On the Origin and Evolution of the Mosquito Male-determining Factor Nix.

The mosquito family Culicidae is divided into 2 subfamilies named the Culicinae and Anophelinae. Nix, the dominant male-determining factor, has only been found in the culicines Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, 2 important arboviral vectors that belong to the subgenus Stegomyia. Here we performed sex-specific whole-genome sequencing and RNAseq of divergent mosquito species and explored additional male-inclusive datasets to investigate the distribution of Nix. Except for the Culex genus, Nix homologs were found in all species surveyed from the Culicinae subfamily, including 12 additional species from 3 highly divergent tribes comprising 4 genera, suggesting Nix originated at least 133 to 165 million years ago (MYA). Heterologous expression of 1 of 3 divergent Nix open reading frames (ORFs) in Ae. aegypti resulted in partial masculinization of genetic females as evidenced by morphology and doublesex splicing. Phylogenetic analysis suggests Nix is related to femaleless (fle), a recently described intermediate sex-determining factor found exclusively in anopheline mosquitoes. Nix from all species has a conserved structure, including 3 RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs), as does fle. However, Nix has evolved at a much faster rate than fle. The RRM3 of both Nix and fle are distantly related to the single RRM of a widely distributed and conserved splicing factor transformer-2 (tra2). The RRM3-based phylogenetic analysis suggests this domain in Nix and fle may have evolved from tra2 or a tra2-related gene in a common ancestor of mosquitoes. Our results provide insights into the evolution of sex determination in mosquitoes and will inform broad applications of mosquito-control strategies based on manipulating sex ratios toward nonbiting males.

Exploring the immunogenicity of an insect-specific virus vectored Zika vaccine candidate.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an important re-emerging flavivirus that presents a significant threat to human health worldwide. Despite its importance, no vaccines are approved for use in humans. Insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs) have recently garnered attention as an antigen presentation platform for vaccine development and diagnostic applications. Here, we further explore the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a chimeric ISFV-Zika vaccine candidate, designated Aripo-Zika (ARPV/ZIKV). Our results show a near-linear relationship between increased dose and immunogenicity, with 1011 genome copies (i.e., 108 focus forming units) being the minimum dose required for protection from ZIKV-induced morbidity and mortality in mice. Including boosters did not significantly increase the short-term efficacy of ARPV/ZIKV-vaccinated mice. We also show that weanling mice derived from ARPV/ZIKV-vaccinated dams were completely protected from ZIKV-induced morbidity and mortality upon challenge, suggesting efficient transfer of maternally-derived protective antibodies. Finally, in vitro coinfection studies of ZIKV with Aripo virus (ARPV) and ARPV/ZIKV in African green monkey kidney cells (i.e., Vero-76) showed that ARPV and ARPV/ZIKV remain incapable of replication in vertebrate cells, despite the presence of active ZIKV replication. Altogether, our data continue to support ISFV-based vaccines, and specifically the ARPV backbone is a safe, immunogenic and effective vaccine strategy for flaviviruses.

Differences in Habitual and Maximal Gait Velocity Across Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Examination.

Prior work, primarily focusing on habitual gait velocity, has demonstrated a cost while walking when coupled with a cognitive task. The cost of dual-task walking is exacerbated with age and complexity of the cognitive or motor task. However, few studies have examined the dual-task cost associated with maximal gait velocity. Thus, this cross-sectional study examined age-related changes in dual-task (serial subtraction) walking at two velocities. Participants were classified by age: young-old (45-64 years), middle-old (65-79 years), and oldest-old (≥80 years). They completed single- and dual-task walking trials for each velocity: habitual (N = 217) and maximal (N = 194). While no significant Group × Condition interactions existed for habitual or maximal gait velocities, the main effects for both condition and age groups were significant (p < .01). Maximal dual-task cost (p = .01) was significantly greater in the oldest-old group. With age, both dual-task velocities decreased. Maximal dual-task cost was greatest for the oldest-old group.

