RESUMO
Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) generate measures of cancer incidence and survival that are essential for cancer surveillance, research, and cancer control strategies. In 2014, the Toronto Paediatric Cancer Stage Guidelines were developed to standardise how PBCRs collect data on the stage at diagnosis for childhood cancer cases. These guidelines have been implemented in multiple jurisdictions worldwide to facilitate international comparative studies of incidence and outcome. Robust stratification by risk also requires data on key non-stage prognosticators (NSPs). Key experts and stakeholders used a modified Delphi approach to establish principles guiding paediatric cancer NSP data collection. With the use of these principles, recommendations were made on which NSPs should be collected for the major malignancies in children. The 2014 Toronto Stage Guidelines were also reviewed and updated where necessary. Wide adoption of the resultant Paediatric NSP Guidelines and updated Toronto Stage Guidelines will enhance the harmonisation and use of childhood cancer data provided by PBCRs.
Assuntos
Guias como Assunto/normas , Neoplasias/terapia , Pediatria/tendências , Prognóstico , Criança , Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Sistema de RegistrosRESUMO
Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 36 cancers and for all cancers combined for the year 2018 are now available in the GLOBOCAN 2018 database, compiled and disseminated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This paper reviews the sources and methods used in compiling the cancer statistics in 185 countries. The validity of the national estimates depends upon the representativeness of the source information, and to take into account possible sources of bias, uncertainty intervals are now provided for the estimated sex- and site-specific all-ages number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths. We briefly describe the key results globally and by world region. There were an estimated 18.1 million (95% UI: 17.5-18.7 million) new cases of cancer (17 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million (95% UI: 9.3-9.8 million) deaths from cancer (9.5 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2018.
Assuntos
Causas de Morte , Carga Global da Doença , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Bases de Dados Factuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Incidence rates of different cancers have been calculated for the black population of Harare, Zimbabwe for a 20-year period (1991-2010) coinciding with continuing social and lifestyle changes, and the peak, and subsequent wane, of the HIV-AIDS epidemic. The overall risk of cancer increased during the period in both sexes, with rates of cervix and prostate cancers showing particularly dramatic increases (3.3% and 6.4% annually, respectively). By 2004, prostate cancer had become the most common cancer of men. The incidence of cancer of the esophagus, formerly the most common cancer of men, has remained relatively constant, whereas rates of breast and cervix cancers, the most common malignancies of women, have shown significant increases (4.9% and 3.3% annually, respectively). The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma increased to a maximum around 1998-2000 and then declined in all age groups, and in both sexes The incidence of squamous cell cancers of the conjunctiva is relatively high, with temporal trends similar to those of Kaposi sarcoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the fifth most common cancer of men and fourth of women, showed a steady increase in incidence throughout the period (6.7-6.9% annually), although rates in young adults (15-39) have decreased since 2001. Cancer control in Zimbabwe, as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, involves meeting the challenge of emerging cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (large bowel, breast and prostate), while the incidence of cancers associated with poverty and infection (liver, cervix and esophagus) shows little decline, and the residual burden of the AIDS-associated cancers remains significant.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Estilo de Vida , Linfoma não Hodgkin/epidemiologia , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Risco , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Zimbábue/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The overall objective of the study is to estimate the percentage of cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) in the UK in 2010 that were the result of exposure to 14 major lifestyle, dietary and environmental risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, four elements of diet (consumption of meat, fruit and vegetables, fibre and salt), overweight, lack of physical exercise, occupation, infections, radiation (ionising and solar), use of hormones and reproductive history (breast feeding). The number of new cases attributable to suboptimal exposure levels in the past, relative to a theoretical optimum exposure distribution, is evaluated. For most of the exposures, the attributable fraction was calculated based on the distribution of exposure prevalence (around 2000), the difference from the theoretical optimum (by age group and sex) and the relative risk per unit difference. For tobacco smoking, the method developed by Peto et al (1992) was used, which relies on the ratio between observed incidence of lung cancer in smokers and that in non-smokers, to calibrate the risk. This article outlines the structure of the supplement - a section for each of the 14 exposures, followed by a Summary chapter, which considers the relative contributions of each factor to the total number of cancers diagnosed in the UK in 2010 that were, in theory, avoidable.
Assuntos
Saúde Ambiental , Estilo de Vida , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Meio Ambiente , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Neoplasias/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Carne/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Neoplasias do Colo/etiologia , Feminino , Alimentos em Conserva/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Retais/etiologia , Risco , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Neoplasias/etiologia , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Cloreto de Sódio/urina , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Exercício Físico , Neoplasias/etiologia , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Risco , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/epidemiologia , Radiação Ionizante , Adulto , Idoso , Técnicas de Diagnóstico por Radioisótopos/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/epidemiologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/etiologia , Radiografia/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Radônio/efeitos adversos , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Raios X/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Hormônios/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Anticoncepcionais Orais Combinados/efeitos adversos , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias do Endométrio/etiologia , Feminino , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/etiologia , Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etiologiaAssuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter/complicações , Infecções/complicações , Neoplasias/etiologia , Viroses/complicações , Alphapapillomavirus , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori , Hepatite/complicações , Doença de Hodgkin/virologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Masculino , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Viroses/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/etiologia , Cônjuges , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Reino UnidoAssuntos
Neoplasias Induzidas por Radiação/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/epidemiologia , Melanoma/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Idade Materna , Menarca , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ovarianas/epidemiologia , Paridade , RiscoRESUMO
This chapter summarises the results of the preceding sections, which estimate the fraction of cancers occurring in the UK in 2010 that can be attributed to sub-optimal, past exposures of 14 lifestyle and environmental risk factors. For each of 18 cancer types, we present the percentage of cases attributable to one or all of the risk factors considered (tobacco, alcohol, four elements of diet (consumption of meat, fruit and vegetables, fibre, and salt), overweight, lack of physical exercise, occupation, infections, radiation (ionising and solar), use of hormones, and reproductive history (breast feeding)).Exposure to less than optimum levels of the 14 factors was responsible for 42.7% of cancers in the UK in 2010 (45.3% in men, 40.1% in women)--a total of about 134,000 cases.Tobacco smoking is by far the most important risk factor for cancer in the UK, responsible for 60, 000 cases (19.4% of all new cancer cases) in 2010. The relative importance of other exposures differs by sex. In men, deficient intake of fruits and vegetables (6.1%), occupational exposures (4.9%) and alcohol consumption (4.6%) are next in importance, while in women, it is overweight and obesity (because of the effect on breast cancer)--responsible for 6.9% of cancers, followed by infectious agents (3.7%).Population-attributable fractions provide a valuable quantitative appraisal of the impact of different factors in cancer causation, and are thus helpful in prioritising cancer control strategies. However, quantifying the likely impact of preventive interventions requires rather complex scenario modelling, including specification of realistically achievable population distributions of risk factors, and the timescale of change, as well as the latent periods between exposure and outcome, and the rate of change following modification in exposure level.