Precise and long-term tracking of mitochondria in neurons using a bioconjugatable and photostable AIE luminogen.

Tracking mitochondrial movement in neurons is an attractive but challenging research field as dysregulation of mitochondrial motion is associated with multiple neurological diseases. To realize accurate and long-term tracking of mitochondria in neurons, we elaborately designed a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active luminogen, TPAP-C5-yne, where we selected a cationic pyridinium moiety to target mitochondria and employed an activated alkyne terminus to achieve long-term tracking through bioconjugation with amines on mitochondria. For the first time, we successfully achieved the accurate analysis of the motion of a single mitochondrion in live primary hippocampal neurons and the long-term tracking of mitochondria for up to a week in live neurons. Therefore, this new AIEgen can be used as a potential tool to study the transport of mitochondria in live neurons.

Isothermal Background-Free Nucleic Acid Quantification by a One-Pot Cas13a Assay Using Droplet Microfluidics.

High sensitivity and specificity nucleic acid detection has been achieved by the Cas13a collateral effect in combination with a separate recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). However, these emerging methods cannot provide accurate quantification of nucleic acids because the two-step assay performance may be compromised if the RPA and Cas13a reactions are simply unified in a single step. In this work, we first addressed the challenges associated with enzymatic incompatibility and the macromolecular crowding effect in the one-pot assay development, making the consolidated RPA-Cas13a assay a facile and robust diagnostic tool. Next, we found that the one-pot reaction cannot precisely quantify the targets at low concentrations. Thus, by leveraging droplet microfluidics, we converted the one-pot assay to a digital quantification format, termed Microfluidics-Enabled Digital Isothermal Cas13a Assay (MEDICA). Due to the droplet compartmentation, MEDICA greatly accelerates the reaction and enables relative detection in 10 min and the end-point quantification in 25 min. Moreover, MEDICA facilitates the droplet binarization for counting because of background-free signals generated by trans-cleavage reporting of Cas13a. Our clinical validation highlights that CRISPR-based isothermal assays are promising for the next generation of nucleic acid quantification methods.

Droplet digital recombinase polymerase amplification (ddRPA) reaction unlocking via picoinjection.

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has been recognized as a promising isothermal amplification method for nucleic acid detection. However, the digital format of RPA is still challenging to implement due to its MgOAc-initiated reaction feature and the inherent non-specific amplification. Here we develop a Picoinjection Aided Digital reaction unLOCKing (PADLOCK) approach utilizing droplet microfluidics to achieve droplet digital RPA (ddRPA) for absolute nucleic acid quantification. By coupling a microfluidic picoinjector with a droplet generator, the reaction initiator MgOAc is dosed into droplets containing MgOAc-deprived RPA master mix for controlled digital reaction unlocking, which completely circumvents premature amplification. The discretization of the targets to a single-molecule level in confined droplets endows absolute quantification of the copy number. Coupled with CRISPR/Cas13a sensing, the ddRPA demonstrates single molecule detection ability within 30 min with significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio>6) and uniform fluorescence signal reporting, facilitating the precise quantification of nucleic acids. Furthermore, the utility of the PADLOCK-CRISPR assay has been validated with 22 clinical samples, which generated results in 100% concordance with qPCR. We believe the coupling of droplet microfluidic technology with digital RPA will pave the way towards ultrasensitive and precise nucleic acid quantification.

Highly efficient phototheranostics of macrophage-engulfed Gram-positive bacteria using a NIR luminogen with aggregation-induced emission characteristics.

Although phagocytosis serves as the front line to attack invading pathogens, its low bacterial encounter and killing rates leads to an ineffective bactericidal output. In view of this, developing multifunctional theranostic probe to effectively discriminate and ablate intracellular bacteria is highly desirable. However, the shielding effect of the host macrophages put the detection and elimination of macrophage-engulfed bacteria into a challenging task. Herein, we utilize a luminogen with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, namely TTVP, as a simple and effective probe for simultaneous tracing and photodynamic killing of intracellular Gram-positive bacteria. With the help of the AIE property, excellent water solubility, near-infrared (NIR) emission and strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating ability, TTVP performed ideally to be a targeting agent to intracellular Gram-positive bacteria with high signal contrast, as well as to be a photosensitizer to effectively ablate intracellular bacteria without attacking host macrophages. This work thus provides insights for the next generation antibiosis theranostic application for potential clinical trials.

A Study on Herd Immunity of COVID-19 in South Korea: Using a Stochastic Economic-Epidemiological Model.

Vaccination is an effective measure to control the diffusion of infectious disease such as COVID-19. This paper analyzes the basic reproduction number in South Korea which enables us to identify a necessary level of vaccine stockpile to achieve herd immunity. An susceptible-infected-susceptible model is adopted that allows a stochastic diffusion. The result shows that the basic reproduction number of South Korea is approximately 2 which is substantially lower than those of the other regions. The herd immunity calculated from economic-epidemiological model suggests that at least 62% of the susceptible population be vaccinated when COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.

Increased Confinement and Polydispersity of STIM1 and Orai1 after Ca2+ Store Depletion.

STIM1 (a Ca2+ sensor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane) and Orai1 (a pore-forming subunit of the Ca2+-release-activated calcium channel in the plasma membrane) diffuse in the ER membrane and plasma membrane, respectively. Upon depletion of Ca2+ stores in the ER, STIM1 translocates to the ER-plasma membrane junction and binds Orai1 to trigger store-operated Ca2+ entry. However, the motion of STIM1 and Orai1 during this process and its roles to Ca2+ entry is poorly understood. Here, we report real-time tracking of single STIM1 and Orai1 particles in the ER membrane and plasma membrane in living cells before and after Ca2+ store depletion. We found that the motion of single STIM1 and Orai1 particles exhibits anomalous diffusion both before and after store depletion, and their mobility-measured by the radius of gyration of the trajectories, mean-square displacement, and generalized diffusion coefficient-decreases drastically after store depletion. We also found that the measured displacement distribution is non-Gaussian, and the non-Gaussian parameter drastically increases after store depletion. Detailed analyses and simulations revealed that single STIM1 and Orai1 particles are confined in the compartmentalized membrane both before and after store depletion, and the changes in the motion after store depletion are explained by increased confinement and polydispersity of STIM1-Orai1 complexes formed at the ER-plasma membrane junctions. Further simulations showed that this increase in the confinement and polydispersity after store depletion localizes a rapid increase of Ca2+ influx, which can facilitate the rapid activation of local Ca2+ signaling pathways and the efficient replenishing of Ca2+ store in the ER in store-operated Ca2+ entry.

A real option analysis for stochastic disease control and vaccine stockpile policy: An application to H1N1 in Korea.

Vaccination is mostly used for controlling the diffusion of an infectious disease. This paper attempts to bridge a gap between economic model and epidemiological model to analyze the optimal vaccination strategy when the diffusion of pandemic disease follows a stochastic process. Impulsive vaccination is considered as an effective option to control an infectious disease. A real option model under stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) environment is developed to examine the optimal vaccination threshold when the social costs and benefits of vaccination efforts are considered. A numerical illustration is provided for the case of H1N1 in Korea to show the herd immunity level as a policy rule to suppress epidemic. Policy implications are discussed regarding the vaccine stockpile as a countermeasure to epidemic diffusion.