Empagliflozin attenuates epithelial to mesenchymal transition through senescence in peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered as one of the senescence processes; reportedly, anti-senescence therapies effectively reduce EMT. Some models have shown anti-senescence effects with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Therefore, our study investigated the anti-senescence effects of empagliflozin as a SGLT2 inhibitor in a peritoneal fibrosis model and their impact on EMT inhibition. METHODS: For in vitro study, human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were isolated and grown in a 96-well plate. The cell media were exchanged with serum-free M199 medium with D-Glucose, with or without empagliflozin. All animal experiments were carried out in male mice. Mice were randomly classified into three treatment groups based on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or empagliflozin. We evaluated changes in senescence and EMT markers in HPMCs and PD model. RESULTS: HPMCs treated with glucose transformed from cobble stone to spindle shape, resulting in EMT. Empagliflozin attenuated these morphologic changes. Reactive oxygen species production, DNA damage, senescence, and EMT markers were increased by glucose treatment; however, co-treatment with glucose and empagliflozin attenuated these changes. For the mice with PD, an increase in thickness, collagen deposition, staining for senescence or EMT markers of the parietal peritoneum was observed, which however, was attenuated by co-treatment with empagliflozin. p53, p21, and p16 increased in mice with PD compared to that in the control group; however, these changes were decreased by empagliflozin. CONCLUSION: Empagliflozin effectively attenuated glucose-induced EMT in HPMCs through a decrease in senescence. Co-treatment with empagliflozin improved peritoneal thickness and fibrosis in PD.

Nicotinamide in Combination with EGFR-TKIs for the Treatment of Stage IV Lung Adenocarcinoma with EGFR Mutations: A Randomized Double-Blind (Phase IIb) Trial.

PURPOSE: RUNX3 is a tumor suppressor gene, which is inactivated in approximately 70% of lung adenocarcinomas. Nicotinamide, a sirtuin inhibitor, has demonstrated potential in re-activating epigenetically silenced RUNX3 in cancer cells. This study assessed the therapeutic benefits of combining nicotinamide with first-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) for patients with stage IV lung cancer carrying EGFR mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed the impact of nicotinamide on carcinogen-induced lung adenocarcinomas in mice and observed that nicotinamide increased RUNX3 levels and inhibited lung cancer growth. Subsequently, 110 consecutive patients with stage IV lung cancer who had EGFR mutations were recruited: 70 females (63.6%) and 84 never-smokers (76.4%). The patients were randomly assigned to receive either nicotinamide (1 g/day, n = 55) or placebo (n = 55). The primary and secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 54.3 months, the nicotinamide group exhibited a median PFS of 12.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 10.4-18.3], while the placebo group had a PFS of 10.9 months (9.0-13.2; P = 0.2). The median OS was similar in the two groups (31.0 months with nicotinamide vs. 29.4 months with placebo; P = 0.2). Notably, subgroup analyses revealed a significant reduction in mortality risk for females (P = 0.01) and never-smokers (P = 0.03) treated with nicotinamide. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of nicotinamide with EGFR-TKIs demonstrated potential improvements in PFS and OS, with notable survival benefits for female patients and those who had never smoked (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02416739).

Degradation of Polo-like Kinase 1 by the Novel Poly-Arginine N-Degron Pathway PROTAC Regulates Tumor Growth in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer.

Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), which is crucial in cell cycle regulation, is considered a promising anticancer drug target. Herein, we present the N-degron pathway-based proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) for PLK1 degradation, targeting the Polo-box domain (PBD). We identified DD-2 as the most potent PROTAC that selectively induces PLK1 degradation in cancer cells, including HeLa and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), through the N-degron pathway. DD-2 exhibited significant in vitro anticancer effects, inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis in HeLa and NSCLC cell lines. DD-2 showed significant tumor growth inhibition in a xenograft mouse model using HeLa and NSCLC cell lines, highlighting its potential in cancer treatment. Furthermore, the combination of DD-2 with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), osimertinib, effectively suppressed tumor growth in double-mutated H1975 cell lines, emphasizing DD-2's potential in combination cancer therapies. Collectively, this study demonstrates the potential of the N-degron pathway, especially using DD-2, for targeted cancer therapies.

Small-molecule inhibitors of ferrochelatase are antiangiogenic agents.

