Seasonal variations of airborne microbial diversity in waste transfer stations and preventive effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae induced pulmonary inflammation.

Environment, location, and season are important factors that influence the microbiological community, yet, little research on airborne microorganisms in waste transfer stations (WTSs). Here, the airborne bacterial and fungal communities at four WTSs during different seasons were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The bacteria were isolated by cultural method and screened bacterium alleviate inflammation induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) by regulating gut microbiome. The results revealed that collected bioaerosols from the WTSs varied significantly by location and season. Proteobacteria and Pseudomonadota are prevalent in summer and winter, respectively. Ascomycota was predominant in two seasons. Hazard quotients for adults from four WTSs were below one. Three selected potential probiotics were formulated into a microbial preparation with a carrier that effectively prevented inflammation in bacterial and animal experiments. The expression levels of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in Pre group (0.11, 0.17, and 0.48-fold) were significantly lower than Spn group (2.75, 1.71, and 5.01-fold). These mechanisms are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, such as affecting Lachnospiraceae lachnospira abundance and acetic acid content. This study provides insights into the potential application of probiotics derived from WTSs as an alternative approach to preventing respiratory infections.

Identification of molecular subtypes and a risk model based on inflammation-related genes in patients with low grade glioma.

Lower grade gliomas (LGGs) exhibit invasiveness and heterogeneity as distinguishing features. The outcome of patients with LGG differs greatly. Recently, more and more studies have suggested that infiltrating inflammation cells and inflammation-related genes (IRGs) play an essential role in tumorigenesis, prognosis, and treatment responses. Nevertheless, the role of IRGs in LGG remains unclear. In The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, we conducted a thorough examination of the predictive significance of IRGs and identified 245 IRGs that correlated with the clinical prognosis of individuals diagnosed with LGG. Based on unsupervised cluster analysis, we identified two inflammation-associated molecular clusters, which presented different tumor immune microenvironments, tumorigenesis scores, and tumor stemness indices. Furthermore, a prognostic risk model including ten prognostic IRGs (ADRB2, CD274, CXCL12, IL12B, NFE2L2, PRF1, SFTPC, TBX21, TNFRSF11B, and TTR) was constructed. The survival analysis indicated that the IRGs risk model independently predicted the prognosis of patients with LGG, which was validated in an independent LGG cohort. Moreover, the risk model significantly correlated with the infiltrative level of immune cells, tumor mutation burden, expression of HLA and immune checkpoint genes, tumorigenesis scores, and tumor stemness indices in LGG. Additionally, we found that our risk model could predict the chemotherapy response of some drugs in patients with LGG. This study may enhance the advancement of personalized therapy and improve outcomes of LGG.

Interface engineering of sandwich SiO2@α-Fe2O3@COF core-shell S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase H2S.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered to be a broad-spectrum toxicant, and it is crucial to address this problem due to its serious health and climate change impacts. Photocatalysis can be effectively applied for the reduction of H2S molecules to S and other products. We synthesized sandwich-structured composite materials with internally immobilized SiO2 nanospheres and externally wrapped COF layers co-modified with iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, originally looked at the efficiency of photocatalysis in reducing hydrogen sulfide to sulfur. In this paper, a sandwich structure of core-shell composite photocatalysts based on SiO2 was prepared by a multi-step method including Stöber and double ligand-regulated solvent heat, and these sandwich core-shell structures exhibited high hydrogen sulfide reduction and stability in applications. In addition, characterization, degradation studies, active substance trapping studies, and energy band structure analysis showed that S-type heterojunctions could effectively increase photo-generated carrier separation. This research advanced knowledge of photocatalytic hydrogen sulfide reduction and offered a novel approach for catalysts in COF sandwich core-shell structures.

Preservation of the integrity of facial nerve in vestibular schwannoma microsurgery: A consecutive study of 127 clinical cases focusing on nervus intermedius.

