Molecular characterisation of a novel pathogenic avipoxvirus from the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen).

Avipoxviruses are significant pathogens infecting a wide range of wild and domestic bird species globally. Here, we describe a novel genome sequence of magpiepox virus (MPPV) isolated from an Australian magpie. In the present study, histopathologically confirmed cutaneous pox lesions were used for transmission electron microscopic analysis, which demonstrated brick-shaped virions with regular spaced thread-like ridges, indicative of likely infectious particles. Subsequent analysis of the recovered MPPV genome positioned phylogenetically to a distinct sub-clade with the recently isolated avipoxvirus genome sequences from shearwater and canary bird species, and demonstrates a high degree of sequence similarity with CNPV (96.14%) and SWPV-2 (95.87%). The novel MPPV complete genome is missing 19 genes with a further 41 genes being truncated/fragmented compared to SWPV-2 and contains nine predicted unique genes. This is the first avipoxvirus complete genome sequence that infects Australian magpie.

Comparative evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and hemostatic effect of 2% lidocaine with various concentrations of epinephrine.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and the anesthetic and hemostatic effects, after injection of 2% lidocaine containing various concentrations of epinephrine in rats and mice to determine the appropriate concentration of epinephrine in various anesthetic mixtures. METHODS: Rats and mice were randomly allocated to experimental groups: 2% lidocaine without epinephrine (L0), 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 (L200), 1:100,000 (L100), and 1:80,000 (L80). Changes in MAP and HR after administration of the anesthetic mixture were evaluated using a physiological recording system in rats. Onset and duration of local anesthesia was evaluated by pricking the hind paw of mice. A spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay was used to quantify the hemostatic effect. RESULTS: MAP increased in response to epinephrine in a dose-dependent manner; it was significantly higher in the L80 group than in the L0 group at 5 min post-administration. The HR was relatively lower in the L0 group than in the L80 group. The time required for onset of action was < 1 min in all evaluation groups. The duration of action and hemostatic effect of the local anesthetic were significantly better in the L200, L100, and L80 groups than in the L0 group. CONCLUSION: L200 demonstrated relatively stable MAP and HR values with satisfactory efficacy and hemostatic effect. L200 might be a better local anesthetic for dental patients in terms of anesthetic efficacy and safety.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 2% lidocaine HCl with different epinephrine concentration for local anesthesia in participants undergoing surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover, phase IV trial.

BACKGROUND: The most commonly impacted tooth is the third molar. An impacted third molar can ultimately cause acute pain, infection, tumors, cysts, caries, periodontal disease, and loss of adjacent teeth. Local anesthesia is employed for removing the third molar. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine for surgical extraction of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars. METHODS: Sixty-five healthy participants underwent surgical extraction of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars in 2 separate visits while under local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with different epinephrine concentration (1:80,000 or 1:200,000) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Visual analog scale pain scores obtained immediately after surgical extraction were primarily evaluated for the 2 groups receiving different epinephrine concentrations. Visual analog scale pain scores were obtained 2, 4, and 6 hours after administering an anesthetic. Onset and duration of analgesia, onset of pain, intraoperative bleeding, operator's and participant's overall satisfaction, drug dosage, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated for the 2 groups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in any measurements except hemodynamic factors (P >.05). Changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate following anesthetic administration were significantly greater in the group receiving 1:80,000 epinephrine than in that receiving 1:200,000 epinephrine (P ≤.01). CONCLUSION: The difference in epinephrine concentration between 1:80,000 and 1:200,000 in 2% lidocaine liquid does not affect the medical efficacy of the anesthetic. Furthermore, 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine has better safety with regard to hemodynamic parameters than 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine. Therefore, we suggest using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine rather than 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine for surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in hemodynamically unstable patients.

Clinical considerations in the use of forced-air warming blankets during orthognathic surgery to avoid postanesthetic shivering.

BACKGROUND: During head and neck surgery including orthognathic surgery, mild intraoperative hypothermia occurs frequently. Hypothermia is associated with postanesthetic shivering, which may increase the risk of other postoperative complications. To improve intraoperative thermoregulation, devices such as forced-air warming blankets can be applied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplemental forced-air warming blankets in preventing postanesthetic shivering. METHODS: This retrospective study included 113 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery between March and September 2015. According to the active warming method utilized during surgery, patients were divided into two groups: Group W (n = 55), circulating-water mattress; and Group F (n = 58), circulating-water mattress and forced-air warming blanket. Surgical notes and anesthesia and recovery room records were evaluated. RESULTS: Initial axillary temperatures did not significantly differ between groups (Group W = 35.9 ± 0.7℃, Group F = 35.8 ± 0.6℃). However, at the end of surgery, the temperatures in Group W were significantly lower than those in Group F (35.2 ± 0.5℃ and 36.2 ± 0.5℃, respectively, P = 0.04). The average body temperatures in Groups W and F were, respectively, 35.9 ± 0.5℃ and 36.2 ± 0.5℃ (P = 0.0001). In Group W, 24 patients (43.6%) experienced postanesthetic shivering, while in Group F, only 12 (20.7%) patients required treatment for postanesthetic shivering (P = 0.009, odds ratio = 0.333, 95% confidence interval: 0.147-0.772). CONCLUSIONS: Additional use of forced-air warming blankets in orthognathic surgery was superior in maintaining normothermia and reduced the incidence of postanesthetic shivering.

Monoparesis in association with feline pulmonary carcinoma: a literature review with 3 new cases.

