS in only hearing ear case, tumor was removed by translabyrinthine approach and CI was performed simultaneously. RESULTS: ABI patient showed quite well outcome during the 15 months of follow-up. She has 25 dB hearing threshold at speaking frequencies. She developed open set speech discrimination with 87.5% word discrimination score, and 70% sentence discrimination score. She uses device daily manner, she can use telephone. For CI patient, outcome is not perfect but satisfactory. She couldn't develop open set speech discrimination during the 18 months of follow-up. She has 67% the disyllabic words recognition score (close set). She is daily user of device. CI improves quite well lip reading. CONCLUSION: ABI and CI are the two options to restore hearing in VS caused deafness. We advocate giving every effort to preserve cochlear nerve during the VS resection and place CI simultaneously. However if it is not possible to preserve cochlear nerve during surgery, ABI is also a good alternative for hearing restoration.
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Implante Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico/métodos , Implante Coclear/métodos , Surdez/cirurgia , Audição/fisiologia , Neurofibromatose 2/complicações , Neuroma Acústico/fisiopatologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Audiometria de Tons Puros , Surdez/complicações , Surdez/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroma Acústico/complicações , Neuroma Acústico/cirurgiaRESUMO
Cushing's disease is a condition in which hypercortisolism develops due to excessive hypophyseal adrenocorticotropic hormone production. It is rare in childhood. In this paper, we report the case of a 10-year-old male patient with hypophyseal microadenoma-related Cushing's disease who presented with obesity and was found to show poor height growth at follow-up. The diagnosis was confirmed with inferior petrosal sinus sampling, and the adenoma was successfully removed by transsphenoidal surgery. While adrenal axis suppression continued for approximately 1 year, clinical improvement was clearly observed after the third month following surgery. The findings in this patient demonstrate that decreased growth rate despite rapid weight gain in children can be early sign of Cushing's disease and emphasize the importance of monitoring of growth in obese children.
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Adenoma/diagnóstico , Hipersecreção Hipofisária de ACTH/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico , Adenoma/cirurgia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Criança , Ritmo Circadiano , Dexametasona , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Amostragem do Seio Petroso , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/cirurgiaRESUMO
Falls are a common problem in the elderly population, and their prediction has been a major interest for the medical field. The relationship between stumbles and falls has not been very well understood yet. A critical requirement in advancing the study of this relationship is the realization of a realistic and effective stumble detection system. In this paper, we present a system for the detection of stumbles during walking. Our system consists of a single low cost triaxial accelerometer that may be worn by patients and is convenient for a wide range of subjects. We formulate the problem as an anomaly detection and we validate our system with a large data set collected from 9 subjects. The data set contains a total of 100 stumbles and 45 minutes of walking. We compare 7 different placements for the accelerometer, and show that our system achieves a 99% detection rate, with a 0.2% false alarm rate using an accelerometer worn on the chest.
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Acelerometria/instrumentação , Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Monitorização Ambulatorial/instrumentação , Idoso , Algoritmos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Monitorização Ambulatorial/métodos , Músculos/fisiopatologia , Risco , CaminhadaRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study evaluates the safety, efficacy, and indications for continuous lumbar drainage (CLD) in patients following endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 22 consecutive patients treated between 1996 and 2010 with CLD after ETV. The decision to insert a CLD was made in selected patients only. CLD was inserted in cases of high measured intracranial pressure (12 patients), clinical symptoms indicative of continuing hydrocephalus (2 patients), and "prophylactically" in 8 patients, based either on the clinical condition of patients before ETV or on technical difficulties during the ETV procedure, which seemed to increase the risk of ETV failure. CLD insertion took place either in the operating room immediately following the ETV procedure or under very specific conditions and with close patient monitoring in an ICU setting. Only four patients eventually required shunting, all within 1 month after ETV. Therefore, the overall ETV success rate was 81.8% (18/22 patients). Of the 14 patients suffering from measured or clinically observed continuing hydrocephalus, 12 (85%) ultimately recovered without the need for a permanent shunt. Without the CLD, some of these patients would probably have been declared "failures" and referred for a standard shunt. CLD provided a time window following ETV for the absorption system to recover and return to full functionality. CONCLUSIONS: Selective usage of CLD is a reasonable and safe method to gain time and possibly facilitates the recovery of absorption capacity following ETV. CLD should be considered before conceding a post-ETV patient as a failure.
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Drenagem/métodos , Região Lombossacral/cirurgia , Neuroendoscopia/métodos , Terceiro Ventrículo/cirurgia , Ventriculostomia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: Intracranial hypotension may have variable clinical presentation. The imaging characteristics of intracranial hypotension are especially well depicted on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Although the clinical and radiological manifestations of spontaneous intracranial hypotension are increasingly recognized in many reports, many other abnormalities in this disorder and complicating cases still exist. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 16-year-old patient suffering from nausea vomiting and blurred consciousness was admitted to the hospital. MRI showed diffuse pachymeningeal thickening resembling intracranial hypotension and ventricular enlargement like compensated hydrocephalus. The patient was investigated and treated using endoscopic third ventriculostomy. CONCLUSION: The authors presented a case of intracranial hypotension complicated with hydrocephalus. Specific causes for intracranial hypotension as well as additional new treatment options will also be discussed.
