Protease inhibitor from Libidibia ferrea seeds attenuates inflammatory and nociceptive responses in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex. Tul.) L.P. Queiroz is a Brazilian native tree locally known as jucá and pau-ferro, and it has been used in folk medicine for relieving, asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, rheumatism, enterocolitis and fever. The anti-inflammatory properties of L. ferrea were confirmed for its stem, fruit, leaves, bark and seeds extracts, however little is known about the natural compounds that may be associated with that response. AIM OF THIS STUDY: In a normal physiological condition, many enzymes play an important role in catalyzing biological functions. Among them, proteases are of great interest. Although they take part of many biological systems, as the inflammatory process, when deregulated, proteases may cause system malfunctions, such as under- or overproduction of cytokines, or immune cells activation. Thus, protease inhibitors prevent these immune responses by regulating proteases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive response of a protease inhibitor purified from L. ferrea seeds (LfTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro (5, 50 and 250 µg/mL of LfTI) and in vivo (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg of LfTI) assays were performed. Male Swiss mice weighing 18-25 g were used for cell harvesting and for the in vivo assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed in vitro by macrophage cytotoxicity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and cell adhesion assays; and in vivo by leukocyte recruitment, nitric oxide (NO) production, vascular permeability, paw edema and mast cell degranulation assays. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated through abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid and formalin sensitization. RESULTS: Our results showed that, in vitro, LfTI is not cytotoxic. Also, LfTI (50 µg/mL) inhibited macrophage H2O2 production (48.2%), and adhesion (48.4%). LfTI (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg) decreased polymorphonuclear cell recruitment dose-dependently, and it inhibited NO production (53%), vascular permeability (40.7%) and paw edema at 3 mg/kg at different time, but it did not inhibit mast cell degranulation. Besides, LfTI did not inhibit either the number of writhing or the licking time in the formalin test in the second phase (inflammatory). However, LfTI (3 mg/kg) inhibited licking time at the first phase (neurogenic) in the formalin sensitization (46.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that LfTI has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive (neurogenic pain) effects, and these effects might be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory proteases and/or protease-activated receptors activation hindering.

Improving the understanding of plasma kallikrein contribution to arterial thrombus formation using two plant protease inhibitors.

The purpose of antithrombotic therapy is the prevention of thrombus formation and/or its extension with a minimum risk of bleeding. The inhibition of a variety of proteolytic processes, particularly those of the coagulation cascade, has been reported as a property of plant protease inhibitors. The role of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) from Delonix regia (Dr) and Acacia schweinfurthii (As), members of the Kunitz family of protease inhibitors, was investigated on blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation. Different from Acacia schweinfurthii trypsin inhibitor (AsTI), Delonix regia trypsin inhibitor (DrTI) is a potent inhibitor of FXIa with a Kiapp of 1.3 × 10-9 M. In vitro, both inhibitors at 100 µg corresponding to the concentrations of 21 µM and 15.4 µM of DrTI and AsTI, respectively, increased approximately 2.0 times the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in human plasma compared to the control, likely due to the inhibition of human plasma kallikrein (huPK) or activated factor XI (FXIa), in the case of DrTI. Investigating in vivo models of arterial thrombus formation and bleeding time, DrTI and AsTI, 1.3 µM and 0.96 µM, respectively, prolonged approximately 50% the time for total carotid artery occlusion in mice compared to the control. In contrast to heparin, the bleeding time in mice treated with the two inhibitors did not differ from that of the control group. DrTI and AsTI inhibited 49.3% and 63.8%, respectively, ex vivo murine platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), indicating that these protein inhibitors prevent arterial thrombus formation possibly by interfering with the plasma kallikrein (PK) proteolytic action on the intrinsic coagulation pathway and its ability to enhance the platelet aggregation activity on the intravascular compartment leading to the improvement of a thrombus.

Prospeção de inibidores de serinoproteinases em folhas de leguminosas arbóreas da floresta Amazônica / Prospecting serine proteinase inhibitors in leaves from leguminous trees of the Amazon forest

Os inibidores de proteinases são proteínas extensivamente investigadas nos tecidos de estocagem, mas pouco prospectadas em outros tecidos vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de inibidores de serinoproteinases em extratos foliares de quinze espécies de leguminosas arbóreas da Amazônia. As espécies estudadas foram: Caesalpinia echinata, C. ferrea, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Copaifera multijuga, Dinizia excelsa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. maximum, E. schomburgkii, Leucaena leucocephala, Ormosia paraensis, Parkia multijuga, P. pendula, P. platycephala, Swartzia corrugata e S. polyphylla. Folhas foram coletadas, secas a 30ºC durante 48 h, trituradas e submetidas à extração com NaCl (0,15 M, 10 por cento p/v) resultando no extrato total. Ensaios foram executados para determinar a concentração de proteínas e detectar a atividade inibitória contra a tripsina e quimotripsina bovina. Os teores de proteínas bruta e solúvel nos extratos foliares variaram de 7,9 a 31,2 por cento e 1,3 a 14,8 por cento, respectivamente. A atividade inibitória sobre a tripsina e quimotripsina foi observada em todos os extratos foliares. Contudo, nos extratos de E. maximum, L. leucocephala, P. pendula, S. corrugata e S. polyphylla a inibição foi maior sobre a tripsina, enquanto o extrato de P. multijuga foi mais efetivo contra a quimotripsina. Nós concluímos que nos extratos foliares de leguminosas arbóreas têm inibidores de serinoproteinases e exibem potencial aplicações biotecnológicas.

