Early detection of breast cancer through the diagnosis of Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF).

The development of breast cancer has been mainly reported in women who have reached the post-menopausal stage; therefore, it is the primary factor responsible for death amongst postmenopausal women. However, if treated on time it has shown a survival rate of 20 years in about two-thirds of women. Cases of breast cancer have also been reported in younger women and the leading cause in them is their lifestyle pattern or they may be carriers of high penetrance mutated genes. Premenopausal women who have breast cancer have been diagnosed with aggressive build-up of tumors and are therefore at more risk of loss of life. Mammography is an effective way to test for breast cancer in women after menopause but is not so effective for premenopausal women or younger females. Imaging techniques like contrast-enhanced MRI can up to some extent indicate the presence of a tumor but it cannot adequately differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Although the 'omics' strategies continuing for the last 20 years have been helpful at the molecular level in enabling the characteristics and proper understanding of such tumors over long-term longitudinal monitoring. Classification, diagnosis, and prediction of the outcomes have been made through tissue and serum biomarkers but these also fail to diagnose the disease at an early stage. Considerably there is no adequate detection technique present globally that can help early detection and provide adequate specificity, safety, sensitivity, and convenience for the younger and premenopausal women, thereby it becomes necessary to take early measures and build efficient tools and techniques for the same. Through biopsies of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) biomarker profiling can be performed. It is a naturally secreted fluid from the cells of epithelium found in the breast. Nowadays, home-based liquid biopsy collection kits are also available through which a routine check on breast health can be performed with the help of NAF. Herein, we will review the biomarker screening liquid biopsy, and the new emerging technologies for the examination of cancer at an early stage, especially in premenopausal women.

Extensive Drug Resistant Acinetobacter Species Isolates in Sputum Sample of Patient Admitted in Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing antibiotic resistance has created a global public health threat worldwide. Acinetobacter species is one of the important pathogenic organisms in the hospital setting due to its ability to persist in the hospital environment for long. Its resistance to commonly used antibiotics can prolong hospital stay, increase financial burden, and increase morbidity and mortality. This study aims to find the prevalence of extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter species in the sputum sample of Intensive Care Unit patients admitted in a tertiary care center. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center among the hospital records from May 2017 to May 2021, after ethical approval (Reference number: 2104202101). All the Intensive Care Unit patients with isolated acinetobacter species in their sputum samples within the past four years were collected and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 was used for analysis. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS: Of the total 409, 196 (47.9%) (95% Confidence Interval= 43.06-52.74) of Acinetobacter species in the sputum sample had extensive drug resistance. Of these, 193 (98.5%) and 1 (0.5%) of the extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter species were resistant to carbapenem and polymyxin respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of extensive drug resistant acinetobacter was found higher compared to other studies.

Pneumonia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Admitted to Nephrology Department of a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Kidney Disease is an independent risk factor for pneumonia. The risk of hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit and ventilator requirement, in-hospital death is high in pneumonia patients with chronic kidney disease. This study aims to find the prevalence of pneumonia in patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to nephrology department of a tertiary care center. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all the hospital records of pneumonia patients with Chronic Kidney Disease admitted to the Nephrology department between April 2019 and April 2021. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of same institute (Reference number: 0505202106). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 was used for analysis. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS: Of the total 407 patients with Chronic Kidney Disease, 78 (19.1%) (95% Confidence Interval= 15.28-22.92) had pneumonia. Among the 78 pneumonia patients, 17 (21.8%) were Stage 3, 13 (16.7%) Stage 4 and 48 (61.5%) Stage 5 of chronic kidney disease. Forty Seven (60.3%) required Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 19 (24.4%) required ventilator and 22 (28.2%) of the patient expired in hospital. The most commonly isolated organisms were Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 which was 13 (16.6%) followed by Strepotococcus pneumoniae which was 8 (10.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pneumonia in Chronic Kidney Disease was observed higher in our study compared to other studies.