Understanding the gaps in elimination of tuberculosis in India.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease, and it has the highest global burden on India with 21% prevalence rate and 27% of patients who do not receive pertinent medical treatment. Although India spends 23 billion dollars annually towards medical expenses for TB, India still ranks among the top 2 countries with the highest incidence and prevalence rates with more than 300,000 deaths excluding the patients with HIV and TB calling for prompt consideration. India faces a great challenge socially and economically. They lack a uniform health care system, making it burdensome to use effective surveillance techniques for prevention of TB. Currently, India is working on resolving the issue meticulously through the web-based application program 'Nikshay' with other strategies like Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) and World Health Organization's The End TB Strategy. India's cardinal goal is to make advanced diagnostic tools made available and public-private healthcare sector collaboration. India needs to focus more on primary prevention by effective policy formation and campaign which promote proper sanitation and vaccine administration while educating the layman.

Nanodrug delivery platform for glucocorticoid use in skeletal muscle injury.

Glucocorticoids are utilized for their anti-inflammatory properties in the skeletal muscle and arthritis. However, the major drawback of use of glucocorticoids is that it leads to senescence and toxicity. Therefore, based on the idea that decreasing particle size allows for increased surface area and bioavailability of the drug, in the present study, we hypothesized that nanodelivery of dexamethasone will offer increased efficacy and decreased toxicity. The dexamethasone-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared using nanoprecipitation method. The morphological characteristics of the nanoparticles were studied under scanning electron microscope. The particle size of nanoparticles was 217.5 ± 19.99 nm with polydispersity index of 0.14 ± 0.07. The nanoparticles encapsulation efficiency was 34.57% ± 1.99% with in vitro drug release profile exhibiting a sustained release pattern over 10 days. We identified improved skeletal muscle myoblast performance with improved closure of the wound along with increased cell viability at 10 nmol/L nano-dexamethasone-PLGA. However, dexamethasone solution (1 µmol/L) was injurious to cells because the migration efficiency was decreased. In addition, the use of dexamethasone nanoparticles decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced lactate dehydrogenase release compared with dexamethasone solution. Taken together, the present study clearly demonstrates that delivery of PLGA-dexamethasone nanoparticles to the skeletal muscle cells is beneficial for treating inflammation and skeletal muscle function.

Genomics and natural products: role of bioinformatics and recent patents.

The post genomic era has promised major breakthroughs in personalized medicine which will improve a patient's health by selecting treatments including diet based on the patient's unique DNA sequence. The post genomic era is allowing scientists and clinicians to examine an individuals' DNA and then recommend the best diet in order to remain healthy and attenuate disease processes which the individual might be predisposed to because of their genetic make-up, e.g., cardiovascular disease. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are related terms to pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics with an emphasis on diet or nutrition. There has been an increasing interest in consumers on natural medicines or Nutraceuticals in order to remain healthy. The post genomic era will allow a patient to visit their physician who will screen the patients DNA on a silicon chip. This will indicate which of the patient's genes have polymorphisms, e.g., a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that might lead the patient to be more susceptible to certain diseases and then the physician could prescribe the appropriate dietary supplements to prevent or diminish these potential diseases. Several recently published patents are discussed in the article covering recent developments in the field.

Inhibition of chlorine-induced lung injury by the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram.

Chlorine is a highly toxic respiratory irritant that when inhaled causes epithelial cell injury, alveolar-capillary barrier disruption, airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, and pulmonary edema. Chlorine is considered a chemical threat agent, and its release through accidental or intentional means has the potential to result in mass casualties from acute lung injury. The type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram was investigated as a rescue treatment for chlorine-induced lung injury. Rolipram inhibits degradation of the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic AMP. Potential beneficial effects of increased cyclic AMP levels include inhibition of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity. Mice were exposed to chlorine (whole body exposure, 228-270 ppm for 1 h) and were treated with rolipram by intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intramuscular (either aqueous or nanoemulsion formulation) delivery starting 1h after exposure. Rolipram administered intraperitoneally or intranasally inhibited chlorine-induced pulmonary edema. Minor or no effects were observed on lavage fluid IgM (indicative of plasma protein leakage), KC (Cxcl1, neutrophil chemoattractant), and neutrophils. All routes of administration inhibited chlorine-induced airway hyperreactivity assessed 1 day after exposure. The results of the study suggest that rolipram may be an effective rescue treatment for chlorine-induced lung injury and that both systemic and targeted administration to the respiratory tract were effective routes of delivery.