Activity of the heme synthesis enzyme ferrochelatase (FECH) is implicated in multiple diseases. In particular, it is a mediator of neovascularization in the eye and thus an appealing therapeutic target for preventing blindness. However, no drug-like direct FECH inhibitors are known. Here, we set out to identify small-molecule inhibitors of FECH as potential therapeutic leads using a high-throughput screening approach to identify potent inhibitors of FECH activity. A structure-activity relationship study of a class of triazolopyrimidinone hits yielded drug-like FECH inhibitors. These compounds inhibit FECH in cells, bind the active site in cocrystal structures, and are antiangiogenic in multiple in vitro assays. One of these promising compounds was antiangiogenic in vivo in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularization. This foundational work may be the basis for new therapeutic agents to combat not only ocular neovascularization but also other diseases characterized by FECH activity.

Co-Spray Dried Nafamostat Mesylate with Lecithin and Mannitol as Respirable Microparticles for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery: Pharmacokinetics and Lung Distribution in Rats.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new strain of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide. Nafamostat mesylate (NFM) suppresses transmembrane serine protease 2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated fusion. In this study, pharmacokinetics and lung distribution of NFM, administered via intravenous and intratracheal routes, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography analysis of blood plasma, lung lumen using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Intratracheal administration had higher drug delivery and longer residual time in the lung lumen and tissue, which are the main sites of action, than intravenous administration. We confirmed the effect of lecithin as a stabilizer through an ex vivo stability test. Lecithin acts as an inhibitor of carboxylesterase and delays NFM decomposition. We prepared inhalable microparticles with NFM, lecithin, and mannitol via the co-spray method. The formulation prepared using an NFM:lecithin:mannitol ratio of 1:1:100 had a small particle size and excellent aerodynamic performance. Spray dried microparticles containing NFM, lecithin, and mannitol (1:1:100) had the longest residual time in the lung tissue. In conclusion, NFM-inhalable microparticles were prepared and confirmed to be delivered into the respiratory tract, such as lung lumen and lung tissue, through in vitro and in vivo evaluations.

RUNX3 regulates cell cycle-dependent chromatin dynamics by functioning as a pioneer factor of the restriction-point.

The cellular decision regarding whether to undergo proliferation or death is made at the restriction (R)-point, which is disrupted in nearly all tumors. The identity of the molecular mechanisms that govern the R-point decision is one of the fundamental issues in cell biology. We found that early after mitogenic stimulation, RUNX3 binds to its target loci, where it opens chromatin structure by sequential recruitment of Trithorax group proteins and cell-cycle regulators to drive cells to the R-point. Soon after, RUNX3 closes these loci by recruiting Polycomb repressor complexes, causing the cell to pass through the R-point toward S phase. If the RAS signal is constitutively activated, RUNX3 inhibits cell cycle progression by maintaining R-point-associated genes in an open structure. Our results identify RUNX3 as a pioneer factor for the R-point and reveal the molecular mechanisms by which appropriate chromatin modifiers are selectively recruited to target loci for appropriate R-point decisions.

Structural Basis for Selective Binding of Export Cargoes by Exportin-5.

In the nucleus, RanGTP binding to importin dissociates the cargo. On the other hand, RanGTP enables exportin to bind export cargo and form the export complex by each exportin's own cargo selection mechanism. Here, we present two X-ray structures for Exportin-5 (Exp-5) alone and Exp-5:RanGTP intermediate complex. The structure of Exp-5 adopts a ring-shaped closed conformation by C-terminal anchor residues 1,167-1,179, interacting with N-terminal heat repeats 4-9. The closed form of Exp-5 is important for the stability of the cargo-free state. Interaction between Exp-5 and RanGTP induces elimination of intramolecular contacts of the C-terminal anchor. A large movement of N-terminal 1-9th heat repeats and C-terminal 19-20th heat repeats creates an open space for RanGTP accommodation. Exp-5 in Exp-5:RanGTP and Exp-5:RanGTP:pre-miRNA adopts the same conformation. RanGTP binding to Exp-5 creates a selective molecular cage area for accepting its cargoes, such as small double-stranded RNAs, without conformational change in Exp-5:RanGTP.

Low pH-driven folding of WW45-SARAH domain leads to stabilization of the WW45-Mst2 complex.

