Water Management Interventions, Organic Fertilization, and Harvest Time in Dry Land in the Biosaline Production of Cactus Pear.

Brackish water can promote physicochemical changes in the soil. Aiming to mitigate the effect of excess salts in the soil, the use of organic matter promotes restructuring. The aim was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear under different brackish water depths (ID) and levels of organic matter (OM). A factorial arrangement of 4 × 4 × 4 with four replications was utilized. Plots consisted of ID (0, 12, 20, and 28% reference evapotranspiration-ETo), and subplots were composed of OM levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) and days after planting (DAP; 180, 270, 360, and 450 days). The growth, yield, and chemical composition of cactus pear were affected by ID and OM and/or by their interaction. The regular and increasing application of ID from 192 to 456 mm/year and a rainfall of 110 mm/year in cactus pear crops in biosaline systems improves the growth, freshness, dry matter yields, accumulation capacity per unit area, and chemical composition of cactus pear. The increase in OM up to the range from 30 to 45 Mg/ha linearly increases the agronomic performance of cactus pear. Biosaline systems with cactus pear should be adopted with the combined use of regular supplementary ID and OM, measuring at 304 mm/year and 45 Mg/ha, respectively.

By-Products of the Babassu Agribusiness for Ruminant Diets.

The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

Nutritional strategies, performance, digestibility, and carcass traits of Santa Ines and Rabo Largo breeds in a tropical climate.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, carcass traits, and the yield of commercial cuts of Santa Ines (SI) and Rabo Largo (RL) breeds fed diets with high or low roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C) under a tropical climate. Twenty lambs from each breed were individually housed in covered pens and fed the experimental diets for 58 days. The diets were formulated to meet the growth requirements of lambs with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 and 30:70. Significant interactions of breed × diet for nutrient intake were observed (P < 0.05), with SI lambs fed low R:C diet showing higher intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates compared to RL lambs fed the same diet. SI lambs fed high R:C diet had higher intake of neutral detergent fiber than RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI lambs displayed better average daily gain and feed efficiency, regardless of diet (P < 0.05). Carcass traits and gastrointestinal components were influenced by breed and diet (P < 0.05). SI lambs fed low R:C diet showed higher subcutaneous fat thickness and better carcass finishing compared to RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI breed lambs exhibited better growth performance, carcass traits, and gastrointestinal characteristics, even when fed diets with a high roughage-to-concentrate ratio.

Rumen fermentation and metabolic profile of rams fed with diets amended cottonseed cake.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg-1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg-1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL-1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL-1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen without affecting the animal's health.

Fermentative profile, losses and chemical composition of silage soybean genotypes amended with sugarcane levels.

The experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentative and nutritional profile of the silage of four soybean plant genotypes (BRS 333 RR, Pampeanas: C50, C60, and C70) ensiled with levels of sugarcane (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 4 × 5 (four soybean genotypes and five levels of sugarcane inclusion) with four replicates. Silages with 100% soybean plant presented the highest levels of butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammoniacal nitrogen (P < 0.047); however, the intermediate addition of sugarcane contributed to lactic fermentation (P < 0.001). Besides, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the recovery of dry matter, which ranged from 83.28 to 95.29%, with higher values observed for silage with the same proportions of soybean plant and sugarcane. It was verified that the crude protein content exhibited decreasing linear effects (P < 0.001), varying among 4.60 to 7.48% in the silages. It was concluded that the highest recovery of dry matter, the best fermentation profile, and the highest levels of crude protein and digestibility occurred in the inclusion between 25 and 50% of sugarcane in soybean silage, with the superiority of the C50 soybean genotype.

Effects of the dietary inclusion of babassu oil or buriti oil on lamb performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition.

The effects of adding babassu oil (BAO) or buriti oil (BUO) to lamb diets, on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Feeding BAO reduced (P = .02) dry matter intake, kidney fat and dressing percentage, but did not change energy intake and performance. Meat pH, color, protein content and sensorial evaluation were not affected by diet. However, BUO increased (P = .02) intramuscular and subcutaneous fat contents, but decreased shear force. BAO increased (P < .05) trans-monounsaturated FA, total biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) and the t10:t11 ratio, in meat and subcutaneous fat, but decreased total FA and cis-monounsaturated FA, did not change SFA, and increased (P = .04) PUFA in meat. BUO supplementation promoted the highest (P < .05) SFA and total FA content in subcutaneous fat but did not change PUFA. BAO can be used as an alternative energy source for growing lambs, but does not improve the meat FA composition.