Background: Nervus intermedius (NI) injuries are not given enough attention by neurosurgeons during vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. Preservation of NI function is essential for the integrity and continuity of the facial nerve, although this can be challenging. We identified the risk factors for NI injury and proposed our experience for optimizing NI preservation based on our cases. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from a consecutive series of 127 patients with VS who underwent microsurgery via the retrosigmoid approach from 2017 to 2021 at our institution. The baseline characteristics of the patients were collected from the medical records, and the incidence of NI dysfunction symptoms was obtained by outpatient and online video follow-up 6 months after surgery. The surgical procedures and techniques used were described in detail. The data were analyzed in relation to sex, age, tumor location (left or right), Koos grading scale, internal acoustic canal (IAC) invasion (TFIAC Classification), brainstem adhesion, tumor characteristics (cystic or solid), tumor necrosis, and preoperative House-Brackmann (HB) grading by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Gross tumor removal was achieved in 126 (99.21%) patients. Subtotal removal was performed on one patient (0.79%). Twenty-three of our cases exhibited facial nerve palsy preoperatively; 21 patients had HB grade II facial palsy, and two had HB grade III. Two months after surgery, 97 (76.38%) patients had normal function of the motor portion of the facial nerve; 25 (19.69%) patients had HB Grade II facial palsy, five had Grade III (3.94%), and zero (0%) had Grade IV. Postoperatively, 15 patients experienced newly gained dry eyes (11.81%), whereas 21 cases of lacrimal disturbances (16.54%), nine of taste disturbances (7.09%), seven of xerostomia (5.51%), five of nasal hypersecretions (3.94%), and seven of hypersalivation (5.51%) were identified in our cases. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the Koos grading scale and tumor characteristics (solid or cystic) were correlated with NI injury (p <0.01). Conclusion: The data in this study demonstrate that although the motor function of the facial nerve is well preserved, NI disturbance is still common after VS surgery. Maintaining the integrity and continuity of the facial nerve is key to NI function. Performing bidirectional and subperineurium dissection based on even and adequate debulking is beneficial for NI preservation in VS surgery. Higher Koos grading and cystic characteristics of VS are associated with postoperative NI injuries. These two parameters can be used to guide the delineation of surgical strategy and predict the prognosis of NI function preservation.

Pan-cancer analyses reveal molecular and clinical characteristics of cuproptosis regulators.

Imbalance in copper homeostasis can be lethal. A recent study found that excess copper induces cell death in a way that has never been characterized before, which is dependent on mitochondrial stress and is referred to as "cuproptosis." The role of cuproptosis in tumors has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we revealed the complex and important roles of cuproptosis regulators and cuproptosis activity in tumors via a comprehensive analysis of multiomics data from more than 10,000 samples of 33 tumor types. We found that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A is the most frequently altered cuproptosis regulator, and the cuproptosis regulator expression is dysregulated in various tumors. Additionally, we developed a cuproptosis activity score to reflect the overall cuproptosis level. On the basis of the expression levels of cuproptosis regulators, tumors can be divided into two clusters with different cuproptosis activities and survival outcomes. Importantly, cuproptosis activity was found to be associated with the prognosis of multiple tumors and multiple tumor-related pathways, including fatty acid metabolism and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, cuproptosis increased the sensitivity to multiple drugs and exhibited potential to predict the outcome of immunotherapy. We also comprehensively identified cuproptosis-related microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and transcription factors. We provided the code corresponding to the results of this study in GitHub (https://github.com/Changwuuu/Cuproptosis-pancancer.git) for reference. In summary, this study reveals important molecular and clinical characteristics of cuproptosis regulators and cuproptosis activity in tumors, and suggests the use of cuproptosis as a promising tumor therapeutic approach. This study provides an important reference point for future cuproptosis-related research.

Microcella aerolata sp. nov., isolated from electronic waste-associated bioaerosols.

A Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming and short rod-shaped actinomycete strain, designated GA224T, was isolated from electronic waste-associated bioaerosols. The optimal growth conditions for this isolate, a facultatively anaerobic bacterium, were 37 °C and pH 8.0. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was B2γ, with 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) as the diamino acids, while the major menaquinone was MK-12. The polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipids, unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified lipid. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GA224T fell within the genus Microcella. The draft genome of strain GA224T comprised 2,495,189 bp with a G + C content of 72.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain GA224T and the type strain of the type species of Microcella species were lower than 95% and 70%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic data, strain GA224T represents a novel species, for which the name Microcella aerolata sp. nov. is proposed, with GA224T as the type strain (= GDMCC 1.2165 T = JCM 34462 T).