The scaffolding protein Salvador (Sav) plays a key role in the Hippo (Hpo) signalling pathway, which controls tissue growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway contributes to cancer development. Since the identification of the first Sav gene in 2002, very little is known regarding the molecular basis of Sav-SARAH mediating interactions due to its insolubility. In this study, refolding of the first Sav (known as WW45)-SARAH provided insight into the biochemical and biophysical properties, indicating that WW45-SARAH exhibits properties of a disordered protein, when the domain was refolded at a neutral pH. Interestingly, WW45-SARAH shows folded and rigid conformations relative to the decrease in pH. Further, diffracting crystals were obtained from protein refolded under acidic pH, suggesting that the refolded WW45 protein at low pH has a homogeneous and stable conformation. A comparative analysis of molecular properties found that the acidic-stable fold of WW45-SARAH enhances a heterotypic interaction with Mst2-SARAH. In addition, using an Mst2 mutation that disrupts homotypic dimerization, we showed that the monomeric Mst2-SARAH domain could form a stable complex of 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with WW45 refolded under acidic pH.

Structural and functional analysis of Hikeshi, a new nuclear transport receptor of Hsp70s.

Hikeshi is a nuclear transport receptor required for cell survival after stress. It mediates heat-shock-induced nuclear import of 70 kDa heat-shock proteins (Hsp70s) through interactions with FG-nucleoporins (FG-Nups), which are proteins in nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Here, the crystal structure of human Hikeshi is presented at 1.8 Šresolution. Hikeshi forms an asymmetric homodimer that is responsible for the interaction with Hsp70s. The asymmetry of Hikeshi arises from the distinct conformation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) and the flexibility of the linker regions of each monomer. Structure-guided mutational analyses showed that both the flexible linker region and the CTD are important for nuclear import of Hsp70. Pull-down assays revealed that only full-length Hsp70s can interact with Hikeshi. The N-terminal domain (NTD) consists of a jelly-roll/ß-sandwich fold structure which contains hydrophobic pockets involved in FG-Nup recognition. A unique extended loop (E-loop) in the NTD is likely to regulate the interactions of Hikeshi with FG-Nups. The crystal structure of Hikeshi explains how Hikeshi participates in the regulation of nuclear import through the recognition of FG-Nups and which part of Hikeshi affects its binding to Hsp70. This study is the first to yield structural insight into this highly unique import receptor.

Structural basis for the selective nuclear import of the C2H2 zinc-finger protein Snail by importin ß.

Snail contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing E-cadherin in transcription processes. The Snail C2H2-type zinc-finger (ZF) domain functions both as a nuclear localization signal which binds to importin ß directly and as a DNA-binding domain. Here, a 2.5 Šresolution structure of four ZF domains of Snail1 complexed with importin ß is presented. The X-ray structure reveals that the four ZFs of Snail1 are required for tight binding to importin ß in the nuclear import of Snail1. The shape of the ZFs in the X-ray structure is reminiscent of a round snail, where ZF1 represents the head, ZF2-ZF4 the shell, showing a novel interaction mode, and the five C-terminal residues the tail. Although there are many kinds of C2H2-type ZFs which have the same fold as Snail, nuclear import by direct recognition of importin ß is observed in a limited number of C2H2-type ZF proteins such as Snail, Wt1, KLF1 and KLF8, which have the common feature of terminating in ZF domains with a short tail of amino acids.

X-ray structure of prephenate dehydratase from Streptococcus mutans.

Prephenate dehydratase is a key enzyme of the biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine in the organisms that utilize shikimate pathway. Since this enzymatic pathway does not exist in mammals, prephenate dehydratase can provide a new drug targets for antibiotics or herbicide. Prephenate dehydratase is an allosteric enzyme regulated by its end product. The enzyme composed of two domains, catalytic PDT domain located near the N-terminal and regulatory ACT domain located near the C-terminal. The allosteric enzyme is suggested to have two different conformations. When the regulatory molecule, phenylalanine, is not bound to its ACT domain, the catalytic site of PDT domain maintain open (active) state conformation as Sa-PDT structure. And the open state of its catalytic site become closed (allosterically inhibited) state if the regulatory molecule is bound to its ACT domain as Ct-PDT structure. However, the X-ray structure of prephenate dehydratase from Streptococcus mutans (Sm-PDT) shows that the catalytic site of Sm-PDT has closed state conformation without phenylalanine molecule bound to its regulatory site. The structure suggests a possibility that the binding of phenylalanine in its regulatory site may not be the only prerequisite for the closed state conformation of Sm-PDT.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human importin ß-Snail zinc finger domain complex.

