Sustainable Utilization of Food Biowaste (Papaya Peel) Extract for Gold Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Investigation of Its Multi-Functional Potentials.

Papaya contains high amounts of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid, potassium, and carotenoids. It is confirmed by several studies that all food waste parts such as the fruit peels, seeds, and leaves of papaya are potential sources of phenolic compounds, particularly in the peel. Considering the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in papaya fruit peels, the current study reports a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) employing food biowaste (vegetable papaya peel extract (VPPE)) and investigated its antioxidant, antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The phytochemical analysis gave positive results for tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac steroidal glycoside, protein, and carbohydrates. The manufactured VPPE-AuNPs were studied by UV-Vis scan (with surface plasmon resonance of 552 nm), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) (with average crystallite size of 44.41 nm as per the Scherrer equation), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size, zeta potential, etc. The mean dimension of the manufactured VPPE-AuNPs is 112.2 d.nm (PDI-0.149) with a -26.1 mV zeta potential. The VPPE-AuNPs displayed a significant antioxidant effect (93.24% DPPH scavenging and 74.23% SOD inhibition at 100 µg/mL); moderate tyrosinase effect (with 30.76%); and substantial α-glucosidase (95.63%) and α-amylase effect (50.66%) at 100 µg/mL. Additionally, it was found to be very proficient in the removal of harmful methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with degradation of 34.70% at 3 h and 24.39% at 5 h, respectively. Taken altogether, the VPPE-AuNPs have been proven to possess multiple biopotential activities, which can be explored by the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

Anti-Cancer Agent: The Labdane Diterpenoid-Andrographolide.

In spite of the progress in treatment strategies, cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the main challenge should be the early diagnosis of cancer and the design of an optimal therapeutic strategy to increase the patient's life expectancy as well as the continuation of the search for increasingly active and selective molecules for the treatment of different forms of cancer. In the recent decades, research in the field of natural compounds has increasingly shifted towards advanced and molecular level understandings, thus leading to the development of potent anti-cancer agents. Among them is the diterpene lactone andrographolide, isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees that showed shows a plethora of biological activities, including not only anti-cancer activity, but also anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties. Andrographolide has been shown to act as an anti-tumor drug by affecting specific molecular targets that play a part in the development and progression of several cancer types including breast, lung, colon, renal, and cervical cancer, as well as leukemia and hepatocarcinoma. This review comprehensively and systematically summarized the current research on the potential anti-cancer properties of andrographolide highlighting its mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and potential side effects and discussing the future perspectives, challenges, and limitations of use.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Ethnopharmacological Properties of Mistletoe from Phoradendron and Viscum Species.

Plants from the genus Phoradendron and Viscum, also known as American and European mistletoe, are a group of hemiparasitic plants traditionally used to treat many diseases. Mistletoes have a rich content of natural compounds like terpenes, alkaloids, proteins, and phenolic compounds associated with their potential medicinal properties. In this sense, mistletoes have shown antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity, which has been attributed to their phytochemical constituents. The mechanisms in which mistletoe plants act vary and depend on their phytochemical content and distribution, which in part will depend on the mistletoe species. In this sense, recent literature research is needed to visualize state of the art in the ethnopharmacological potential of mistletoe. Thus, this literature review aims to systematically report recent studies (2010-2023) on the phytochemical characterization and bioactive studies of mistletoe plants, mainly the Viscum and Phoradendron genera. We gather recent information of 161 references selected in our research. Here we report that although there are several bioactivity studies of mistletoe species, bioavailability studies are still scarce, and the precise mechanisms of action are not fully known. We encourage that further studies include a systematic strategy to cover these areas of opportunity.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Mechanism of Action, Tyrosinase Inhibition, and Photocatalytic Degradation Potential of Sericin-Based Gold Nanoparticles.