Construction of Molecular Subtypes and Related Prognostic and Immune Response Models Based on M2 Macrophages in Glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the molecular subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) related to M2 macrophage-based prognostic genes, then to preliminarily explore their biological functions and construct immunotherapy response gene models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used R language to analyze GBM microarray data, and other tools, including xCell and CIBERSORTx, to identify subtypes of GBM that related to M2 macrophages. The process started with the exploration of biological functions of the two subtypes by pathway analyses and GSEA, and continued with a combined procedure of constructing an M2 macrophage-related prognostic gene model and exploring the immune treatment response for GBM. RESULTS: A high abundance of M2 macrophages in GBM was associated with poor prognosis. According to M2 macrophage-related prognostic genes, GBM was divided into two subtypes (cluster A and cluster B). The differential gene enrichment analysis of the two clusters showed that cluster A was less enriched in M2 macrophages and had immunopotential. The M2score, which was constructed based on M2 macrophage-related prognostic genes, was not only related to the survival and prognosis of patients with GBM, but also predictive of the effectiveness of immunotherapy in these patients. This result has been effectively verified in an external data set. CONCLUSION: GBM was successfully divided into two subtypes according to M2-macrophage-related prognostic genes. In GBM, a high M2score may indicate better clinical outcome and enhancement of the immunotherapy response.

Roseicella aerolata sp. nov., isolated from bioaerosols of electronic waste.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, spherical-shaped and facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain, designated as GB24T was isolated from bioaerosols of an E-waste dismantling site in Guiyu, Guangdong Province, South PR China. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum 37 °C), pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum 7.0), and up to 0.5 % NaCl (w/v) under aerobic conditions, GB24T was characterized taxonomically and phylogenetically. The sole isoprenoid quinone detected was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phospholipid, and one unidentified aminolipid. Carotenoid pigments were produced. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10 % of total fatty acids) were C17 : 1ω6c (51.5 %) and summed feature 8 (13.5 %, comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and draft genome grouped strain GB24T into the genus Roseicella. GB24T was most closely related to Roseicella frigidaeris DB1506T with 97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The draft genome of GB24T comprised 6 153 170 bp with a DNA G+C content of 71.5 %. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between GB24T and DB1506T were 83.2 % (Ortho ANI), 83.3 % [ANI by blast (ANIb)] and 27.0 %, respectively. Further genomic analysis of GB24T revealed the secondary metabolite clusters of terpene and phosphonate, which indicate the capacity for malleobactin (14 %) and phosphinothricin (6 %) tripeptide production. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results, GB24T represents a novel species, for which the name Roseicella aerolata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Roseicella aerolata is GB24T (= GDMCC 1.2169T = JCM 34449T).

Interplay of m6 A and histone modifications contributes to temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite the development of new treatment protocols for glioblastoma (GBM), temozolomide (TMZ) resistance remains a primary hindrance. Previous studies, including our study, have shown that aberrant N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) modification is implicated in GBM pathobiology. However, the roles and precise mechanisms of m6 A modification in the regulation of TMZ resistance in GBM remain unclear. METHODS: m6 A individual-nucleotide-resolution cross-linking and immunoprecipitation sequencing (miCLIP-seq) was performed to identify m6 A modification of transcripts in TMZ-resistant and -sensitive tumors. To explore the role of METTL3 in TMZ resistance, TMZ-resistant GBM cells were transfected with METTL3 shRNA or overexpression lentivirus and then assessed by cell viability, tumor sphere formation, and apoptosis assays. An intracranial GBM xenograft model was developed to verify the effect of METTL3 depletion during TMZ treatment in vivo. ATAC-seq, ChIP-qPCR, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were carried out to verify the role of SOX4/EZH2 in the modulation of METTL3 expression upon TMZ treatment. RESULTS: We demonstrated that TMZ treatment upregulated the expression of the m6 A methyltransferase METTL3, thereby increasing m6 A modification of histone modification-related gene transcripts. METTL3 is required to maintain the features of GBM stem cells. When combined with TMZ, METTL3 silencing suppressed orthotopic TMZ-resistant xenograft growth in a cooperative manner. Mechanistically, TMZ induced a SOX4-mediated increase in chromatin accessibility at the METTL3 locus by promoting H3K27ac levels and recruiting RNA polymerase II. Moreover, METTL3 depletion affected the deposition of m6 A on histone modification-related gene transcripts, such as EZH2, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We revealed an important role of EZH2 in the regulation of METTL3 expression, which was via an H3K27me3 modification-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings uncover the fundamental mechanisms underlying the interplay of m6 A RNA modification and histone modification in TMZ resistance and emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting the SOX4/EZH2/METTL3 axis in the treatment of TMZ-resistant GBM.

