A retrospective analysis of respiratory virus transmission before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pune the western region of India.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in China in December 2019 and quickly spread across the world. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are the key to control the transmission of respiratory viruses. To stop the spread, NPI is widely recommended and is still followed by most countries. Methods: At the National Influenza Center of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), the surveillance of severe acute respiratory illness and acute respiratory illness cases for influenza and other respiratory viruses is in place. In this study, we analyzed surveillance data on respiratory viruses and/or SARS-CoV-2 testing from January 2017 to December 2021. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect the respiratory viruses. Results: Our findings indicate that during the pandemic, the positivity for influenza A and B, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human coronavirus declined significantly. Conclusion: The annual distinct seasonal outbreaks of influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses as observed during the pre-COVID-19 period were not observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in years 2020 and 21. Social distancing, lock-downs, and non-pharmaceutical interventions may play an important role in the reduction of respiratory viruses. Understanding the seasonal respiratory virus decline could help public health experts prepare for future respiratory virus pandemics.

Prolonged Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of COVID-19 Positive Patients: Trends in Genomic Variation in First and Second Wave.

The main route of the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are through respiratory pathways and close contact of human-to-human. While information about other modes of transmission is comparatively less, some published literature supporting the likelihood of a fecal-oral mode of transmission has been accumulating. The diagnosis of SARS-COV-2 infected cases is based on the real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). The fecal excretion of SARS-COV-2 has been reported frequently, however, the role of fecal viral load with the severity of disease is not yet clear. Our study focused on the investigation of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in the fecal samples of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 280 RT-PCR-positive patients were enrolled, among them 15.4% had gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. It was shown that 62% of the patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in fecal specimens. This positivity was not related to the presence of GI symptoms and the severity of disease. The next generation sequencing [NGS] of SARS-CoV-2 from fecal samples of patients was performed to analyze mutational variations. Findings from this study not only emphasized the potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 in feces, but also its continuing mutational changes and its possible role in fecal-oral transmission.

Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the MBL2 and TLR3 Genes Influence Disease Severity in Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 Virus-Infected Patients from Maharashtra, India.

The clinical outcome in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects is determined by several factors, including host genetics. In the present study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFITM, MBL2, TLR3, TLR8, DDX58, IFIH1, CD55, and FCGR2, genes were investigated in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects to find out their association with disease severity. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects with severe disease (n = 86) and mild disease (n = 293) from western India were included in the study. The SNPs were investigated by PCR-based methods. The results revealed a higher frequency of TLR3 rs5743313 T/T genotype [odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.55 (1.08-6.04) p = 0.039] and TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-A [OR with 95% CI 7.94 (2.05-30.68)] in severe cases. Lower frequency of the mutant allele of MBL2 rs1800450 [OR with 95% CI 0.51 (0.27-0.87), p = 0.01] and TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-G [OR with 95% CI 0.48 (0.27-0.85)] was observed in severe cases compared with cases with mild disease. Higher frequency of TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-A was observed in severe cases [OR with 95% CI 7.9 (2.0-30.7)]. The allele and genotype frequencies of other SNPs were not different between the study categories. The results suggest that the functional SNPs in MBL2 and TLR3 are associated with severe disease in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects.

TNFA and IL10 Polymorphisms and IL-6 and IL-10 Levels Influence Disease Severity in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infected Patients.

Cytokines are key modulators of immune response, and dysregulated production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the pathogenesis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Cytokine production is impacted by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for them. In the present study, SNPs in the IL6, TNFA, IFNG, IL17A, IL10, and TGFB were investigated for their association with disease severity and fatality in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-affected patients with mild disease (n = 293) and severe disease (n = 86). Among those with severe disease, 41 patients had fatal outcomes. In a subset of the patients, levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17 were assayed in the plasma for their association with severe disease. The frequency of TNFA rs1800629 G/A allele was significantly higher in severe cases and survived severe cases group compared to that of those with mild infection (OR with 95% for mild vs. severe cases 2.95 (1.52-5.73); mild vs. survived severe cases 4.02 (1.84-8.82)). IL10 rs1800896-rs1800872 G-C haplotype was significantly lower (OR with 95% 0.34 (0.12-0.95)), while IL10 rs1800896-rs1800872 G-A haplotype was significantly higher (OR with 95% 12.11 (2.23-76.96)) in fatal cases group compared to that of the mild group. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in fatal cases compared to that of survived severe cases. IL-6 levels had greater discriminatory power than IL-10 to predict progression to fatal outcome in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected patients. To conclude, the present study reports the association of TNFA and IL10 SNPs with severe disease in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects. Furthermore, IL-6 levels can be a potential biomarker for predicting fatal outcomes in Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infected subjects.

Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in TNFA and IL10 Genes with Disease Severity in Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 Virus Infections: A Study from Western India.

Susceptibility to severe influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus is multifactorial. The present study was carried out in 246 patients infected with A/H1N1pdm09 virus to find out whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are associated with disease severity. Among the cases, 129 had mild disease, whereas 117 had severe disease. There were 27 fatal cases. TNFA rs1800629, IFNG rs2430561, IL10 rs1800872, IL10 rs1800896, and CCL2 rs1024611 SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. A significantly higher frequency of TNFA rs1800629 "G/A" genotype was observed in severe and fatal cases compared with mild and survived cases, respectively. In a dominant mode, IL10 rs1800896 "G" allele was significantly negatively associated with disease severity. IL10 rs1800896 "C/A" genotype was significantly associated with fatality in influenza A/H1N1pdm09 infections. The results suggest that SNPs in the IL10 and TNFA genes might be associated with disease severity in influenza A/H1N1pdm09-infected patients.