In recent times, numerous natural materials have been used for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Natural resources used for the synthesis of AuNPs are more environment friendly than chemical resources. Sericin is a silk protein that is discarded during the degumming process for obtaining silk. The current research used sericin silk protein waste materials as the reducing agent for the manufacture of gold nanoparticles (SGNPs) by a one-pot green synthesis method. Further, the antibacterial effect and antibacterial mechanism of action, tyrosinase inhibition, and photocatalytic degradation potential of these SGNPs were evaluated. The SGNPs displayed positive antibacterial activity (8.45-9.58 mm zone of inhibition at 50 µg/disc) against all six tested foodborne pathogenic bacteria, namely, Enterococcus feacium DB01, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 33090, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 23514, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583. The SGNPs also exhibited promising tyrosinase inhibition potential, with 32.83% inhibition at 100 µg/mL concentration as compared to 52.4% by Kojic acid, taken as a reference standard compound. The SGNPs also displayed significant photocatalytic degradation effects, with 44.87% methylene blue dye degradation after 5 h of incubation. Moreover, the antibacterial mode of action of the SGNPs was also investigated against E. coli and E. feacium, and the results show that due to the small size of the nanomaterials, they could have adhered to the surface of the bacterial pathogens, and could have released more ions and dispersed in the bacterial cell wall surrounding environment, thereby disrupting the cell membrane and ROS production, and subsequently penetrating the bacterial cells, resulting in lysis or damage to the cell by the process of structural damage to the membrane, oxidative stress, and damage to the DNA and bacterial proteins. The overall outcome of the current investigation concludes the positive effects of the obtained SGNPs and their prospective applications as a natural antibacterial agent in cosmetics, environmental, and foodstuff industries, and for the management of environmental contagion.

Sericin mediated gold/silver bimetallic nanoparticles and exploration of its multi-therapeutic efficiency and photocatalytic degradation potential.

The current investigation aimed at bimetallic gold-silver nanoparticles (Au/Ag NPs), here called BM-GS NPs, synthesis using sericin protein as the reducing agent in an easy, cost-effective, and sustainable way. The obtained BM-GS NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetric analysis followed by evaluation of its multitherapeutic and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The TEM analysis revealed its spherical nature and the EDS result displayed the presence of both Ag and Au elements, confirming the synthesis of BM-GS NPs. The XRD pattern verified the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles (NPs). The DLS analysis showed an average size of 86.08 d nm and the zeta potential showed a highly negative value (-26.3 mV) which specifies that the generated bimetallic NPs are stable. The BM-GS NPs exhibited positive wound healing potential (with 63.38% of wound closure rate at 25 µg/ml, as compared to 54.42% by the untreated control) with very negligible toxicity effect on the cell viability of the normal keratinocyte cells. It also demonstrated promising antioxidant properties with 65.00%, 69.23%, and 63.03% activity at 100 µg/ml concentration for ABTS (2, 2-azinobis) (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), DPPH (1, 1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and SOD (superoxide dismutase enzyme) assays respectively, antidiabetic potential (with a significantly high α-glucosidase inhibition potential of 99.69% at 10µg/ml concentration and 62.11% of α-amylase enzyme inhibition at 100 µg/ml concentration) and moderate tyrosinase inhibitory potential (with 17.09% at 100 µg/ml concentration). Besides, it displayed reasonable antibacterial potential with the diameter of zone of inhibition ranging between 10.89 and 12.39 mm. Further, its antibacterial mode of action reveals that its effects could be due to being very smaller, the NPs could have penetrated inside the cellular membrane thereby causing rupture and damage to the interior materials leading to cellular lysis. The photocatalytic evaluation showed that synthesized BM-GS NPs have the efficiency of degrading methylene blue dye by 34.70% within 3 h of treatment. The above findings revealed the multi-therapeutic efficacy of the sericin globular protein-mediated BM-GS NPs and its potential future applications in the cosmetics and food sector and environmental contamination management industries.

Major Bioactive Compounds from Java Plum Seeds: An Investigation of Its Extraction Procedures and Clinical Effects.