Expression of anti-chikungunya single-domain antibodies in transgenic Aedes aegypti reduces vector competence for chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related alphaviruses that cause acute febrile illness accompanied by an incapacitating polyarthralgia that can persist for years following initial infection. In conjunction with sporadic outbreaks throughout the sub-tropical regions of the Americas, increased global travel to CHIKV- and MAYV-endemic areas has resulted in imported cases of MAYV, as well as imported cases and autochthonous transmission of CHIKV, within the United States and Europe. With increasing prevalence of CHIKV worldwide and MAYV throughout the Americas within the last decade, a heavy focus has been placed on control and prevention programs. To date, the most effective means of controlling the spread of these viruses is through mosquito control programs. However, current programs have limitations in their effectiveness; therefore, novel approaches are necessary to control the spread of these crippling pathogens and lessen their disease burden. We have previously identified and characterized an anti-CHIKV single-domain antibody (sdAb) that potently neutralizes several alphaviruses including Ross River virus and Mayaro virus. Given the close antigenic relationship between MAYV and CHIKV, we formulated a single defense strategy to combat both emerging arboviruses: we generated transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that express two camelid-derived anti-CHIKV sdAbs. Following an infectious bloodmeal, we observed significant reduction in CHIKV and MAYV replication and transmission potential in sdAb-expressing transgenic compared to wild-type mosquitoes; thus, this strategy provides a novel approach to controlling and preventing outbreaks of these pathogens that reduce quality of life throughout the tropical regions of the world.

What Factors are Associated With Conversion to Knee Arthroplasty After Subchondroplasty?

BACKGROUND: Subchondral bone marrow lesions identified on knee MRI are believed to play a role in osteoarthritis-associated pain. The subchondroplasty procedure is an arthroscopically assisted procedure for treating such lesions to avoid larger procedures such as knee arthroplasty. However, the survivorship free of conversion to arthroplasty and the factors associated with an increased likelihood of conversion of subchondroplasty to arthroplasty have not been well defined. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We performed this study to (1) determine the 5-year survivorship of subchondroplasty free from conversion to knee arthroplasty (unicompartmental or total) and (2) identify variables that were associated with progression to knee arthroplasty after a subchondroplasty procedure. METHODS: In all, 216 patients who underwent a subchondroplasty procedure performed by one surgeon with subchondroplasty experience at a single-center, multilocation facility between September 2014 and August 2017 were retrospectively evaluated to estimate survivorship free from conversion to knee arthroplasty at 5 years. The mean ± SD age and BMI at the time of subchondroplasty procedure were 59 ± 11 years and 33 ± 8 kg/m 2 , respectively; 60% (129 of 216) of the patients were women. Other variables collected were smoking status and grade and location of chondral lesions. The electronic medical record was reviewed to determine whether the patient had a knee arthroplasty after subchondroplasty. Survivorship free from conversion to knee arthroplasty at 5 years was calculated from a Kaplan-Meier survivorship estimator. Factors associated with progression to knee arthroplasty were examined using t-tests and chi-square analyses. Variables showing evidence of an association with knee arthroplasty were explored further using a Kaplan-Meier survivorship estimator (n = 190). RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier survivorship free from conversion to knee arthroplasty was 73% (95% CI 67% to 79%) at 5 years after subchondroplasty. We found that age older than 50 years and Grade 4 chondral lesions were associated with conversion to knee arthroplasty. Patients with a Grade 4 chondral lesion had 5-year survivorship of 62% (95% CI 54% to 71%) and 59% (95% CI 50% to 69%) for those older than 50 years with a Grade 4 chondral lesion. CONCLUSION: Currently, we recommend a detailed, informed discussion of the risks versus benefits with patients who are considering a subchondroplasty procedure, particularly patients aged 50 years and older and those with Grade 4 chondral lesions. Future randomized trials, including those that compare the subchondroplasty procedure with arthroscopy alone or nonoperative management options, are still needed to confirm the efficacy and role of the subchondroplasty procedure in patients with knee osteoarthritis, because only such prospective studies can determine the success of the procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

