Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function and right ventriculoarterial coupling in tricuspid regurgitation.

Echocardiographic evaluation of the cardiopulmonary unit is difficult in case of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and combined echocardiographic parameters could be useful. This study aimed to assess the variation of simple and combined echocardiographic parameters analysing the cardiopulmonary unit according to the severity of TR. TR was graded according to Hahn's classification in 179 patients. Classical morphological, function and load parameters analysing right ventricle were assessed. Combined parameters of function and load; morphology and load; and morphology-load-function index were calculated. We used ROC curve analysis to analyze the diagnostic value of echocardiographic parameters to predict potential high or low surgical risk of mortality according to TRISCORE in 82 patients. Simple parameters were significatively different among groups with a nonlinear progression between the 5 levels of severity of TR. Combined parameters were also significatively different among groups. Among them, myomechanical index (MMI = RV-RA mean pressure gradient x RVFWS/indexed RAED area × 10-2) and morphology-load-function index (MLF = RVED length/area x TR TVI x RVFWS) had a linear progression between the 5 groups and had the best predictive value for TRISCORE high and low risk. Combined parameters are relevant to evaluate cardiopulmonary unit in patients with various degrees of TR, especially when combining morphology, function, and load parameters, and are potentially interesting in their prognostic assessment, as shown by the good predictive value for TRISCORE risk.

Advanced myocardial deformation echocardiography for evaluation of the athlete's heart: Functional and mechanistic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of the athlete's heart is challenging because of a phenotypic overlap between reactive physiological adaptation and pathological remodelling. The potential value of myocardial deformation remains controversial in identifying early cardiomyopathy. AIM: To identify the echocardiographic phenotype of athletes using advanced two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, and to define predictive factors of subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction. METHODS: In total, 191 healthy male athletes who underwent a preparticipation medical evaluation at Nancy University Hospital between 2013 and 2020 were included. Clinical and echocardiographic data were compared with 161 healthy male subjects from the STANISLAS cohort. Borderline global longitudinal strain value was defined as<17.5%. RESULTS: Athletes demonstrated lower left ventricular ejection fraction (57.9±5.3% vs. 62.6±6.4%; P<0.01) and lower global longitudinal strain (17.5±2.2% vs. 21.1±2.1%; P<0.01). No significant differences were found between athletes with and without a borderline global longitudinal strain value regarding clinical characteristics, structural echocardiographic features and exercise capacity. A borderline global longitudinal strain value was associated with a lower endocardial global longitudinal strain (18.8±1.2% vs. 22.7±1.9%; P=0.02), a lower epicardial global longitudinal strain (14.0±1.1% vs. 16.6±1.2%; P<0.01) and a higher endocardial/epicardial global longitudinal strain ratio (1.36±0.07 vs. 1.32±0.06; P<0.01). No significant difference was found regarding mechanical dispersion (P=0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Borderline global longitudinal strain value in athletes does not appear to be related to structural remodelling, mechanical dispersion or exercise capacity. The athlete's heart is characterized by a specific myocardial deformation pattern with a more pronounced epicardial layer strain impairment.

Coronary Embolism Among Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Atrial Fibrillation: An Underrecognized But Deadly Association.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and impact of coronary emboli (CE) in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been specifically studied. The objective was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF and CE in a large series of patients with STEMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated 2292 consecutive patients with STEMI and among them 225 patients with AF: 46 patients with a STEMI related to CE (group A) and 179 patients with a STEMI related to an atherosclerotic cause (group B). Compared with the 2067 patients without AF and CE (group C), patients with AF and CE were older (73 versus 59 years, P<0.05), more likely to be female (43% versus 22%, P<0.05), and presented more frequently with cardiogenic shock at admission (26% versus 9%, P<0.05). The baseline characteristics of patients with AF (group A versus B) did not differ significantly according to STEMI pathogenesis. In the unadjusted analysis, the 45-day mortality was higher in patients with CE and AF (group A versus group C: 20% versus 4%; P<0.05 and group A versus group B: 20% versus 8%, P=not significant); this trend persisted at 2-year follow-up (group A versus group C: 24% versus 6%; P<0.05 and group A versus group B: 24% versus 17%, P=not significant). After stabilized inverse exposure probability weighting adjustment, a higher 45-day mortality rate was confirmed in patients with CE and AF (group A versus group C: 18% versus 5%, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with STEMI and AF, CE was associated with excess early mortality. REGISTRATION: URL: clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT05679843.