Java plum is widely recognized as a plant with valuable medicinal properties, originating from Indonesia and India and distributed globally in the tropic and sub-tropic regions of the world. The plant is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, terpenes, tannins, and lipids. The phytoconstituents of the plant seeds possess various vital pharmacological activities and clinical effects including their antidiabetic potential. The bioactive phytoconstituents of Java plum seeds include jambosine, gallic acid, quercetin, ß-sitosterol, ferulic acid, guaiacol, resorcinol, p-coumaric acid, corilagin, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin, tannic acid, 4,6 hexahydroxydiphenoyl glucose, 3,6-hexahydroxy diphenoylglucose, 1-galloylglucose, and 3-galloylglucose. Considering all the potential beneficial effects of the major bioactive compounds present in the Jamun seeds, in the current investigation, the specific clinical effects and the mechanism of action for the major bioactive compounds along with the extraction procedures are discussed.

Silk Sericin Protein Materials: Characteristics and Applications in Food-Sector Industries.

There is growing concern about the use of plastic in packaging for food materials, as this results in increased plastic waste materials in the environment. To counter this, alternative sources of packaging materials that are natural and based on eco-friendly materials and proteins have been widely investigated for their potential application in food packaging and other industries of the food sector. Sericin, a silk protein that is usually discarded in large quantities by the sericulture and textile industries during the degumming process of manufacturing silk from silk cocoons, can be explored for its application in food packaging and in other food sectors as a functional food and component of food items. Hence, its repurposing can result in reduced economic costs and environmental waste. Sericin extracted from silk cocoon possesses several useful amino acids, such as aspartic acid, glycine, and serine. Likewise, sericin is strongly hydrophilic, a property that confers effective biological and biocompatible characteristics, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-tyrosinase properties. When used in combination with other biomaterials, sericin has proved to be effective in the manufacture of films or coating or packaging materials. In this review, the characteristics of sericin materials and their potential application in food-sector industries are discussed in detail.

Synthesis of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles by Using Sericin Protein from Bombyx mori Silk Cocoon and Investigation of Its Wound Healing, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Potentials.

Introduction: A number of biological wastes and factory waste materials have been tested recently for the eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Sericin protein (SSP) is usually removed from the silk cocoon during the degumming process in the process of making the silk, and this sericin protein is normally thrown away by the sericulture industries as waste materials. It is found that this sericin protein possesses a number of biological properties. Methods: Considering this, in the present study, an effort has been made to biosynthesize gold nanoparticles (SSP-AuNPs) using the waste sericin solution as the reducing and capping agent and investigate its biopotential in terms of its wound healing, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Results: The synthesis of SSP-AuNPs was perceived by the visual color change and confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy with absorption maxima at 522 nm. Further characterization of SSP-AuNPs was done by TEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, DLS, zeta potential, TGA, AFM, etc. The size of SSP-AuNPs was found out to be 54.82 nm as per the particle size analyzer and the zeta potential is -19.8 mV. The SSP-AuNPs displayed promising wound healing potential of 70.96 and 69.76% wound closure rate at 5 and 10 µg/mL respectively as compared to 74.91% by the Centella asiatica taken as a positive control. It also exhibited promising antioxidant potential in terms of the DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging, reducing power potential, and total antioxidant capacity. Besides, the SSP-AuNPs also displayed significant antibacterial activities against the tested pathogenic bacterial with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 12.10 and 14.96 mm as compared to the positive control cephalexin that displayed inhibition zones ranging between 12.08 and 13.24 mm. Discussion: Taken together, SSP-AuNPs could serve as an interesting candidate for food, cosmetics, and biomedical fields in the applications of wound healing, cosmetics, antibacterial bandages, and ointments, etc.

Natural Flavonoids in the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Cancer: A Pharmacological Aspect.

Deadly disease cancer has many types; among them, lung cancer is responsible for the highest number of cancer mortality. Existing therapies as well as drugs for treating lung cancer are not effective and are often associated with innumerable side effects and toxicities. For these reasons, researchers have been working on developing novel anti-cancer medicines from plants and other natural sources that have a high safety profile. Natural flavonoids are a polyphenolic group of phytochemicals extracted from plants and other plant-derived compounds. Natural flavonoids are gaining popularity due to their unique and priceless medicinal properties, including anticancer properties. Several researchers have already declared that flavonoids possess the ability to treat different cancers, particularly lung cancer. The bioactivity of natural flavonoids is mainly due to their structural diversity. Natural flavonoids fight against lung cancer by regulating redox homeostasis, upregulating apoptosis, pro-apoptotic factors, and survival genes, arresting cell cycle progression, autophagy, reducing cell proliferation and invasiveness, maintaining inflammation response, downregulating anti-apoptotic factors, and targeting lung cancer signaling pathways. Flavonoids can act alone or synergistically with other agents to treat lung cancer. Due to these reasons, it is possible to use natural flavonoids as pharmaceutical leads to prevent and treat lung cancer.

Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Nutra-pharmaceutical Potentials of Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb).

Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb) belonging to the Zingiberaceae family is widely distributed in India and some parts of Nepal, Thailand, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is traditionally used as medicine for treating various diseases and also used as food. Few data are available about its application in pharmacology and therapeutics. Literature search for related contents, keywords such as "Curcuma angustifolia Roxb", "traditional food", "ethnomedicine", "pharmacology", "phytochemicals", "pharmacological activities" were used in search engines including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Semantic Scholar. Secondary metabolites found in Indian Arrowroot include essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, terpenes, phenols, and others. Pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-ulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, and anti-cancerous activities have been shown by Indian Arrowroot (Curcuma angustifolia Roxb). The presence of nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential gained demand in the various food production industries and pharmacology research. It may play a vital role in future studies of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb as ethnomedicine and further exploitation in pharmacological studies.

Nutraceuticals, a Bridge Between Past and Future: Focus on Mushrooms Biological Activities and Myco-Chemistry.

BACKGROUND: Mushrooms are consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional and nutraceutical values. In addition to the presence of various vitamins, low-fat, and proteins, they are also an important source of trace elements, dietary fibers, and bioactive compounds. Their potential therapeutic properties are due to their multiple biological effects, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, immune-modulating, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic properties. The global market of mushroom farming is anticipated to witness remarkable progress for its potential application in health products, profitable production and a rising demand for the healthy foods across the globe. The Asia Pacific marketplace seems to represent the major market of mushrooms, due to the higher per capita consumption of culinary and medical purposes. OBJECTIVE: Mushrooms have generally low calories, low levels of cholesterol, fats, gluten and sodium. Several biological effects of mushroom are due to the presence of phenolic components, polysaccharides, terpenoids, terphenyl-related compounds, and many other lower molecular weight molecules. This review aims at describing the chemical characterization of several mushrooms species and their biological effects. CONCLUSION: The current review describes different secondary metabolites found in several mushrooms and mushrooms extracts, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activities. Also the antimicrobial activities of mushrooms, mushrooms extracts and isolated compounds from mushrooms were described. The description of these activities, related to the presence of specific classes of secondary metabolites and isolated compounds, may lead to the identification of mycomplexes and mushrooms compounds that may be further studied for their potential application in nutraceutical products.

Acteoside (Verbascoside): A Prospective Therapeutic Alternative against Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting the Expression of AXL, FGFR, BRAF, TIE2 and RAF1 Targets.

AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the world's second leading cause of cancerrelated mortality and the fifth most prevalent cancer overall. Several synthetic and plant-based remedies are in practice to treat diverse liver disorders. Because of their minimal side effects and protective characteristics, plant phenolics have the potential to become alternative therapeutics, replacing currently existing HCC medications. The present study identifies the plant phenolics as having the capacity to inhibit HCC with low side effects and cost efficiency. BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, despite the proven effectiveness of screening programs for at-risk individuals, the majority of patients have disease progression or tumor characteristics that preclude curative therapies at the time of diagnosis. Acteoside (Verbascoside) is a naturally occurring phenylethanoid glycoside found throughout the plant kingdom. Acteoside is a physiologically active chemical with the number of pharmacological and protective effects against various liver illnesses. OBJECTIVES: Currently used HCC medications have a variety of side effects. Plant-based chemicals offer the possibility of treating HCC with minimal side effects. The work is targeted to find the best phytochemical (plant phenolic) lead molecule for future drug development research against Hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: The targets were selected based on an analysis of relevant literature, and the 3D structures of the selected receptors were obtained in. pdb format from the RCSB-Protein data bank (PDB, http://www.rscb.org/pdb). Based on a review of the literature, sixty plant secondary metabolites, or plant phenolics, were selected. The ligand structures were obtained and downloaded in.sdf format from the NCBI PubChem chemicals database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Molecular docking between the receptor and ligands was accomplished using the Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 (MVD) software. RESULTS: The target RAF1, BRAF chain 1, TIE2 chain 2 FGFR1, FGFR2, AXL, and FGFR4 showed the best binding effectiveness with acteoside compared to their respective positive control. RET chain 1 and BRAF chain 2 acteoside showed prominent binding efficacy after Curcumin, and Epigallocatechingallate, respectively, against positive control. Present findings clearly point towards the potentiality of acteoside in inhibiting various HCC targets. CONCLUSION: Acteoside may be used as a prominent lead molecule in the future treatment of hepatic cancer with its multifaceted binding efficiencies against various target proteins.