Intake, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, and Ruminal Constituents of Crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês Sheep Fed Diets with Babassu Mesocarp Flour.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal constituents of sheep in response to the addition of increasing levels of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) to the diet. Twenty crossbred sheep (29.17 ± 2.23 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were confined for 21 days, with 16 days for diet adaptation and 5 days for data collection, in which they were fed an isonitrogenous diet (16.5 ± 0.2 CP, DM basis) containing 70% of concentrate and 30% (DM basis) of Tifton 85 hay. Increasing levels of BMF were 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM basis). There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the DM intake, nutrients intake, and digestibility of CP and NFC. The digestibility of DM, OM, TC, and NDF decreased linearly, while EE digestibility increased linearly with increasing levels of BMF. The high NDF content presented in the chemical composition of the babassu mesocarp flour ranked the same as fibrous food, which can limit the inclusion in the diet of high production animals. So, babassu mesocarp flour is an alternative for energy source in lambs feed and can be added at levels up to 10%.

Desempenho produtivo de cabritos alimentados com glicerina bruta / Productive performance of goat kids fed of crude glycerin

Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo de cabritos mestiços terminados em confinamento, alimentados com dietas contendo glicerina bruta (0, 4, 8 e 12% na MS). Vinte cabritos mestiços foram utilizados em blocos completos, casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, para determinação do ganho médio diário (GMD), consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE) e comportamento ingestivo. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados quatro caprinos alocados em delineamento em quadrado latino, para determinação da digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE). A adição de glicerina bruta não interferiu (P>0,05) no GMD e no CMS e demais nutrientes. O tempo de ingestão aumentou com o incremento de glicerina bruta nas dietas. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o tempo gasto na ruminação e digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN, contudo, houve efeito quadrático para a digestibilidade do EE. Recomenda-se a inclusão em até 12% de glicerina bruta para cabritos em terminação, em situações de oscilação do preço do milho, sem alteração nos parâmetros produtivos avaliados.

This study was conducted to evaluate the productive performance of crossbred goats finished in feedlots fed diets containing increasing levels of crude glycerin (0, 4, 8 and 12%, DM basis). Twenty crossbred goat kids were used in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications to determine average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients (CP, NDF, EE) and ingestive behavior. For digestibility trial, four castrated male goats were used in a Latin Square Design to determine the DM and nutrients digestibility. Crude glycerin did not affect (P>0.05) the ADG, DMI and nutrients intake. Eating time increased linearly (P<0.05) with crude glycerin addition. Rumination time and dry matter and nutrients digestibility were unaffected by crude glycerin addition. However was a quadratic effect (P<0.05) to EE digestibility. It is recommended adding up to 12% crude glycerin to finishing kids, in situations of high price of corn, without changes in production parameters evaluated.

Valor nutritivo do feno de folíolos de pindoba de babaçu submetido a tratamentos alcalinos / Nutritive value of leaflets pindoba babassu hay subjected to alkaline treatments

Avaliou-se o efeito de tratamentos alcalinos por amonização com ureia a 2, 4 e 6% e por NaOH ou Ca(OH)2 a 1, 2 e 3% sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de folíolos de pindoba de babaçu quanto à composição e degradabilidade ruminal in situ nos tempos 6, 24 e 72h. Houve redução (P<0,05) nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro e em detergente ácido corrigidas para cinza e proteína (FDNcp e FDAcp) e nas frações hemicelulose e lignina quando dos tratamentos alcalinos, verificando-se ainda aumento (P<0,05) nos teores de proteína bruta (PB) e redução no N insolúvel quando da amonização. A degradação potencial (DP) da matéria seca (MS) e FDN do feno mostrou-se baixa, embora a amonização com 4% de ureia tenha elevado a degradação potencial e efetiva da PB, o que se atribui à intensa lignificação da parede celular, com limitação à utilização como volumoso em dietas para ruminantes. A amonização e o tratamento com 3% de Ca(OH)2 melhoram a degradação da MS e FDN, com destaque para a amonização com 4% de ureia, no entanto, os valores obtidos, 35,9 e 27,04%, respectivamente, são considerados baixos.