Snail is a C2H2-type zinc finger transcriptional repressor that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by repression of E-cadherin expression levels during embryonic development and tumour progression. Snail is imported into the nucleus by importin ß through direct binding with its four zinc finger domain. The complex between importin ß and Snail four zinc finger domain was crystallized in order to understand the nuclear transport mechanism of Snail. The constituents of the complex were separately expressed and were then co-purified and crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 228.2, b = 77.5, c = 72.0 Å, ß = 100.9° and diffracted to 2.5 Šresolution.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the human MST2 SARAH domain.

The SARAH domain at the C-terminus of human MST2 (residues 436-484) was overproduced and purified using an Escherichia coli expression system. The purified domain was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. Two crystal forms were obtained. The crystals belonged to space group P2, with unit-cell parameters a = 62.0, b = 119.2, c = 62.0 Å, α = 90.0, ß = 90.5, γ = 90.0°, or to space group P6(1)22, with unit-cell parameters a = 54.5, b = 54.5, c = 303.1 Å. These crystals diffracted to 2.7 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively.

Crystal structure of tuguaconitine, a diterpene alkaloid from Aconitum sibiricum.

The three-dimensional structure of a natural product, tuguaconitine (C23H35NO7) from Aconitumrn sibiricum was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound was recrystallized from a methanol solution into orthorhombic crystal system, with a = 18.093(4), b = 12.075(11), c = 9.824(4) A, Dm = 1.35, Dx= 1.354 g/cm3, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), and Z=4. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by least-squares procedure to the final R value of 0.046 for 1495 observed reflections with I > or = 2sigma(I). Aconitines are diterpene alkaloid composed of six rings. In the molecule, two 6-membered rings have stable chair conformation, but other two 6-membered rings have unstable boat conformation because of their bonding strain and hydrogen bonds. Based on the three-dimensional structure of tuguaconitine, we suggest another 2D-diagram for the compound which is far better in imagination of the spatial shape of the molecule than the ordinary one.

Interaction between cardiac calsequestrin and drugs with known cardiotoxicity.

Ca(2+) regulation is coupled to critical signals in eucaryotic cells, and calsequestrin is one of the crucial components for this calcium regulation. Our previous observations of calsequestrins revealed the existence of three thioredoxin-like folds, a basic motif that often provides the platform for small molecule binding. Therefore, we have examined the previously reported trifluoperazine and other pharmaceuticals that have similar heart-related side effects (such as tachycardia; bradycardia; palpitation; changing PR, QRS, QTc intervals in electrocardiogram; heart failure) for their binding affinity to cardiac calsequestrin (cCSQ) using isothermal titration calorimetry. Our results showed that several antipsychotic phenothiazine derivatives, tricyclic antidepressants, and anthracycline derivatives bind cCSQ with K(d) in the micromolar range. For these compounds that have a significantly low K(d), their effect on Ca(2+) binding capacity of cCSQ was checked using equilibrium dialysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy, which clearly showed a significant reduction in Ca(2+) binding capacity of cCSQ as a result of this interaction. Furthermore, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) binding to cCSQ closely resembles ANS binding to flavine or nucleotide binding sites. The combination of this information with the high abundance of CSQ in SR and the high membrane permeability of those drugs led us to the specific hypothesis that there are undesirable and damaging interactions between cCSQ and tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazine derivatives, anthracyclines, and many other pharmaceutical compounds and to the corollary hypothesis that better understanding of the molecular details of cCSQ-drug interactions could lead to modified drug molecules with reduced heart-related side effects.

Crystallographic studies of V44 mutants of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin: effects of side-chain size on reduction potential.

