Recognising and managing migraine.

Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterised by a severe, pulsating headache, sometimes accompanied with photophobia or phonophobia and nausea and/or vomiting. The symptoms of migraine can have a significant adverse effect on a person's ability to undertake normal activities. Nurses have an important role in assisting patients in identifying migraine triggers and in supporting them to manage the symptoms of migraines through lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatments. This article describes different types of migraines and some differential diagnoses and 'red flag' symptoms that could indicate a more serious condition. The author also discusses non-pharmacological and pharmacological management strategies and treatments.

Assessing and managing the acute complications of diabetes mellitus.

Nurses commonly encounter patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus in their practice. Management of these conditions requires an in-depth knowledge of blood glucose monitoring. It is essential that nurses are aware of normal blood glucose levels, so that they can respond to complications caused by elevated and reduced blood glucose levels. This article aims to enhance nurses' knowledge of the acute metabolic complications of diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, to assist in their recognition and management in clinical practice. It discusses the causes, pathophysiology and treatment of these complications, which are regarded as potentially life-threatening medical emergencies.