We describe 3 cases of cats that were presented with a sudden onset of monoparesis as a result of arterial thromboembolism without evidence of cardiovascular disease that were subsequently diagnosed with a primary pulmonary carcinoma. Arterial tumor thromboemboli due to pulmonary carcinoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of lameness or paresis in older cats. We theorize that large tumor emboli may obstruct peripheral arteries leading to acute monoparesis.

Monoparésie associée au carcinome pulmonaire félin : compte rendu de la littérature avec 3 nouveaux cas. Nous décrivons 3 cas de chats qui ont été présentés avec l'apparition soudaine de monoparésie en raison d'un thrombo-embolisme artériel sans preuve de maladie cardiovasculaire qui ont été subséquemment diagnostiqués avec un carcinome pulmonaire primaire. Les thromboembolies des tumeurs artérielles causées par le carcinome pulmonaire devraient être considérées comme un diagnostic différentiel dans les cas de boiterie ou de parésie chez les chats âgés. Nous présentons la théorie que les embolies de grosses tumeurs peuvent bloquer les artères périphériques causant une monoparésie aiguë.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Thromboelastography platelet mapping in healthy dogs using 1 analyzer versus 2 analyzers.

The objective of this study was to describe the results of thromboelastography platelet mapping (TEG-PM) carried out using 2 techniques in 20 healthy dogs. Maximum amplitudes (MA) generated by thrombin (MAthrombin), fibrin (MAfibrin), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor activity (MAADP), and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor activity (stimulated by arachidonic acid, MAAA) were recorded. Thromboelastography platelet mapping was carried out according to the manufacturer's guidelines (2-analyzer technique) and using a variation of this method employing only 1 analyzer (1-analyzer technique) on 2 separate blood samples obtained from each dog. Mean [± standard deviation (SD)] MA values for the 1-analyzer/2-analyzer techniques were: MAthrombin = 51.9 mm (± 7.1)/52.5 mm (± 8.0); MAfibrin = 20.7 mm (± 21.8)/23.0 mm (± 26.1); MAADP = 44.5 mm (± 15.6)/45.6 mm (± 17.0); and MAAA = 45.7 mm (± 11.6)/45.0 mm (± 15.4). Mean (± SD) percentage aggregation due to ADP receptor activity was 70.4% (± 32.8)/67.6% (± 33.7). Mean percentage aggregation due to TxA2 receptor activity was 77.3% (± 31.6)/78.1% (± 50.2). Results of TEG-PM were not significantly different for the 1-analyzer and 2-analyzer methods. High correlation was found between the 2 methods for MAfibrin [concordance correlation coefficient (r) = 0.930]; moderate correlation was found for MAthrombin (r = 0.70) and MAADP (r = 0.57); correlation between the 2 methods for MAAA was lower (r = 0.32). Thromboelastography platelet mapping (TEG-PM) should be further investigated to determine if it is a suitable method for measuring platelet dysfunction in dogs with thrombopathy.

Cette étude visait à décrire les résultats de la cartographie de la thromboélastographie des plaquettes (TEG-PM) effectuée à l'aide de deux techniques chez 20 chiens en santé. L'amplitude maximale (MA) générée par la thrombine (MAthrombine), la fibrine (MAfibrine), l'activité du récepteur de l'adénosine diphosphate (ADP) (MAADP), l'activité du récepteur de la thromboxane A2 (TxA2) (stimulée par l'acide arachidonique, MAAA) ont été mesurées. La TEG-PM a été effectuée selon les recommandations du manufacturier (technique à 2 analyseurs) ainsi qu'une variation de cette méthode en utilisant seulement un analyseur (technique à 1 analyseur) sur deux échantillons sanguins séparés obtenus de chaque chien. Les valeurs moyennes [± écart-type (SD)] de MA pour les techniques à 1 analyseur/2 analyseurs étaient: MAthrombine = 51,9 mm (± 7,1)/52,5 mm (± 8,0); MAfibrine = 20,7 mm (± 21,8)/23,0 mm (± 26,1); MAADP = 44,5 mm (± 15,6)/45,6 mm (± 17,0); et MAAA = 45,7 mm (± 11,6)/45,0 mm (± 15,4). La moyenne (± SD) du pourcentage d'agrégation due à l'activité du récepteur ADP était de 70,4 % (± 32,8)/67,6 % (± 33,7). La moyenne du pourcentage d'agrégation due à l'activité du récepteur TxA2 était de 77,3 % (± 31,6)/78,1 % (± 50,2). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans les résultats de TEG-PM entre les méthodes à 1 analyseur ou à 2 analyseurs. Une corrélation élevée a été trouvée entre les deux méthodes pour la MAfibrine [coefficient de concordance de corrélation (r) = 0,930]; une corrélation modérée a été trouvée pour MAthrombine (r = 0,70) et MAADP (r = 0,57); la corrélation entre les deux méthodes pour MAAA était plus faible (r = 0,32). Des études supplémentaires devraient être effectuées pour déterminer si la TEG-PM est une méthode qui convient pour mesurer le dysfonctionnement des plaquettes chez les chiens avec thrombopathie.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Successful treatment of hepatic failure secondary to diazepam administration in a cat.

A 2-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat developed acute hepatic failure following oral diazepam administration for behavioral problems. The patient survived with intensive supportive care and was discharged after 5 days in hospital. Successful treatment of diazepam-associated fulminant hepatic failure in cats has rarely been described in the veterinary literature.

Vitamin A toxicosis in a lorikeet flock.

Vitamin A toxicosis has recently been recognized as a concern for granivorous birds such as cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and nectarivorous birds such as lorikeets. Such birds have little exposure to performed vitamin A in their wild diet, relying on carotene conversion to supply their vitamin A needs. Multiple clinical problems arose in a lorikeet flock when excessive vitamin A supplementation was used.