Evaluation of Thin Film Microextraction for trace elemental analysis of liquid samples using LIBS detection.

An analytical methodology based in the combination of Thin Film Microextraction with Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (TFME-LIBS) was investigated, for the first time, for detection of Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb in aqueous solutions. In this methodology, the analytes were extracted in a thin film of adsorbent material deposited on a solid support, which was introduced in the sample to analyse. After extraction, the analytes retained in the adsorbent were analysed by LIBS. In order to obtain adsorbent films useful for the microextraction step, two different experimental procedures for film generation, denoted as Drop Casting Deposition and Mould Deposition, were evaluated. In both cases, graphene oxide was used as adsorbent material. The mould deposition procedure was found to produce more homogeneous graphene oxide layers, leading to more uniform distribution of the adsorbed analytes on the graphene oxide surface. Experimental parameters affecting the TFME procedure, such as the adsorbent amount and extraction time, were studied. Under optimum microextraction conditions, the analytical figures of merit of the proposed TFME-LIBS method were evaluated, leading to limits of detection ranging from 41 µg kg-1 and 52 µg kg-1. Method trueness, evaluated from the analysis of a real sample of bottle water, led to recovery values about 70%, indicating the existence of strong matrix effects probably due to the presence of major cations in the bottle water. After 50% dilution of the sample with deionized water, recoveries values improved to 100%-108%.

Improvement of the performances of a commercial hand-held laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument for steel analysis using multiple artificial neural networks.

In this article, we present a study on the optimization of the analytical performance of a commercial hand-held laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument for steel analysis. We show how the performances of the instrument can be substantially improved using a non-linear calibration approach based on a set of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), one optimized for the determination of the major elements of the alloy, and the others specialized for the analysis of minor components. Tests of the instrument on steel samples used for instrument internal calibration demonstrate a comparable accuracy with the results of the ANNs, while the latter are considerably more accurate when unknown samples, not used for calibration/training, are tested.

Study of the feeding effect on recent and ancient bovine bones by nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics.

This study aimed to exploit laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, enhanced by nanoparticles (NELIBS), as a fast, sensitive and low-cost technique, to correlate the elemental composition of recent and ancient bovine bone with the elemental composition of the fodder that has been fed to the cattle throughout their life. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (BS-Ag NPs) were used to enhance the emission intensity of the spectral lines in the LIBS spectra of contemporary and ancient bovine bones and fodder samples. The ancient bones are more than 4600 years old and belong to the 3rd dynasty of the old Egyptian Kingdom. Ag NPs were biosynthesized in a simple and inexpensive manner using potato (Solanum tuberosum) extract. As a validation technique for the NELIBS results, EDX spectra were successfully used, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly discriminated between recent and ancient bovine bones. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA), as a multivariate analysis technique, was used to validate the spectroscopic data for the discrimination between different bone types, as well as between different fodders. According to the obtained results, NELIBS spectroscopy combined with PCA can be used as a reliable, accurate, and fast method for the discrimination between different bones and different fodder types as well as for the assessment of the feeding strategies of livestock. The present work demonstrated the potential of NELIBS technique combined with PCA in the interpretation of the influence of feeding regimes on the contemporary and archaeological bone samples.

Multi-technique study of a ceramic archaeological artifact and its content.

In this paper we report the results of a study performed with different physical and chemical methods on a ceramic vase originally attributed to the I century CE. The joint use of infrared spectroscopic analysis and laser techniques, as well as pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and thermoluminescence, allowed us to characterize the vase material and its content. The chemical data were combined with morphological and stylistic examinations of the object and helped in defining its actual geographical and chronological pertinence.

Resolving surface details with reflection and fluorescence video-confocal profilometry.

Video-confocal profilometry has been exploited to characterize reflecting and non-reflecting surfaces in materials with tilted and corrugated areas. An alternative method based on fluorescence detection has been developed and tested to characterize metal surfaces modified by intense laser irradiation. Combined representations of surface topography have been obtained on the basis of both reflectance and fluorescence signals. A discussion of results and problems encountered in reflection and fluorescence based techniques is provided.

Modì: a new mobile instrument for in situ double-pulse LIBS analysis.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique for in situ elemental analysis. A new mobile instrument for LIBS analysis, developed in a collaboration between Marwan Technology s.r.l. and the Applied Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory in Pisa, is presented, and some applications of it and results from it are outlined. The innovative experimental set-up, based on the use of two suitably retarded laser pulses and a standardless analysis procedure, which overcomes problems related to matrix effects, greatly improves the potential of this technique for accurate quantitative analysis.

Temporal and spatial evolution of a laser-induced plasma from a steel target.

The space and time evolution of a laser-induced plasma from a steel target has been studied using optical time-of-flight and shadowgraphic techniques. The results, obtained for two distinct laser energy regimes, allow us to individuate two different regions in the plume, one characterized by air and continuum emissions produced by the shock wave ionization and the other characterized by emissions from ablated material. Moreover, it was shown that a sufficiently high laser fluence and short delay time of acquisition are needed to avoid inhomogeneous effects in the plasma, as required in analytical applications such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.