Bradycardia risk stratification with implantable loop recorder after unexplained syncope.

BACKGROUND: An implantable loop recorder is an effective tool for diagnosing unexplained syncope. However, after a first episode in non-high-risk patients, the usefulness of implantable loop recorder implantation remains unclear. AIMS: To analyse relevant risk factors for significant bradycardia in order to identify patients who do or do not benefit from implantable loop recorder implantation. Also, to study whether implantable loop recorder implantation with remote monitoring is associated with less recurrence of traumatic syncope. METHODS: This was a retrospective monocentric study including patients with implantable loop recorder implantation after unexplained syncope, using remote monitoring and iterative consultations. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-seven patients were implanted for unexplained syncope. Significant bradycardia occurred in 53 patients (22.4%): 23 (43.4%) caused by paroxysmal atrioventricular block and 30 (56.6%) caused by sinus node dysfunction, leading to permanent pacemaker implantation in 48 patients. Compared with younger patients, there was a 3.46-fold increase (95% confidence interval 1.92-6.23; P<0.0001) in the risk of significant bradycardia in patients aged≥60 years. Based on multivariable analysis, only "typical syncope" was associated with significant bradycardia occurrence (hazard ratio 3.14, 95% confidence interval 1.75-5.65; P=0.0001). There was no recurrence of significant bradycardia with traumatic complications among patients implanted for traumatic syncope. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that: (1) implantable loop recorders identify more significant bradycardia in patients aged≥60 presenting with a first non-high-risk typical syncope, suggesting that an implantable loop recorder should be implanted after a first episode of unexplained syncope in such conditions; and (2) after traumatic syncope, implantable loop recorder implantation is safe, and is associated with little or no recurrence of traumatic syncope.

Myocardial deformation in malignant mitral valve prolapse: A shifting paradigm to dynamic mitral valve-ventricular interactions.

Objectives: This study sought to assess the value of myocardial deformation using strain echocardiography in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and severe ventricular arrhythmia and to evaluate its impact on rhythmic risk stratification. Background: MVP is a common valvular affection with an overly benign course. Unpredictably, selected patients will present severe ventricular arrhythmia. Methods: Patients with MVP as the only cause of aborted SCD (MVP-aSCD: ventricular fibrillation and monomorphic and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) with no other obvious reversible cause were identified. Nonconsecutive patients referred for the echocardiographic evaluation of MVP were enrolled as a control cohort and dichotomized according to the presence or absence of premature ventricular contractions (MVP-PVC or MVP-No PVC, respectively). All patients had a comprehensive strain assessment of mechanical dispersion (MD), postsystolic shortening, and postsystolic index (PSI). Results: A total of 260 patients were enrolled (20 MVP-aSCD, 54 MVP-PVC, and 186 MVP-No PVC). Deformation pattern discrepancies were observed with a higher PSI value in MVP-aSCD than that in MVP-PVC (4.6 ± 2.0 vs. 2.9 ± 3.7, p = 0.014) and a higher MD value than that in MVP-No PVC (46.0 ± 13.0 vs. 36.4 ± 10.8, p = 0.002). In addition, PSI and MD increased the prediction of severe ventricular arrhythmia on top of classical risk factors in MVP. Net reclassification improvement was 61% (p = 0.008) for PSI and 71% (p = 0.001) for MD. Conclusions: In MVP, myocardial deformation analysis with strain echocardiography identified specific contraction patterns with postsystolic shortening leading to increased values of PSI and MD, translating the importance of mitral valve-myocardial interactions in the arrhythmogenesis of severe ventricular arrhythmia. Strain echocardiography may provide important implications for rhythmic risk stratification in MVP.

Machine Learning-Based Phenogrouping in MVP Identifies Profiles Associated With Myocardial Fibrosis and Cardiovascular Events.