Effect of acetone fraction of Ottelia alismoides on the G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the human carcinoma cell lines.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The North-eastern parts of India have immense therapeutic floras, Ottelia alismoides is an aquatic plant that has been in use for a long time in traditional medicine for treating diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes, febrifuge, hemorrhoids, and rubefacient. In lung and skin carcinoma cells with a high rate of proliferation and metastasis including drug resistance and non-specific target activity, generates important challenges towards their treatment strategy. Thus, finding novel therapeutic targets to treat lung and skin cancer progression is essential to enhance the patients' survival with treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apoptotic potential of acetone extract of O. alismoides (L.) Pers. (OA-AC) and to identify the compounds responsible for this effect, HRLC-MS-QTOF analysis of the extract has been undertaken along with in-silico molecular docking analysis of the identified compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A549 and A431 cells were treated with acetone extract of O. alismoides (OA-AC) at 24 h and 48 h exposure and cell cycle phase distribution was evaluated and also apoptosis induction activity was evaluated by OA-EtBr staining and Mitochondrial outer membrane potential assay. Western blotting was performed for the evaluation of apoptotic protein expression. At last, the HR-LCMS of OA-AC was analyzed to identify the compounds responsible for the apoptotic activity of the extract. RESULTS: The cell cycle phase distribution analysis in A549 and A431 cells at 24hrs exposure with 10 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL of OA-AC showed a potent arrest or blockage at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle with reduced expression of cyclin B and p-Cdc2. At 48 h exposure, apoptosis was observed in these cancer cells with elevated expression of Bax, p21 and cleaved caspase 3 and reduced expression of the Bcl2. CONCLUSION: AO-EtBr staining of these cancer cells reveals that the death induced by OA-AC was apoptotic in nature with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane due to loss or damage of the mitochondrial membrane. The HRLC-MS-QTOF analysis of OA-AC depicted 14 major isolable compounds and molecular docking analysis displayed 4 compounds that might act as an inhibitor of cyclin B for G2/M phase arrest that leads to apoptotic induction in the cells.

Comparative Bio-Potential Effects of Fresh and Boiled Mountain Vegetable (Fern) Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles.

This current investigation was designed to synthesize Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) using both the fresh (Fbf) and boiled (Bbf) Korean mountain vegetable fern (named Gosari) extracts and make a comparative evaluation of its multi-therapeutic potentials. The screening of phytochemicals in the fern extract was undertaken. The synthesized fern-mediated silver nanoparticles are characterized and investigated for their bio-potential like α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity prospects. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by the UV-Vis Spectra, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential analysis, etc. The synthesis of the Fbf-AgNPs was very fast and started within 1 h of the reaction whereas the synthesis of the Bbf-AgNPs synthesis was slow and it started around 18 h of incubation. The UV-Vis spectra displayed the absorption maxima of 424 nm for Fbf-AgNPs and in the case of Bbf-AgNPs, it was shown at 436 nm. The current research results demonstrated that both Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs displayed a strong α-glucosidase inhibition effect with more than 96% effect at 1 µg/mL concentration, but the Bbf-AgNPs displayed a slightly higher effect with IC50 value slightly lower than the Fbf-AgNPs. Both Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs displayed good antioxidant effects concerning the in vitro antioxidant assays. In the case of the cytotoxicity potential assay also, among both the investigated Fbf-AgNPs and Bbf-AgNPs nanoparticles, the Bbf-AgNPs showed stronger effects with lower IC50 value as compared to the Fbf-AgNPs. In conclusion, both the fern-mediated AgNPs displayed promising multi-therapeutic potential and could be beneficial in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors. Though the synthesis process is rapid in Fbf-AgNPs, but it is concluded from the results of all the tested bio-potential assays, Bbf-AgNPs is slightly better than Fbf-AgNPs.