Understanding the structural origins of differences in reduction potentials is crucial to understanding how various electron transfer proteins modulate their reduction potentials and how they evolve for diverse functional roles. Here, the high-resolution structures of several Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin (Cp Rd) variants with changes in the vicinity of the redox site are reported in order to increase this understanding. Our crystal structures of [V44L] (at 1.8 A resolution), [V44A] (1.6 A), [V44G] (2.0 A) and [V44A, G45P] (1.5 A) Rd (all in their oxidized states) show that there is a gradual decrease in the distance between Fe and the amide nitrogen of residue 44 upon reduction in the size of the side chain of residue 44; the decrease occurs from leucine to valine, alanine or glycine and is accompanied by a gradual increase in their reduction potentials. Mutation of Cp Rd at position 44 also changes the hydrogen-bond distance between the amide nitrogen of residue 44 and the sulfur of cysteine 42 in a size-dependent manner. Our results suggest that residue 44 is an important determinant of Rd reduction potential in a manner dictated by side-chain size. Along with the electric dipole moment of the 43-44 peptide bond and the 44-42 NH--S type hydrogen bond, a modulation mechanism for solvent accessibility through residue 41 might regulate the redox reaction of the Rds.

The unique hydrogen bonded water in the reduced form of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin and its possible role in electron transfer.

Rubredoxin is a small iron-sulfur (FeS4) protein involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. The side chain of Leu41 near the iron-sulfur center has two conformations, which we suggested previously serve as a gate for a water molecule during the electron transfer process. To establish the role of residue 41 in electron transfer, an [L41A] mutant of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin was constructed and crystallized in both oxidation states. Despite the lack of the gating side chain in this protein, the structure of the reduced [L41A] rubredoxin reveals a specific water molecule in the same position as observed in the reduced wild-type rubredoxin. In contrast, both the wild-type and [L41A] rubredoxins in the oxidized state do not have water molecules in this location. The reduction potential of the [L41A] variant was approximately 50 mV more positive than wild-type. Based on these observations, it is proposed that the site around the Sgamma of Cys9 serves as a port for an electron acceptor. Lastly, the Fe-S distances of the reduced rubredoxin are expanded, while the hydrogen bonds between Sgamma of the cysteines and the backbone amide nitrogens are shortened compared to its oxidized counterpart. This small structural perturbation in the Fe(II)/Fe(III) transition is closely related to the small energy difference which is important in an effective electron transfer agent.

Comparing skeletal and cardiac calsequestrin structures and their calcium binding: a proposed mechanism for coupled calcium binding and protein polymerization.

Calsequestrin, the major calcium storage protein of both cardiac and skeletal muscle, binds and releases large numbers of Ca(2+) ions for each contraction and relaxation cycle. Here we show that two crystal structures for skeletal and cardiac calsequestrin are nearly superimposable not only for their subunits but also their front-to-front-type dimers. Ca(2+) binding curves were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. This method enables highly accurate measurements even for Ca(2+) bound to polymerized protein. The binding curves for both skeletal and cardiac calsequestrin were complex, with binding increases that correlated with protein dimerization, tetramerization, and oligomerization. The Ca(2+) binding capacities of skeletal and cardiac calsequestrin are directly compared for the first time, with approximately 80 Ca(2+) ions bound per skeletal calsequestrin and approximately 60 Ca(2+) ions per cardiac calsequestrin, as compared with net charges for these molecules of -80 and -69, respectively. Deleting the negatively charged and disordered C-terminal 27 amino acids of cardiac calsequestrin results in a 50% reduction of its calcium binding capacity and a loss of Ca(2+)-dependent tetramer formation. Based on the crystal structures of rabbit skeletal muscle calsequestrin and canine cardiac calsequestrin, Ca(2+) binding capacity data, and previous light-scattering data, a mechanism of Ca(2+) binding coupled with polymerization is proposed.

An unusual electronic effect of an aromatic-F in phase-transfer catalysts derived from cinchona-alkaloid.

[structure: see text] Various N-benzylcinchonidinium salts were prepared to study electronic factors in the catalytic enantioselective phase-transfer alkylation of glycine anion equivalent. An ortho-fluoro substituent on the benzyl group in the quaternary ammonium salt dramatically increased the enantioselectivity in the alkylation. O(9)-Allyl-N-2',3',4'-trifluorobenzylhydrocinchonidinium bromide (27), which gave the highest enantioselectivity of the catalysts studied, was used to prepare 12 alpha-alkylated amino acid derivatives in 94 approximately >99% ee.