BACKGROUND: Structural changes and myocardial fibrosis quantification by cardiac imaging have become increasingly important to predict cardiovascular events in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). In this setting, it is likely that an unsupervised approach using machine learning may improve their risk assessment. OBJECTIVES: This study used machine learning to improve the risk assessment of patients with MVP by identifying echocardiographic phenotypes and their respective association with myocardial fibrosis and prognosis. METHODS: Clusters were constructed using echocardiographic variables in a bicentric cohort of patients with MVP (n = 429, age 54 ± 15 years) and subsequently investigated for their association with myocardial fibrosis (assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance) and cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS: Mitral regurgitation (MR) was severe in 195 (45%) patients. Four clusters were identified: cluster 1 comprised no remodeling with mainly mild MR, cluster 2 was a transitional cluster, cluster 3 included significant left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) remodeling with severe MR, and cluster 4 included remodeling with a drop in LV systolic strain. Clusters 3 and 4 featured more myocardial fibrosis than clusters 1 and 2 (P < 0.0001) and were associated with higher rates of cardiovascular events. Cluster analysis significantly improved diagnostic accuracy over conventional analysis. The decision tree identified the severity of MR along with LV systolic strain <21% and indexed LA volume >42 mL/m2 as the 3 most relevant variables to correctly classify participants into 1 of the echocardiographic profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Clustering enabled the identification of 4 clusters with distinct echocardiographic LV and LA remodeling profiles associated with myocardial fibrosis and clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that a simple algorithm based on only 3 key variables (severity of MR, LV systolic strain, and indexed LA volume) may help risk stratification and decision making in patients with MVP. (Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Mitral Valve Prolapse, NCT03884426; Myocardial Characterization of Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse [MVP STAMP], NCT02879825).

Long-Lasting Myocardial and Skeletal Muscle Damage Evidenced by Serial CMR During the First Year in COVID-19 Patients From the First Wave.

Introduction: This observational CMR study aims to characterize left-ventricular (LV) damage, which may be specifically attributed to COVID-19 and is distant in time from the acute phase, through serial CMR performed during the first year in patients with no prior cardiac disease. Methods: This study included consecutive patients without any prior history of cardiac disease but with a peak troponin-Ic > 50 ng/ml at the time of the first COVID-wave. All had a CMR in the first months after the acute phase, and some had an additional CMR at the end of the first year to monitor LV function, remodeling, and abnormalities evocative of myositis and myocarditis - i.e., increased T1/T2 relaxation times, increased extracellular volume (ECV), and delayed contrast enhancement. Results: Nineteen consecutively admitted COVID-19 patients (17 men, median age 66 [57-71] years) were included. Eight (42%) had hypertension, six (32%) were obese, and 16 (84%) had suffered an acute respiratory distress syndrome. The 1st CMR, recorded at a median 3.2 [interquartile range: 2.6-3.9] months from the troponin peak, showed (1) LV concentric remodeling in 12 patients (63%), (2) myocardial tissue abnormalities in 11 (58%), including 9 increased myocardial ECVs, and (3) 14 (74%) increased ECVs from shoulder skeletal muscles. The 2nd CMR, obtained at 11.1 [11.0-11.7] months from the troponin peak in 13 patients, showed unchanged LV function and remodeling but a return to normal or below the normal range for all ECVs of the myocardium and skeletal muscles. Conclusion: Many patients with no history of cardiac disease but for whom an increase in blood troponin-Ic ascertained COVID-19 induced myocardial damage exhibited signs of persistent extracellular edema at a median 3-months from the troponin peak, affecting the myocardium and skeletal muscles, which resolved within a one-year time frame. Associations with long-COVID symptoms need to be investigated on a larger scale now. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04753762 on the ClinicalTrials.gov site.

Efficacy and Safety of Second and Third-Generation Laser Balloon for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation: A Matched-Cohort.

Laser balloon (LB) has emerged as an interesting strategy for pulmonary vein isolation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). A third-generation LB has recently been developed, allowing a continuous ablation set. We aimed to compare the results from our center's experience with second and third-generation LBs to a cohort of matched patients who had undergone radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with contact-force catheters. This retrospective monocenter case-control study included our first 50 LB paroxysmal AF ablations (26 second and 24 third-generation LB) and 50 RFA controls, matched on age, sex and left atrial dilation. The two groups had similar baseline parameters. LB procedures were significantly shorter than RFA (129 (110-160) vs. 160 (119-198) min, p = 0.007). During AF ablation, two major complications occurred in each group. At the one-year follow-up, AF recurrence was diagnosed in 7 (14%) of the LB group vs. 14 (28%) of the RFA group (p = 0.14). Moreover, we observed that third-generation LB procedures were associated with shorter laser applications (22 (19-29) vs. 69 (55-76) min, p < 0.001) and procedural durations (111 (100-128) vs. 151.5 (128.5-167) min, p < 0.001) compared to second-generation LB procedures. In the context of the major increase in the number of AF ablations, LB demonstrated consistent results in terms of clinical success, complications and also reduced procedure durations compared to RFA.

Is There an Association between Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Outcomes after Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation?

BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) ablation, pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone fails in maintaining sinus rhythm in up to one third of patients after a first catheter ablation. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), as an endocrine-active organ, could play a role in the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive value of clinical, echocardiographic, biological parameters and epicardial fat density measured by computed tomography scan (CT-scan) on AF recurrence in PAF patients who underwent a first pulmonary vein isolation procedure using radiofrequency (RF). METHODS: This monocentric retrospective study included all patients undergoing first-time RF PAF ablation at the Nancy University Hospital between March 2015 and December 2018 with one-year follow-up. RESULTS: 389 patients were included, of whom 128 (32.9%) had AF recurrence at one-year follow-up. Neither total-EAT volume (88.6 ± 37.2 cm3 vs. 91.4 ± 40.5 cm3, p = 0.519), nor total-EAT radiodensity (-98.8 ± 4.1 HU vs. -98.8 ± 3.8 HU, p = 0.892) and left atrium-EAT radiodensity (-93.7 ± 4.3 HU vs. -93.4 ± 6.0 HU, p = 0.556) were significantly associated with AF recurrence after PAF ablation. In multivariate analysis, previous cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation, ablation procedure duration, BNP and triglyceride levels remained independently associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation at 12-months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Contrary to persistent AF, EAT parameters are not associated with AF recurrence after paroxysmal AF ablation. Thus, the role of the metabolic atrial substrate in PAF pathophysiology appears less obvious than in persistent AF.

Relationship Between Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Variation and Systemic Vascular Resistance: A Prospective Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study.

Introduction: This cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study aims to determine whether changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), obtained from CMR flow sequences, might explain the significant long-term changes in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) observed in subjects with no cardiac disease history. Methods: Cohort subjects without any known cardiac disease but with high rates of hypertension and obesity, underwent CMR with phase-contrast sequences both at baseline and at a median follow-up of 5.2 years. Longitudinal changes in EF were analyzed for any concomitant changes in blood pressure and vascular function, notably the indexed SVR given by the formula: mean brachial blood pressure / cardiac output x body surface area. Results: A total of 118 subjects (53 ± 12 years, 52% women) were included, 26% had hypertension, and 52% were obese. Eighteen (15%) had significant EF variations between baseline and follow-up (7 increased EF and 11 decreased EF). Longitudinal changes in EF were inversely related to concomitant changes in mean and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.030 and p = 0.027, respectively) and much more significantly to SVR (p < 0.001). On average, these SVR changes were -8.08 ± 9.21 and +8.14 ± 8.28 mmHg.min.m2.L-1, respectively, in subjects with significant increases and decreases in EF, and 3.32 ± 7.53 mmHg.min.m2.L-1 in subjects with a stable EF (overall p < 0.001). Conclusions: Significant EF variations are not uncommon during the long-term CMR follow-up of populations with no evident health issues except for uncomplicated hypertension and obesity. However, most of these variations are linked to SVR changes and may therefore be unrelated to any intrinsic change in LV contractility. This underscores the benefits of specifically assessing LV afterload when EF is monitored in populations at risk of vascular dysfunction. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01716819 and NCT02430805.

Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: a French multicentre cohort study.

AIMS: While pulmonary embolism (PE) appears to be a major issue in COVID-19, data remain sparse. We aimed to describe the risk factors and baseline characteristics of patients with PE in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a retrospective multicentre observational study, we included consecutive patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Patients without computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)-proven PE diagnosis and those who were directly admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) were excluded. Among 1240 patients (58.1% men, mean age 64 ± 17 years), 103 (8.3%) patients had PE confirmed by CTPA. The ICU transfer and mechanical ventilation were significantly higher in the PE group (for both P < 0.001). In an univariable analysis, traditional venous thrombo-embolic risk factors were not associated with PE (P > 0.05), while patients under therapeutic dose anticoagulation before hospitalization or prophylactic dose anticoagulation introduced during hospitalization had lower PE occurrence [odds ratio (OR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.91, P = 0.04; and OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.06-0.18, P < 0.001, respectively]. In a multivariable analysis, the following variables, also statistically significant in univariable analysis, were associated with PE: male gender (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.003-1.069, P = 0.04), anticoagulation with a prophylactic dose (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.85, P < 0.001) or a therapeutic dose (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.92, P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.04, P = 0.001), and time from symptom onset to hospitalization (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.006-1.038, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: PE risk factors in the COVID-19 context do not include traditional thrombo-embolic risk factors but rather independent clinical and biological findings at admission, including a major contribution to inflammation.