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Hidrocefalia/complicações , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Hipotensão Intracraniana/complicações , Hipotensão Intracraniana/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Hipotensão Intracraniana/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , VentriculostomiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the early effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1beta antagonist (anti-IL-1beta) against cellular damage, inflammatory reactivity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity induced by spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). METHODS: Thirty-two single strain female Albino rats were divided into four groups: control (sham-operated), IRI-alone, IL-10-treated (100 mug/kg), and anti-IL-1beta-treated (1 mg/kg) groups after IRI. IRI was induced by balloon occlusion of the aorta and simultaneous hypovolemia during occlusion. The animals were sacrificed at 24 h. Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses, biochemical studies for determination of LPO and MPO activity and Comet assays (single cell electrophoresis for detecting DNA single strand breaks) were performed in all study groups. RESULTS: Compared with the levels of control (sham-operated) animals, IRI produced a significant increase in the levels of LPO and MPO activity, and prominent tissue damage characterized by leukocyte infiltration, edema and neuronal and glial damage in the affected spinal cord in 24 h. The administration of IL-10 decreased LPO and MPO activity, and suppressed initial inflammatory response in the first 24 h. The effects of anti-IL-1beta were limited to decrease in LPO activity without considerable evidence of cellular preservation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that systemic administration of IL-10 attenuates the early ischemic response, and may restrict the tissue damage in the first 24 h after spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury. Anti-IL-1beta has no considerable effect in this time window. The results of this preliminary study promote further studies with longer time windows on the effects of anti-inflammatory cytokines in spinal cord IRI.
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Interleucina-10/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Isquemia do Cordão Espinal/prevenção & controle , Animais , Fragmentação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio/metabolismo , Endotélio/patologia , Endotélio/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Interleucina-10/farmacologia , Interleucina-1beta/antagonistas & inibidores , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Mutantes , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Isquemia do Cordão Espinal/metabolismo , Isquemia do Cordão Espinal/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Herein, we present a case of anaplastic oligodendroglioma with massive spinal metastasis in the first post-operative year without any residual tumor or recurrence in the primary tumor site. Along with the reported literature, our case highlights the importance of periodic radiological evaluation of the spinal canal including the pre- and post-treatment period, in patients with intracerebral oligodendroglioma.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Inoculação de Neoplasia , Oligodendroglioma/secundário , Neoplasias da Coluna Vertebral/secundário , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Oligodendroglioma/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a malignant embryonal central nervous system (CNS) tumor, manifesting in children, and composed of rhabdoid cells, with or without fields resembling a classical primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), epithelial tissue and neoplastic mesenchyme. Around 200 cases of CNS AT/RT have been documented in the literature. Although the clinical and pathological findings have been defined in large series previously, and AT/RT has become increasingly recognized, awareness of typical AT/RT is important in making the correct diagnosis of this uncommon but probably underdiagnosed entity. Neuroradiologists rarely mention AT/RT in their differential diagnosis and this paper presents two additional cases in which clinical and pathological findings are combined with neuroradiological presentation.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tumor Rabdoide/patologia , Teratoma/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Tumor Rabdoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We have pursued the concept that traumatic brain edema is predominantly cellular and that water entry is modulated in part by aquaporins. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been shown to play a significant role in cellular edema formation. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) is a potent PKC activator; purportedly involved in modulation of AQP4 activity. Alternatively, AQP4 may be regulated by arginine-vasopressin. Administration of the vasopressin antagonist (SR49059) reduced brain water content and sodium shift following MCAo. To investigate if edema formation is affected by the reduction of AQP4 expression, we utilized PMA and SR49059 following middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAo), and measured AQP4 expression by Western-Blot (WB) techniques. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham (n=4) or MCAo groups (vehicle, PMA or SR49059 infusion; n=6 each). Each solution was infused for 5 hours, starting 1 hour before injury. After a two-hour period of ischemia and two-hour reperfusion, animals were sacrificed and brain regions of interest were processed by WB to quantify the effect of treatment on AQP4 expression. RESULTS: These studies demonstrate that MCAo results in a significant up-regulation of AQP4 on the ischemic zone when compared to the contralateral un-injured hemisphere (p < 0.05) and that PMA and SR49059 treatment significantly down-regulated AQP4 expression compared to the vehicle group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These studies support the hypotheses that PMA and SR49059 may be useful in reducing cerebral water accumulation by modulating AQP4 expression and that pharmacological manipulation of AQP4 may emerge as a viable strategy for the reduction of fulminating edema following ischemic injury.
Assuntos
Antagonistas dos Receptores de Hormônios Antidiuréticos , Aquaporina 4/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Reperfusão , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologia , Animais , Edema Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/complicações , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Tempo , Canais de Ânion Dependentes de VoltagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EPO on LPO, on ultrastructural findings, and on antiapoptotic bcl-2 and survivin gene expressions after TBI. The authors also compared the activity of EPO with that of MPSS. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: sham-operated, control, moderate TBI-alone (300 g/cm), TBI + EPO-treated (1000 IU/kg), TBI + MPSS-treated (30 mg/kg), and TBI + vehicle-treated (0.4 mL albumin solution) groups. RESULTS: Compared with the levels in control and sham-operated animals, LPO was significantly elevated in rats in the trauma-alone group. The administration of EPO and MPSS significantly decreased the LPO levels (P < .05). Trauma also increases the antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene expression significantly at 24 hours postinjury (P < .05), but it has no effect on survivin expression. The EPO and MPSS treatments caused significant elevation in both gene expressions (P < .05). It is also showed that MPSS has more protective effect than EPO on brain ultrastructure, especially on the structure of small- (P < .05) and medium-sized myelinated axons, after TBI. CONCLUSIONS: EPO has protective effects after moderate TBI, and this effect seems better than MPSS on antiapoptotic gene expression and LPO. The protection of cerebral subcellular organelles after traumatic injury is more prominent in MPSS-treated animals than EPO-treated animals quantitatively. This experimental study indicates that the benefits of EPO in the management of TBI have promising results and prompts further studies on the difference between EPO and MPSS in histopathological findings at the subcellular level.