Safety of Russian-Backbone Trivalent, Live Attenuated Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Subjects: Open-Label, Non-randomized Phase 4 Study.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: A trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (Nasovac-S®) was developed and licensed in India. A phase 4 study was conducted to assess safety. METHODOLOGY: This non-randomized, open-label, single-arm study among individuals ≥ 2 years of age involved administration of 0.5 mL of Nasovac-S intranasally, with a 1-month follow-up after vaccination. Adverse events (AEs) were collected via structured diaries. RESULTS: Among 500 vaccinated subjects, 160 were between 2 and 17 years of age, 240 were 18-49 years old and 100 were 50 years and older. A total of 533 solicited reactions were reported. The majority of these reactions were mild, and almost all of them resolved without any sequelae. A total of 20% of subjects reported at least one local solicited reaction, and 23% reported at least one systemic solicited reaction. None of the 45 unsolicited AEs reported by 37 subjects (7.4%) were causally related to the study vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the study adds to the existing safety database of Nasovac-S. REGISTRY: Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2015/08/006074).

Device-Associated Infection Rates in 20 Cities of India, Data Summary for 2004-2013: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium.

OBJECTIVE: To report the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium surveillance data from 40 hospitals (20 cities) in India 2004-2013. METHODS: Surveillance using US National Healthcare Safety Network's criteria and definitions, and International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium methodology. RESULTS: We collected data from 236,700 ICU patients for 970,713 bed-days Pooled device-associated healthcare-associated infection rates for adult and pediatric ICUs were 5.1 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)/1,000 central line-days, 9.4 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPs)/1,000 mechanical ventilator-days, and 2.1 catheter-associated urinary tract infections/1,000 urinary catheter-days In neonatal ICUs (NICUs) pooled rates were 36.2 CLABSIs/1,000 central line-days and 1.9 VAPs/1,000 mechanical ventilator-days Extra length of stay in adult and pediatric ICUs was 9.5 for CLABSI, 9.1 for VAP, and 10.0 for catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Extra length of stay in NICUs was 14.7 for CLABSI and 38.7 for VAP Crude extra mortality was 16.3% for CLABSI, 22.7% for VAP, and 6.6% for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in adult and pediatric ICUs, and 1.2% for CLABSI and 8.3% for VAP in NICUs Pooled device use ratios were 0.21 for mechanical ventilator, 0.39 for central line, and 0.53 for urinary catheter in adult and pediatric ICUs; and 0.07 for mechanical ventilator and 0.06 for central line in NICUs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a lower device use ratio in our ICUs, our device-associated healthcare-associated infection rates are higher than National Healthcare Safety Network, but lower than International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium Report.

Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 virus: first reported case from India.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies on antiviral susceptibiliy from South-East Asia, Europe and the United States have shown sporadic neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) resistance in A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. We undertook a study to evaluate NAI resistance in these viruses isolated in India. METHODS: Pandemic influenza viruses, isolated from 2009 to 2013, along with clincal samples were genetically analysed for known resistance markers in the neuraminidase (NA) gene. Clinical samples (n=1524) were tested for H275Y (N1 numbering; H274Y in N2 numbering) mutation by real time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR). One hundred and ten randomly selected resistant and sensitive viruses were analysed by phenotypic assay. RESULTS: All but one of the 2013 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates were sensitive to oseltamivir. Genetic analysis of this isolate as well as the original clinical material showed that the presence of H275Y mutation was responsible for reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in the patient. This was confirmed by phenotypic assay. CONCLUSION: The emergence of a pandemic influenza strain resistant to oseltamivir emphasizes the need for monitoring antiviral resistance as part of the National Influenza Programme in India.

A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of diode laser as an adjunct to mechanical debridement versus conventional mechanical debridement in periodontal flap surgery: a clinical and microbiological study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Research has shown that mechanical methods of periodontal therapy alone may fail to eliminate the tissue-invasive pathogenic flora; therefore, considerable attention has been given to adjunctive antimicrobial measures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of diode laser as an adjunct to mechanical debridement in periodontal flap surgery, on the basis of clinical parameters and microbiological analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis with probing depth >5 mm after phase I therapy were included in the study. Diode laser was used as an adjunct to open flap debridement (test) as compared with conventional flap surgery (control) in a split-mouth study design. Clinical parameters (plaque and gingival index, probing depth and relative clinical attachment level) and subgingival plaque samples of test and control groups were analyzed at baseline and 3 months post-therapy. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to determine patient discomfort intraoperatively and after 1 week. RESULTS: The difference between the clinical parameters in the test and control groups did not reach a statistical significance. However, there was a statistically significant reduction in colony forming units (CFU) of obligate anaerobes in the test group as compared with the control group. The diode laser was well tolerated by the patients, as determined by the VAS. CONCLUSIONS: The bactericidal effect of the diode laser was clearly evident by greater reduction of CFU of obligate anaerobes in the test group than in the control group.