Novel Molecular Hallmarks of Group 3 Medulloblastoma by Single-Cell Transcriptomics.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly heterogeneous and one of the most malignant pediatric brain tumors, comprising four subgroups: Sonic Hedgehog, Wingless, Group 3, and Group 4. Group 3 MB has the worst prognosis of all MBs. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving the maintenance of malignancy are poorly understood. Here, we employed high-throughput single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing to identify novel molecular features of Group 3 MB, and found that a specific cell cluster displayed a highly malignant phenotype. Then, we identified the glutamate receptor metabotropic 8 (GRM8), and AP-1 complex subunit sigma-2 (AP1S2) genes as two critical markers of Group 3 MB, corresponding to its poor prognosis. Information on 33 clinical cases was further utilized for validation. Meanwhile, a global map of the molecular cascade downstream of the MYC oncogene in Group 3 MB was also delineated using single-cell RNA sequencing. Our data yields new insights into Group 3 MB molecular characteristics and provides novel therapeutic targets for this relentless disease.

Insight Into Microbial Community Aerosols Associated With Electronic Waste Handling Facilities by Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods.

Airborne microorganisms in the waste associated environments are more active and complex compared to other places. However, the diversity and structure of airborne bacteria in waste-associated environments are still not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to assess airborne bacterial community in electronic waste dismantling site and a waste transfer station based on culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 229 isolates were obtained from four airborne sites collected from residential area, electronic industrial park, and office area in or near an electronic waste dismantling site and a waste transfer station in Southern China in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Most of the isolates were isolated from air for the first time and 14 potentially novel species were identified by Sanger sequencing. Bacterial communities in waste-associated bioaerosols were predominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Abundant genera (>1%) included Paracaedibacteraceae (uncultured EF667926), Ralstonia, Chroococcidiopsis, Chitinophagaceae (uncultured FN428761), Sphingobium, and Heliimonas. One-third of the species in these genera were uncultured approximately. Differences community structure existed in airborne bacterial diversity among different sampling sites. These results showed that waste-associated environments have unique bacterial diversity. Further studies on such environments could provide new insights into bacterial community.

Brain-invasive meningiomas: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic options.

Meningiomas are the most commonly diagnosed benign intracranial adult tumors. Subsets of meningiomas that present with extensive invasion into surrounding brain areas have high recurrence rates, resulting in difficulties for complete resection, substantially increased mortality of patients, and are therapeutically challenging for neurosurgeons. Exciting new data have provided insights into the understanding of the molecular machinery of invasion. Moreover, clinical trials for several novel approaches have been launched. Here, we will highlight the mechanisms which govern brain invasion and new promising therapeutic approaches for brain-invasive meningiomas, including pharmacological approaches targeting three major aspects of tumor cell invasion: extracellular matrix degradation, cell adhesion, and growth factors, as well as other innovative treatments such as immunotherapy, hormone therapy, Tumor Treating Fields, and biodegradable copolymers (wafers), impregnated chemotherapy. Those ongoing studies can offer more diversified possibilities of potential treatments for brain-invasive meningiomas, and help to increase the survival benefits for patients.

RNA N6-Methyladenosine Regulator-Mediated Methylation Modifications Pattern and Immune Infiltration Features in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a group of intracranial neoplasms with intra-tumoral heterogeneity. RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification reportedly plays roles in immune response. The relationship between the m6A modification pattern and immune cell infiltration in GBM remains unknown. Utilizing expression data of GBM patients, we thoroughly explored the potential m6A modification pattern and m6A-related signatures based on 21 regulators. Thereafter, the m6A methylation modification-based prognostic assessment pipeline (MPAP) was constructed to quantitatively assess GBM patients' clinical prognosis combining the Robustness and LASSO regression. Single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to estimate the specific immune cell infiltration level. We identified two diverse clusters with diverse m6A modification characteristics. Based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within two clusters, m6A-related signatures were identified to establish the MPAP, which can be used to quantitatively forecast the prognosis of GBM patients. In addition, the relationship between 21 m6A regulators and specific immune cell infiltration was demonstrated in our study and the m6A regulator ELAVL1 was determined to play an important role in the anticancer response to PD-L1 therapy. Our findings indicated the relationship between m6A methylation modification patterns and tumor microenvironment immune cell infiltration, through which we could comprehensively understand resistance to multiple therapies in GBM, as well as accomplish precise risk stratification according to m6A-related signatures.