It was evaluated the effect of alkaline treatments by ammoniation with urea at 2, 4 and 6% NaOH or Ca(OH)2 and at 1, 2 and 3% on the nutritional value of the hay leaflets pindoba babassu chemical composition and degradability in situ at times 6, 24 and 72 hours. There was a reduction (P<0.05) in the contents of fiber (NDFap and ADFap) and in the hemicellulose and lignin fractions when alkaline treatments, verifying also increased (P<0.05) in contents of crude protein (CP) and reduction in insoluble N when ammoniation. The degradation potential (DP) of DM and NDF of hay in general were low, although the ammoniation with 4% urea (35.9%) has high potential degradation and effective of CP, which is attributed to intense lignification of the cell wall, with limitation to the use with forage for ruminants. The alkaline treatments contributed to the improvement the chemical composition of leaflets pindobababassu hay, by reducing the content of hemicellulose, lignin and insoluble nitrogen and increase CP. The ammoniation and treatment with 3% Ca(OH)2 improves the potential degradation of DM and NDF of hay leaflets pindobababassu, highlighting the level of 4% urea, based on MS, although the values obtained with this treatment, 35.9 and 27.0%, are considered low.

Utilização de lipídeos na dieta de pequenos ruminantes / Utilización de lípidos en la dieta de pequeños rumiantes / Lipid utilization on small ruminants? diet

A utilização de óleos na dieta de ruminantes tem sido uma prática bastante comum no cenário da pecuária nacional. Muitos estudos evidenciam os efeitos benéficos da adição deste ingrediente na ração como a diminuição do incremento calórico, o aumento da densidade energética da dieta, possibilitando a redução de altas quantidades de concentrados nas mesmas e redução da produção de metano. Outro aspecto relevante é a utilização de óleos com características específicas, como fontes ricas em ácidos graxos insaturados, buscando-se alterações na composição dos produtos, em particular do leite. A literatura indica diferentes respostas à suplementação lipídica entre as espécies. Normalmente em cabras, não há alteração no teor de proteína do leite e em muitos estudos, o teor de gordura tem aumentado com a inclusão de lipídeos na dieta, diferentemente do que acontece com o leite de vacas. No entanto, estudos com suplementação lipídica para cabras em lactação ainda são incipientes. Com isso, esta revisão pretende reunir informações existentes sobre a suplementação lipídica de pequenos ruminantes, abordando seus principais aspectos.

Lipid utilization has been a common practice among farmers nationwide. Many studies highlight benefits of the addition of this ingredient to feed such as reduction of energy increment and increase of energy density, allowing the decrease of high level of concentrates and methane production. Another relevant aspect is the modification of product composition through the utilization of oil in the diet. The literature shows different responses to lipid supplementation among the species. Normally, in goats, there is no change in the milk protein content, and in many studies the fat content has increased due to lipid addition to the diet, differently from what occurs in cows? milk. However, studies on lipid supplementation to lactating goats? diet are still incipient. Therefore, this review aims to gather existing information on lipid supplementation of small ruminants, approaching the main aspects.

La utilización de aceites en la dieta de rumiantes ha sido una práctica bastante común en el escenario de la pecuaria nacional. Muchos estudios evidencian los efectos benéficos de la adición de este ingrediente en el pienso como la disminución del incremento calórico, el aumento de la densidad energética de la dieta, posibilitando la reducción de altas cantidades de concentrados en las mismas y reducción de la producción de metano. Otro aspecto relevante es la utilización de aceites con características específicas, como fuentes ricas en ácidos grasos insaturados, buscándose alteraciones en la composición de los productos, en particular de la leche. La literatura indica diferentes respuestas al suplemento lípido entre las especies. Normalmente en cabras, no hay alteración en el tenor de proteína de la leche y en muchos estudios, el tenor de grasa ha aumentado con la inclusión de lípidos en la dieta, diferentemente de lo que sucede con la leche de vacas. Sin embargo, estudios con suplemento lípido para cabras en lactación aún son incipientes. Así, esta revisión pretende reunir informaciones existentes sobre el suplemento lípido de pequeños rumiantes, abordando sus principales aspectos.