Glucosinolates and Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Mustard Seeds: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.

Seeds from mustard (genera Brassica spp. and Sinapsis spp.), are known as a rich source of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds are widely known for their health benefits that include reducing inflammation and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This review presented a synthesis of published literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Sci Finder, and Web of Science regarding the different glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids isolated from mustard seeds. We presented an overview of extraction, isolation, purification, and structure elucidation of glucosinolates from the seeds of mustard plants. Moreover, we presented a compilation of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies showing the potential health benefits of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids. Previous studies showed that glucosinolates have antimicrobial, antipain, and anticancer properties while omega-3 fatty acids are useful for their pharmacologic effects against sleep disorders, anxiety, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Further studies are needed to investigate other naturally occurring glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids, improve and standardize the extraction and isolation methods from mustard seeds, and obtain more clinical evidence on the pharmacological applications of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids from mustard seeds.

Key Health Benefits of Korean Ueong Dry Root Extract Combined Silver Nanoparticles.

Introduction: Nowadays, in nanotechnology and material science, biosynthesis of the metal nanoparticle is a promising approach. Methods: In the current research, the extract of the Korean Ueong dry root (BdkR), which belongs to the Asteraceae family, was used as a reducing and capping agent, for the green synthesis of the BdkR-Ag nanoparticles in a cost-effective and highly efficient manner. In this study for the reaction measures, UV-Vis spectroscopy was applied. SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, mean size distribution, and zeta potential were used for the characterization of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs. In the beginning, the primary phytochemical screening of BdkR extract was estimated and the cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs were evaluated. Results: According to the results, the BdkR extract is rich in various phytochemicals and the generated AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The surface plasmon resonance value of the BdkR-AgNPs was 444 nm confirming the synthesis of AgNPs. The BdkR-AgNPs displayed four clear diffraction peaks at 2 theta angles (38.22); (46.15); (64.88); (76.83), respectively, which are equivalent to (111), (200), (220) and (311). The obtained nanoparticles have a zeta potential of -17.0 mV. Furthermore, the generated BdkR-AgNPs exhibited considerable antidiabetic effect in terms of the inhibition of α-glucosidase with a maximum inhibition value of 95.41% at 5.0 µg/mL and more than 86% inhibition at 2.5 µg/mL and the estimated IC50 value was found to be 0.653 µg/mL. Further, it also displayed a significant cytotoxicity activity against the HepG2 cancer cell lines at 10 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL concentrations with 86% and 88% of inhibition, respectively. Besides this, the synthesized AgNPs also displayed promising antioxidant activities in terms of the DPPH (IC50 value - 56.26 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50 value - 171.43 µg/mL) and reducing power (IC0.5 value - 227.42 µg/mL). Discussion: The multipotential effects of the synthesized BdkR-AgNPs might be attributed to the presence of the bioactive compounds in the BdkR extract that acted as the capping and reducing agent in the synthesis process. The green synthesized BdkR-AgNPs exhibited promising bioactive potential for their future applications in the food and biomedical field.

Fate of Bioactive Compounds during Lactic Acid Fermentation of Fruits and Vegetables.