The proteinase inhibitors are proteins extensively investigated in tissue storage, but few prospected in other plant tissues. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of serine proteinase inhibitors in leaf extracts from fifteen species of leguminous trees of the Amazon forest. The species studied were Caesalpinia echinata, C. ferrea, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Copaifera multijuga, Dinizia excelsa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. maximum, E. schomburgkii, Leucaena leucocephala, Ormosia paraensis, Parkia multijuga, P. pendula, P. platycephala, Swartzia corrugata and S. polyphylla. Leaves were collected, dried at 30ºC for 48 h, crushed and subjected to extraction with NaCl (0.15 M, 10 percent w/v), resulting in the total extract. Tests were performed to determine the concentration of proteins and to detect of inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. The content of crude and soluble protein in leaf extracts varied from 7.9 to 31.2 percent and 1.3 to 14.8 percent, respectively. The inhibitory activity on trypsin and chymotrypsin was observed in all leaf extracts. However, in extracts of E. maximum, L. leucocephala, P. pendula, S. corrugata and S. polyphylla, the inhibition was greater on trypsin, while extract of P. multijuga was more effective against chymotrypsin. We conclude that leaf extracts of leguminous trees have serine proteinase inhibitors and show potential biotecnological applications.

Detecção de inibidores de tripsina e atividade hemaglutinante em sementes de leguminosas arbóreas da amazônia / Detection of trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinating activity in tree leguminous seeds of amazonian

Diferentes classes de proteínas são comuns em sementes de leguminosas, incluindo inibidores de tripsina e proteínas hemaglutinantes, as quais atuam sobre enzimas proteolíticas e sobre carboidratos da superfície celular, respectivamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar, detectar e caracterizar parcialmente a ocorrência dessas proteínas em sementes de Tachigali plumbea, Sesbania exasperata e Ormosia costulata var. trifoliolata. Sementes das três espécies foram moídas e submetidas à extração salina (NaCl 0,15M - 10%, p/v). Os extratos totais obtidos foram utilizados para quantificar o conteúdo protéico, detectar a atividade residual da tripsina, a atividade hemaglutinante (AHE) e na obtenção do perfil protéico. A atividade residual da tripsina foi observada somente para T. plumbea e S. exasperata, cujos valores foram 4 e 19%, respectivamente. A AHE foi detectada nos extratos das três espécies, sendo que os extratos totais de T. plumbea e S. exasperata, hemaglutinaram eritrócitos de rato, camundongo e hamster, enquanto que a espécie O. costulata hemaglutinou somente eritrócitos de hamster. O perfil protéico em SDS-PAGE revelou maior ocorrência de proteínas com massa molecular aparente de 10 a 30 kDa para T. plumbea e S. exasperata, enquanto que para O. costulata prevaleceram bandas protéicas com massa molecular variando entre 20-25 kDa. Conclui-se que os extratos totais de O. costulata e S. exasperata, pertencentes à subfamília Papilionoideae, apresentam menor conteúdo de inibidores de tripsina que T. plumbea (Caesalpinioideae) e, quanto à AHE, os resultados mostraram-se diferenciados, mesmo entre as espécies da mesma subfamília, tanto para a concentração mínima hemaglutinante quanto para a especificidade de interação com os eritrócitos.

Different classes of proteins are common in Leguminosae seeds, including trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinin proteins, which act on proteolytic enzymes and cell-surface carbohydrates, respectively. The aim of this work was to quantify, to detect and characterize partially these proteins in seeds of Tachigali plumbea, Sesbania exasperata and Ormosia costulata var. trifoliata. Seeds of the three species were powdered and submitted to an extraction with a saline solution (NaCl 0.15M - 10%, p/v). The resulting total extracts were used to quantify proteins content, detect the residual trypsin activity, hemagglutinating activity (AHE) and the proteic profile. Residual trypsin activity was observed only for T. plumbea and S. exasperata, which values were 4 and 19% respectively. AHE was detected in extracts of all three species, total extracts of T. plumbea and S. exasperata hemagglutinated erythrocytes of rats, mice and hamsters, whereas O. costulata had this effect only on hamster erythrocytes. The proteic profile obtained by SDS-PAGE showed that T. plumbea and S. exasperata have a higher content of protein with an apparent molecular mass of 10 - 30 kDa, while O. costulata predominantly contains proteic bands with molecular masses varying between 20 to 25 kDa. It is concluded that total extracts of O. costulata and S. exasperata, species of the subfamily Papilionoideae, present less trypsin inhibitors than T. plumbea (Caesalpinioideae). AHE, both in form of minimum hemagglutinin concentration and the specified interaction with erythrocytes, differed even among species from the same subfamily.