Genetic Evidence of the Association of DEAH-Box Helicase 37 Defects With 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis Spectrum.

CONTEXT: 46,XY Gonadal dysgenesis (GD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders with a wide phenotypic spectrum, including embryonic testicular regression syndrome (ETRS). OBJECTIVE: To report a gene for 46,XY GD etiology, especially for ETRS. DESIGN: Screening of familial cases of 46,XY GD using whole-exome sequencing and sporadic cases by target gene-panel sequencing. SETTING: Tertiary Referral Center for differences/disorders of sex development (DSD). PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: We selected 87 patients with 46,XY DSD (17 familial cases from 8 unrelated families and 70 sporadic cases); 55 patients had GD (among them, 10 patients from 5 families and 8 sporadic cases had ETRS), and 32 patients had 46,XY DSD of unknown etiology. RESULTS: We identified four heterozygous missense rare variants, classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic in the Asp-Glu-Ala-His-box (DHX) helicase 37 (DHX37) gene in five families (n = 11 patients) and in six sporadic cases. Two variants were recurrent: p.Arg308Gln (in two families and in three sporadic cases) and p.Arg674Trp (in two families and in two sporadic cases). The variants were specifically associated with ETRS (7/14 index cases; 50%). The frequency of rare, predicted-to-be-deleterious DHX37 variants in this cohort (14%) is significantly higher than that observed in the Genome Aggregation Database (0.4%; P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry analysis in human testis showed that DHX37 is mainly expressed in germ cells at different stages of testis maturation, in Leydig cells, and rarely in Sertoli cells. CONCLUSION: This strong genetic evidence identifies DHX37 as a player in the complex cascade of male gonadal differentiation and maintenance.

Niveles de cortisol en la saliva y séricos en recién nacidos / Salivary and serum cortisol levels in newborn infants

Introducción. Dada la dificultad en la interpretación de los valores de cortisol sérico en recién nacidos (RN), el objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar los niveles basales de cortisol en el suero y la saliva, y describir las concentraciones de cortisol salival durante el primer mes de vida. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal y de correlación. Se seleccionaron RN de término del Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas en 2014. En la saliva, se determinó cortisol; en la sangre, cortisol, globulina tansportadora de cortisol y albúmina. Se utilizó la correlación lineal para relacionar cortisol sérico y salival; el test de Friedman para comparar el cortisol durante el primer mes de vida y la diferencia para analizar el comportamiento de valores iguales o inferiores al primer cuartil. Resultados. Se evaluaron 55 RN. Cortisol sérico: 7,65 (1,0-18,1 gg/dl); cortisol salival: 35,88 (5,52107,64 nmol/L); globulina transportadora de cortisol: 22,07 (16,5-33,0 gg/µL), expresados como mediana y rango. El coeficiente de correlación entre el cortisol sérico y salival fue de 0,54; P= 0,001. El comportamiento del cortisol durante el primer mes de vida no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas y la diferencia entre la segunda y la primera muestra de valores iguales o inferiores al primer cuartil aumentó en 10 de 12 pacientes. Conclusión. La determinación de cortisol en la saliva refleja la concentración de cortisol sérico en RN normales. Algunos pacientes presentaron niveles bajos de cortisol a las 36 h de vida y mostraron una tendencia a incrementarse espontáneamente durante el primer mes de vida.

Introduction. Given that serum cortisol level interpretation in newborn infants (NBIs) is hard, the objective of this study was to correlate baseline salivary and serum cortisol levels and to describe salivary cortisol levels in the first month of life. Population and Methods. Descriptive, prospective, longitudinal, and correlational study. Term NBIs were selected from the Division of Neonatology of Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas in 2014. Cortisol was measured in saliva specimens while cortisol, cortisol-binding globulin, and albumin were measured in blood specimens. A linear correlation was performed to relate serum and salivary cortisol levels; Friedman test was conducted to compare cortisol levels during the first month of life, and the difference was used to analyze the performance of values equal to or lower than the first quartile. Results. Fifty-five NBIs were studied. Serum cortisol: 7.65 (1.0-18.1 gg/dL); salivary cortisol: 35.88 (5.52-107.64 mmol/L); cortisol-binding globulin: 22.07 (16.5-33.0 gg/µL), expressed as median and range. The correlation coefficient between serum and salivary cortisol was 0.54, P = 0.001. Cortisol performance during the first month of life showed no statistically significant differences, and the difference between the second and the first specimen of values equal to or lower than the first quartile increased in 10 out of 12 patients. Conclusion. The measurement of cortisol in saliva reflects serum cortisol levels in normal NBIs. Some patients had low levels of cortisol at 36 hours of life and showed a trend towards a spontaneous increase during the first month of life.