LINC00470 promotes tumour proliferation and invasion, and attenuates chemosensitivity through the LINC00470/miR-134/Myc/ABCC1 axis in glioma.

Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumour in the brain; temozolomide (TMZ) is the most prevalent chemotherapeutic drug currently used to combat this cancer. We reported previously that the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 470 (LINC00470) is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma and promotes the tumour growth in an intracranial transplantation mouse model. However, the effects of LINC00470 on glioma cell proliferation, invasion and TMZ chemosensitivity, as well as its molecular mechanism, remain unclear. In this study, we found elevated expression levels of LINC00470 and MYC in glioma tissues and cells and decreased expression of microRNA-134 (miR-134). Functional studies have shown that LINC00470 promotes proliferation and invasion, and attenuates chemosensitivity of glioma cells, while miR-134 exerts the opposite effect. In the rescue experiments, the tumorigenic effect of LINC00470 was offset by miR-134. In the mechanism study, we found that LINC00470 was a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-134 and that miR-134 can directly target MYC and negatively regulate its expression. Furthermore, MYC was positively correlated with ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) expression in glioma cells and MYC up-regulated ABCC1 expression. Further studies found that LINC00470 regulated MYC by sponging miR-134 to regulate the expression of ABCC1. We concluded that LINC00470 promoted the expression of MYC and ABCC1 by suppressing miR-134, thus promoting glioma cell proliferation and invasion, and attenuating TMZ chemosensitivity. Moreover, the LINC00470/miR-134/MYC/ABCC1 axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target.

Bacillus aerolatus sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Bacillus, isolated from bioaerosols in a school playground.

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium with a single flagellum, and a motile strain, designated CX253, was isolated from bioaerosols. The isolate is facultatively anaerobic, is able to grow at 25-45 â„ƒ (optimum 37 â„ƒ) and pH 6.5-10.0 (optimum 7.5), and can tolerate up to 5.0% NaCl (w/v) under aerobic conditions. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall of strain CX253T is meso-diaminopimelic acid, while major isoprenoid quinone is menaquinone 6 (MK-6) along with a smaller amount of MK-7 (20%). The polar lipid profile is composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipids and glycolipids. The major cellular fatty acid is iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequence grouped strain CX253T into the genus Bacillus. The strain was most closely related to Bacillus thermotolerans CCTCC AB 2012108 T by comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence (97.2% similarity) and to Bacillus wudalianchiensis CCTCC AB 2015266 T by comparison of gyrB gene sequence (80.1% similarity). The draft genome of strain CX253T comprised 3,929,195 bp with a G + C content of 43.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CX253T and phylogenetically related Bacillus species were lower than 95% and 70%, respectively. Thus, the polyphasic evidence generated through phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic methods confirmed that strain CX253T (= GDMCC 1.1608 T = KACC 21318 T) was a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus aerolatus sp. nov. is proposed.

Surgical Management of Tentorial Notch Meningioma Guided by Further Classification: A Consecutive Study of 53 Clinical Cases.