Impacto do pastejo no ecossistema caatinga / Impacto del pastoreo en el ecosistema caatinga / Impact of the grazing in the caatinga ecosystem

A compreensão da influência do pastejo animal sobre os atributos da vegetação da caatinga é de extrema importância, quando se pensa em uma atividade pecuária sustentável. O entendimento de aspectos relevantes como a retirada da cobertura vegetal pelos animais, principalmente no período seco, no qual a liteira torna-se a principal fonte de alimentos, o aspecto relacionado à ciclagem de nutrientes no solo e o efeito sobre suas propriedades físicas devem ser melhor elucidados. Não obstante, a retirada da caatinga, vegetação nativa nas regiões semiáridas do Nordeste, aliada a longos períodos e estiagem, provoca acentuada degradação física, química e biológica, deixando o solo totalmente descoberto e exposto por mais tempo às ações da temperatura e dos ventos, reduzindo, consequentemente, seu potencial produtivo, causando danos muitas vezes irreversíveis ao meio. A comunidade animal pode induzir alterações pelo tipo de pastejo, tipo de deposição das excretas e alteração na composição da vegetação, afetando o equilíbrio do ecossistema. Para manter esse potencial, é necessário o retorno da matéria orgânica, além do maior controle da sua retirada, por meio do manejo adequado dos animais, no tocante aos indicadores como pressão de pastejo e taxa de lotação, contribuindo certamente para a manutenção da diversidade biológica do ecossistema.

Understanding the influence of the animal grazing about the attributes of the vegetation of caatinga is very important when thinking about a sustainable livestock farming. The study of prominent aspects such as the retreat of vegetation by the animals, mainly in the dry period where to liteira becomes-itself to main spring of food, the aspect related to the nutrient cycling in soil and the effect about the physical properties of the even should be better explained. Nevertheless, the retreat of the caatinga, native vegetation in the Semi-arid regions of the Northeast, ally to long periods and dry spell, provokes accentuated biological, chemical, and physical degradation, leaving soil entirely discovered and displayed by longer to the actions of the temperature and of the winds, reducing, consequently, its productive potential, generally causing damage to the environment. The animal community can prompt alterations by the kind of grazing, kind of deposition of excrete and alteration in the composition of the vegetation, affecting the equilibrium of the ecosystem. To maintain that potential, it is necessary the return of the organic matter, beyond the most greatest control of its retreat by means of the adequate management of the animals when it comes to the indicators as grazing pressure and stockinAg rate, contributing correctly for the maintenance of the biological diversity of the ecosystem.

La comprensión de la influencia del pastoreo animal sobre los atributos de la vegetación de la caatinga es de extrema importancia cuando se piensa en una actividad pecuaria sustentable. El entendimiento de aspectos relevantes como la retirada del forraje vegetal por los animales, principalmente en el periodo de sequía, en el cual la leche se convierte en la principal fuente de alimentos, el aspecto relacionado al ciclo de nutrientes en el suelo y el efecto sobre sus propiedades físicas deben ser mejores elucidados. Sin embargo, la retirada de la caatinga, vegetación nativa en las regiones semiáridas del Nordeste, junto a largos períodos de estiaje provoca acentuada degradación física, química y biológica, dejando el suelo totalmente descubierto y expuesto por más tiempo a las acciones de la temperatura y de los vientos, reduciendo, consecuentemente, su potencial productivo, causando daños muchas veces irreversibles al medio. Los animales pueden inducir alteraciones por el tipo de pastoreo, de deposición de las excretas y alteración en la composición de la vegetación, afectando el equilibrio del ecosistema. Para mantener ese potencial, es necesario el retorno de la materia orgánica, además de mayor control de su retirada a través del manejo adecuado de los animales, con respecto a indicadores como la presión de pastoreo y la carga animal, contribuyendo sin duda para la manutención de la diversidad biológica del ecosistema.