Salivary and serum cortisol levels in newborn infants. / Niveles de cortisol en la saliva y séricos en recién nacidos.

INTRODUCTION: Given that serum cortisol level interpretation in newborn infants (NBIs) is hard, the objective of this study was to correlate baseline salivary and serum cortisol levels and to describe salivary cortisol levels in the first month of life. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, longitudinal, and correlational study. Term NBIs were selected from the Division of Neonatology of Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas in 2014. Cortisol was measured in saliva specimens while cortisol, cortisol-binding globulin, and albumin were measured in blood specimens. A linear correlation was performed to relate serum and salivary cortisol levels; Friedman test was conducted to compare cortisol levels during the first month of life, and the difference was used to analyze the performance of values equal to or lower than the first quartile. RESULTS: Fifty-five NBIs were studied. Serum cortisol: 7.65 (1.0-18.1 gg/dL); salivary cortisol: 35.88 (5.52-107.64 mmol/L); cortisol-binding globulin: 22.07 (16.5-33.0 gg/mL), expressed as median and range. The correlation coefficient between serum and salivary cortisol was 0.54, P = 0.001. Cortisol performance during the first month of life showed no statistically significant differences, and the difference between the second and the first specimen of values equal to or lower than the first quartile increased in 10 out of 12 patients. CONCLUSION: The measurement of cortisol in saliva reflects serum cortisol levels in normal NBIs. Some patients had low levels of cortisol at 36 hours of life and showed a trend towards a spontaneous increase during the first month of life.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Dada la dificultad en la interpretación de los valores de cortisol sérico en recién nacidos (RN), el objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar los niveles basales de cortisol en el suero y la saliva, y describir las concentraciones de cortisol salival durante el primer mes de vida. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal y de correlación. Se seleccionaron RN de término del Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas en 2014. En la saliva, se determinó cortisol; en la sangre, cortisol, globulina tansportadora de cortisol y albúmina. Se utilizó la correlación lineal para relacionar cortisol sérico y salival; el test de Friedman para comparar el cortisol durante el primer mes de vida y la diferencia para analizar el comportamiento de valores iguales o inferiores al primer cuartil. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 55 RN. Cortisol sérico: 7,65 (1,0-18,1 gg/dl); cortisol salival: 35,88 (5,52107,64 nmol/L); globulina transportadora de cortisol: 22,07 (16,5-33,0 gg/ml), expresados como mediana y rango. El coeficiente de correlación entre el cortisol sérico y salival fue de 0,54; P= 0,001. El comportamiento del cortisol durante el primer mes de vida no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas y la diferencia entre la segunda y la primera muestra de valores iguales o inferiores al primer cuartil aumentó en 10 de 12 pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: La determinación de cortisol en la saliva refleja la concentración de cortisol sérico en RN normales. Algunos pacientes presentaron niveles bajos de cortisol a las 36 h de vida y mostraron una tendencia a incrementarse espontáneamente durante el primer mes de vida.

The C105fs114X is the prevalent thyrotropin beta-subunit gene mutation in Argentinean patients with congenital central hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Congenital isolated thyrotropin (TSH) deficiency is an unusual condition characterized by low levels of thyroid hormones and TSH, usually presenting early typical signs of severe hypothyroidism. Five different beta-TSH mutations have been described so far. While 4 of them affect only consanguineous families, a frameshift mutation in exon 3 (C105fs114X) has been found also in nonconsanguineous families. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to characterize beta-TSH mutations in Argentinean patients with congenital central hypothyroidism (CCH) and to emphasize the importance of early biochemical and molecular diagnosis of this disorder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated 8 Argentinean children (3 boys, 5 girls) from 7 unrelated families with CCH based upon low levels of T(4) and T(3), and low basal and stimulated TSH levels. Mutation characterizations for the beta-TSH gene were performed by PCR amplification followed by sequence and restriction enzyme analysis with SNABI in the patients, 9 parents and in 100 newborn children. RESULTS: All patients presented the same homozygous mutation in exon 3 of the beta-TSH gene (C105fs114X), the 9 studied parents were heterozygous for the same mutation and 1 carrier was found in the 100 studied newborns. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the C105fs114X mutation is prevalent in our population and may constitute a hot spot at codon 105 in the beta-TSH gene. Since this mutation is easily demonstrable by a SNABI digestion in DNA amplified from dried blood spots, its investigation would be indicated in patients in our milieu with clinical and biochemical features of CCH, allowing early L-thyroxine (LT(4)) replacement and genetic counseling of the family.