BACKGROUND: Management of tentorial notch meningiomas (TNM) remains a challenge for neurosurgeons. We demonstrate the clinical characteristics and surgical experiences of TNM based on our cases according to a proposed further classification. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and follow-up data in a consecutive series of 53 TNM patients who underwent microsurgical operation from 2011 to 2019 in our institution. The operations were performed using various approaches. Clinical history, preoperative and postoperative neurofunction, imaging results, and surgical outcomes were collected for further classification of TNM. RESULTS: All TNM cases were divided into anterior (T1), middle (T2), and posterior notch (T3). According to the direction of tumor extension and correlation with the neurovascular structures, detailed subtypes of anterior TNMs were identified as the central (T1a), posterior (T1b), and medial type (T1c). The middle TNMs were divided into the infratentorial (T2a), supratentorial (T2b), and supra-infratentorial type (T2c). The posterior TNMs were divided into superior (T3a), inferior (T3b), lateral (T3c), and straight sinus type (T3d) in reference to Bassiouni's classification. Total removal of the tumor was achieved in 46 cases, with five cases of subtotal and two cases of partial removal without any recorded deaths in our series. In total, five subtotal resected cases underwent gamma-knife treatment and achieved stable disease. Postoperative aggravation or new onset cranial nerve dysfunction occurred in some individual cases, with incidences ranging from 3.77 to 15.10% and improved preoperative neurological deficits ranging from 0 to 100%. CONCLUSION: Further, TNM classification based on the intracranial location, extension direction, relationship with brainstem, and neurovascular structures guides preoperative evaluation, rational surgical approach selection, and surgical strategy formulation. Taking microsurgery as the main body, a satisfactory outcome of TNM treatment can be achieved for complicated tumors by combining stereotactic radiotherapy. This study demonstrates the surgical outcomes and complications in detail. Further classification might be helpful for treatment decisions in the future.

Current Advances and Future Perspectives of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biopsy in Midline Brain Malignancies.

OPINION STATEMENT: Malignancies arising in midline brain structures, including lymphomas, teratomas, germinomas, diffuse midline gliomas, and medulloblastomas typically respond to systemic therapies, and excessive surgical excision can result in serious complications, so that total surgical removal is not routinely performed. Identifying tumor specific biomarkers that can facilitate diagnosis at early stage and allow for dynamic surveillance of the tumor is of great clinical importance. However, existing standard methods for biopsy of these brain neoplasms are high risk, time consuming, and costly. Thus, less invasive and more rapid diagnosis tests are urgently needed to detect midline brain malignancies. Currently, tools for cerebrospinal biopsy of midline brain malignancies mainly include circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. Circulating tumor DNA achieved minimally invasive biopsy in several brain malignancies and has advantages in detecting tumor-specific mutations. In the field of tumor heterogeneity, circulating tumor cells better reflect the genome of tumors than surgical biopsy specimens. They can be applied for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis. Extracellular vesicles contain lots of genetic information about cancer cells, so they have potential in finding therapeutic targets and studying tumor invasion and metastasis.

Overexpression of the phospholipase A2 group V gene in glioma tumors is associated with poor patient prognosis.

Purpose: Gliomas are the most common primary malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system. Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are known to play an important role in various physiological processes, including bioactive lipid production, defense mechanisms, and cell signaling. However, their roles and clinical importance in gliomas remain unclear. Patients and methods: In this study, we analyzed the association between the expression of various sPLA2-encoding genes and the clinicopathology of gliomas, using the data of 1047 patients obtained from a public database. Immunohistochemical analysis of 82 glioma tissues was also carried out to assess the relationship between phospholipase A2 group V (PLA2G5) protein expression and the World Health Organization (WHO) glioma grades. Results: We found that high PLA2G5 gene expression was associated with unfavorable prognosis in both low-grade and high-grade gliomas. The immunohistochemistry of the 82 glioma tissues further confirmed that PLA2G5 protein expression was dependent on the WHO glioma grade. In addition, we found a correlation between PLA2G5 gene expression and both epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation status in these tumors. Conclusion: Our results indicate that PLA2G5 could be a potential biomarker for predicting poor prognosis in patients with gliomas.

Emission behaviours of novel V- and X-shaped fluorophores in response to pH and force stimuli.

A family of novel fluorophores with V- and X-shaped skeletons is rationally designed and prepared. Due to the extended cross π-conjugation in the X-shaped ones, their emission wavelengths in both solution and the solid state exhibit considerable bathochromic shifts compared with those of the V-shaped ones. It is found that a heavy intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect is the primary element for the mechanofluorochromic (MFC) response of this family, and an appropriate crystallinity of the sample is also indispensible for it to be MFC-active. Additionally, most fluorophores in this family are responsive to pH stimuli and display diverse and reversible changes of emission features. Interestingly, a V-shaped fluorophore exhibits a unique size-dependent emission behaviour, which makes it a distinctive three-color emitter.