Comportamento ingestivo de bezerros em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens / Ingestive behavior of calves on pastures of Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de bezerros em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, no sistema de lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois pastos representando os tratamentos, cada um com cinco repetições. O período experimental foi de 30 dias, sendo 20 para adaptação dos animais e 10 para avaliações, que consistiram de três, com duração de 24h cada, em intervalos de cinco dias. Os bezerros pastejaram menos tempo no pasto de Brachiaria brizantha, com tempo de 9,75h, enquanto que o pastejo na Brachiaria decumbens foi de 11,3h. Comportamento diferente foi observado para o tempo de ruminação: 6,8 e 6,4 para os pastos de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, respectivamente. O número de bocados por minuto foi menor para a Brachiaria decumbens, 31,15, enquanto que, para a Brachiaria brizantha, os bezerros pastejaram com uma taxa de bocados de 34,91 bocados por minuto. Os bezerros tiveram um ganho de peso médio diário superior no pasto de Brachiaria brizantha (390g dia-1), enquanto que, para a Brachiaria decumbens, o ganho diário foi de 340g dia-1.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the ingestive behavior of calves on Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens pastures, under continuous stocking with variable stocking rate. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with two treatments (two pastures), and five replicates per treatment. The experimental period lasted 30 days, consisting of days 20 for adaptation of animals and 10 for behavioral evaluations that consisted of three periods of 24:00h each, in intervals of five days. The calves spent less time grazing Brachiaria brizantha pasture (9,8h) than they did on the Brachiaria decumbens (11,3h). Different rumination times had been observed, 6,8 and 6,4 h for the animals grazing Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens, respectively. We suggested that the selective behavior of the calves on the Brachiaria decumbens made them to eat good quality grass, thus they spent a similar rumination time to that observed for Brachiaria brizantha. The number of bites per minute was inferior for the Brachiaria decumbens, 31,2h, when compared with Brachiaria brizantha (the mean bite rate was 34,9 bites per minute). The calves had a larger daily gain to Brachiaria brizantha (390g day-1) than they had to Brachiaria decumbens (340g day-1).

Comportamento ingestivo de eqüinos em pastagens de grama batatais (Paspalum notatum) e braquiarinha (Brachiaria decumbens) na região centro-oeste do Brasil / Ingestive behavior of horses on pastures of Paspalum notatum and Brachiaria decumbens at Middle-West in Brazil

Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de eqüinos sob pastejo em pastagens de Paspalum notatum e Brachiaria decumbens. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois pastos representando os tratamentos, cada um com cinco repetições. O período experimental foi de 40 dias, sendo 30 para adaptação dos animais e 10 para avaliações, que consistiram de três, com duração de 24 horas cada, em intervalos de cinco dias. Os cavalos passaram mais tempo pastejando no período diurno no pasto de Brachiaria decumbens (10,58 horas) em relação ao tempo passado no pasto de Paspalum notatum (7,69 horas). Com relação ao tempo de pastejo noturno, a situação se inverteu: os animais pastejaram maior tempo durante o dia e diminuíram o ritmo durante a noite (2,91 horas de pastejo) no pasto de Brachiaria decumbens. O tempo de ócio noturno foi superior no Paspalum notatum (4,15 horas). Os animais apresentaram maior número de bocados (22.720) no pastejo do capim Paspalum notatum comparado ao Brachiaria decumbens, no qual diminuiu-se a quantidade de bocados (17166).

It was carried out an experiment to evaluate the ingestive behavior of horses grazing Paspalum notatum and Brachiaria decumbens pastures. It had been used a completely randomized experimental design, with two treatments (two pastures) and five replicates per treatment. The experiment lasted 40 days, consisting of 30 days for adaptation of animals on the pastures and 10 days to evaluate grazing behaviour, with three periods of 24 hours and intervals of five days. The horses spent more time grazing during the day on the Brachiaria decumbens pasture (10.58 hours) than did on the Paspalum notatum pasture (7.69 hours). At night, the situation was reversed, horses grazed less (2.91 hours) on the Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Overnight leisure time was larger on the Paspalum notatum pasture (4.15 hours) than Brachiaria decumbens pasture (1.42 hours). The higher total daily bites had been observed (22720) in the animals on Paspalum notatum when compared with Brachiaria decumbens where they decreased the quantity of bites (17166).