Benzalkonium chloride induced acute toxicity and its multifaceted implications on growth, hematological metrics, biochemical profiles, and stress-responsive biomarkers in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).

This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on Oreochromis mossambicus, a freshwater fish species. Probit analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of BAC for different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). The viability of fish exposed to BAC was assessed using the general threshold survival models (GUTS) and confirmed with relevant datasets to evaluate model accuracy. Experimental groups of fish were exposed to BAC concentrations equivalent to 10% and 20% of the 96-h LC50 for 45 days. The study revealed significant alterations in various parameters during sublethal BAC exposure. These effects included decreased specific growth rate (SGR), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Ht) value, plasma protein, and albumin levels, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in both gills and liver. Additionally, an increase in gastrosomatic index (GSI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), plasma glucose and creatinine concentrations, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymatic activities, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed in the exposed fish's gills and liver. Furthermore, the study found that glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels initially increased and then decreased in both gills and liver after exposure to BAC. Correlation matrix analysis, multivariate multiple regression (MMR), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), integrated biomarker response (IBR), and biomarker response index (BRI) were utilized to assess the impact of BAC on fish, highlighting significant effects on multiple biomarkers in O. mossambicus following surfactant exposure. Thus, the study provides valuable insights into the toxic effects of BAC on this fish species, emphasizing the importance of monitoring such pollutants in aquatic environments.

Toxic Impact of Sheathmar on Oreochromis mossambicus: A Comprehensive Biomarker Analysis.

This study assessed the toxicity of the Sheathmar pesticide on Oreochromis mossambicus. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined using probit analysis, with survivability assessed using general threshold survival models (GUTS). Over 45 days, fish exposed to sublethal Sheathmar doses were studied for changes in growth, blood profiles, and liver enzymes. According to the findings, the LC50 values of Sheathmar for Oreochromis mossambicus at different time intervals were determined as follows: 3016.64 µg/l at 24 h, 2723.13 µg/l at 48 h, 2415.45 µg/l at 72 h, and 2154.87 µg/l at 96 h. The GUTS-SD model effectively predicted fish survivability after Sheathmar exposure. Sublethal exposure led to significant alterations in growth and hematological, biochemical, and stress enzyme parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus. Moreover, the correlation matrix, integrated biomarker response (IBR), and biomarker response index (BRI) highlighted significant impacts on multiple biomarkers in Oreochromis mossambicus. Thus, the results underscore the harmful effects of Sheathmar on Oreochromis mossambicus, indicating a need for further study and mitigation.

Acute Toxicity Bioassay and Determination of LC50 of Cadmium Chloride in Trichogaster (Colisa) fasciata.

Cadmium chloride is a metal salt used in industries in a large scale. Trichogaster (Colisa) fasciata (common name banded gourami) is an air-breathing fresh water fish with both nutritional and ornamental values. In this present study, as per EPA guidelines, acute toxicity bioassay was performed in a 96-h static test method in four replicates, each replicate having one control and five concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/L, respectively) of the metal salt. A total of 192 fish was used in the study in four series with each replicate containing 8 fish per concentration. The water temperature was maintained at 20-22℃ during the study. The data observed were analysed statistically on the basis of Finney's Probit Analysis method using SPSS software. The estimated 96-h LC50 value of cadmium chloride for the fish was 49.5 mg/L.

Introduction of two new programming tools in Bengali and measurement of their reception among high-school students in Purba Bardhaman, India with the prototypic inclusion of a vector-biology module.

We introduce two new software tools, Bongojontro and Bongojontro Baksobandi, aimed at reducing the barriers to programming for native speakers of Bengali, the fifth most spoken language in the world. The highlights of these software include programming in the native language of Bengali, simpler construction of programs which is friendly for beginners, and the possibility of creating and using modules which can be used to incorporate a level of abstraction that can be helpful for users of different technical skills and roles. We introduced the software to students of two semirural schools in Purba Bardhamman, West Bengal, India. The participants were a section of class XI students of age group 16-17 from both the schools. 40 students provided the full data in the succeeding survey, with 2 providing incomplete data. Among those who participated in the survey, it was found that the reception was overwhelmingly positive, with mean score greater than 6(out of 7) in 12 out of 15 survey questions. The scores were especially high on the usage of their native language on the software and its easy workflow. However, the mean "ease of learning" score was a bit low (4.45/7) compared to the other high ratings. The prototypic vector-biology module, which was a part of Bongojontro Baksobandi, also received very favorable reviews. Further work along these lines using the software and its modules seems to be a promising avenue for useful research and inclusive development in education and information technologies.