Consumption of lactic acid fermented fruits and vegetables has been correlated with a series of health benefits. Some of them have been attributed to the probiotic potential of lactic acid microbiota, while others to its metabolic potential and the production of bioactive compounds. The factors that affect the latter have been in the epicenter of intensive research over the last decade. The production of bioactive peptides, vitamins (especially of the B-complex), gamma-aminobutyric acid, as well as phenolic and organosulfur compounds during lactic acid fermentation of fruits and vegetables has attracted specific attention. On the other hand, the production of biogenic amines has also been intensively studied due to the adverse health effects caused by their consumption. The data that are currently available indicate that the production of these compounds is a strain-dependent characteristic that may also be affected by the raw materials used as well as the fermentation conditions. The aim of the present review paper is to collect all data referring to the production of the aforementioned compounds and to present and discuss them in a concise and comprehensive way.

Multitherapeutic Efficacy of Curly Kale Extract Fabricated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles.

Purpose: Due to the biomedical applications universally, the Ag nanoparticles are one of the most commonly investigated nanoparticles (NPs). Curly kale (BroL) leaves contain numerous beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals. The aim of the current study is the fabrication of the Ag nanoparticles using the extracts of curly kale and to investigate their biological potentials. Methods: The characterization of the generated BroLAgNPs was done through UV-Vis spectro study, Fourier-transform infrared spectro study, scanning electron microscope analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray study, distribution of size and zeta potential investigation, and X-ray powder diffraction study, and their biological effects were evaluated by antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity effect. Results: BroL-Ag nanoparticle displayed surface plasmon resonance at 432 nm. The Zeta potential of BroL (-26.6) AgNPs displayed a highly negative charge. In antidiabetic assay, BroL-AgNPs was highly effective with IC50 value 2.29 µg/mL at 1.0 µg/mL concentration. In cytotoxicity assay, BroL-AgNPs displayed strong activity at 10.0 µg/mL concentration. It showed inhibitory action against three food-borne pathogenic bacteria (9.29-11.44 mm inhibition zone) and displayed moderate antioxidant potential. Conclusion: This study as a whole report an eco-friendly green synthesis of AgNPs using leafy vegetable aqueous extract and its multi-biological effects which could serve as a promising candidate in pharmacological and related industries.

Precision and Advanced Nano-Phytopharmaceuticals for Therapeutic Applications.

Phytopharmaceuticals have been widely used globally since ancient times and acknowledged by healthcare professionals and patients for their superior therapeutic value and fewer side-effects compared to modern medicines. However, phytopharmaceuticals need a scientific and methodical approach to deliver their components and thereby improve patient compliance and treatment adherence. Dose reduction, improved bioavailability, receptor selective binding, and targeted delivery of phytopharmaceuticals can be likely achieved by molding them into specific nano-formulations. In recent decades, nanotechnology-based phytopharmaceuticals have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of various communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nanotechnology combined with phytopharmaceuticals broadens the therapeutic perspective and overcomes problems associated with plant medicine. The current review highlights the therapeutic application of various nano-phytopharmaceuticals in neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastro-intestinal disorders. We conclude that nano-phytopharmaceuticals emerge as promising therapeutics for many pathological conditions with good compliance and higher acceptance.

Engineered Probiotic and Prebiotic Nutraceutical Supplementations in Combating Non-communicable Disorders: A Review.

Nutritional supplementations are a form of nutrition sources that may help in improving the health complexities of a person throughout his or her life span. Being also categorized as food supplementations, nutraceuticals are products that are extracted from edible sources with medical benefits as well as primary nutritional values. Nutraceuticals can be considered as functional foods. There are evidences that nutraceutical supplementations can alter the commensal gut microbiota and help to prevent or fight against chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases in adults, including neurological disorders (Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD], Parkinson's disease [PD], Multiple sclerosis [MS]) and metabolic disorders (Type-II diabetes, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). They can even lessen the complexities of preterm babies like extra-uterine growth restriction, necrotizing enterocolitis, infant eczema and allergy (during pregnancy) as well as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Molecular perception of inflammatory and apoptotic modulators regulating the pathogenesis of these health risks, their control and management by probiotics and prebiotics could further emphasize the scientific overview of their utility. In this study, the pivotal role of nutraceutical supplementations in regulating or modulating molecular pathways in the above non-communicable diseases is briefly described. This work also gives an overall introduction of the sophisticated genome-editing techniques and advanced delivery systems in therapeutic activities applicable under these health risks.