A Novel Digital Digit-Symbol Substitution Test Measuring Processing Speed in Adults At Risk for Alzheimer Disease: Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Assessing cognitive constructs affected by Alzheimer disease, such as processing speed (PS), is important to screen for potential disease and allow for early detection. Digital PS assessments have been developed to provide widespread, efficient cognitive testing, but all have been validated only based on the correlation between test scores. Best statistical practices dictate that concurrent validity should be assessed for agreement or equivalence rather than using correlation alone. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the concurrent validity of a novel digital PS assessment against a gold-standard measure of PS. METHODS: Adults aged 45-75 years (n=191) participated in this study. Participants completed the novel digital digit-symbol substitution test (DDSST) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status coding test (RBANS-C). The correlation between the test scores was determined using a Pearson product-moment correlation, and a difference in mean test scores between tests was checked for using a 2-tailed dependent samples t test. Data were analyzed for agreement between the 2 tests using Bland-Altman limits of agreement and equivalency using a two one-sided t tests (TOST) approach. RESULTS: A significant moderate, positive correlation was found between DDSST and RBANS-C scores (r=.577; P<.001), and no difference in mean scores was detected between the tests (P=.93). Bias was nearly zero (0.04). Scores between the tests were found to display adequate agreement with 90% of score differences falling between -22.66 and 22.75 (90% limits of agreement=-22.91 to 22.99), and the scores were equivalent (P=.049). CONCLUSIONS: Analyses indicate that the DDSST is a valid digital assessment of PS. The DDSST appears to be a suitable option for widespread, immediate, and efficient PS testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04559789; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04559789.

The effect of a digital health coaching and health education protocol on cognition in adults at-risk for Alzheimer's.

Several modifiable lifestyle factors have been linked to cognitive ability and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Health coaching (HC) is an intervention that addresses lifestyle factors associated with cognition. The effectiveness of an HC protocol was evaluated and compared with a health education (HE) intervention, representing the current standard of care, in a sample of 216 adults between the ages of 45 and 75 years who were at-risk for developing ADRD. Outcomes examined were global cognition, neuropsychological cognition, and Alzheimer's risk. HC participants received personalized coaching from a health coach focusing on nutrition, physical activity, sleep, stress, social engagement, and cognitive activity. HE participants received biweekly education materials focusing on the same modifiable lifestyle factors addressed by HC. Participants were assessed at baseline and again 4 months later. Self-reported global cognition scores improved only in the HC group (16.18 to 15.52, p = .03) and neuropsychological cognitive ability improved in the HE group (104.48 to 108.76, p < .001). When non-adherence in the HC group was accounted for, however, the mean change in neuropsychological score was similar between groups (p > .05), self-reported global cognition demonstrated an even larger mean improvement in the HC group (16.20 to 15.41, p = .01), and the HC group saw an improvement in ADRD protective risk score (- 10.39 to - 11.45, p = .007). These results indicate that HC and HE can both improve cognition, but HC may be more effective and may yield increased protection against ADRD risk.

Effects of fundamental movement skills based dual-task and dance training on single- and dual-task walking performance in older women with dementia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of fundamental movement skills (FMS)-based dual-task training and dance training on spatio-temporal characteristics of gait performance under single- and dual-task walking conditions among older women with dementia. METHOD: Thirty-eight elderly females with dementia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) dual-task intervention (DTI, age: 73 ± 6.5 years) or (2) Iranian dance intervention (IDI, age: 72.52 ± 6.01 years). Both groups participated in a 10-week intervention program (3 sessions per week, each lasting 50 min). Gait performance parameters (gait speed, cadence, and stride length) and dual-task costs (DTC) were examined using a gait analysis system. The participants completed three walking trials under two conditions: single- and dual-task. The video data was analyzed using motion analysis software (Frame-DIAS II, DKH, DKH Inc., Tokyo, Japan). RESULTS: The results showed that both groups significantly improved in terms of all gait variables, and DTC decreased (p < .001) from pre- to post-test for both conditions. However, the main effects for the group and the group-by-time interactions were not significantly different between the two groups (p > .05). CONCLUSION: These findings showed that DTI and IDI effectively improved gait performance following a 10-week intervention for older women with dementia. Therefore, it is suggested that either training program could decrease DTC and increase gait speed, stride length, and cadence among older females with dementia.

Intervention for a Digital, Cognitive, Multi-Domain Alzheimer Risk Velocity Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, more than 6 million adults live with Alzheimer disease (AD) that affects 1 out of every 3 older adults. Although there is no cure for AD currently, lifestyle-based interventions aimed at slowing the rate of cognitive decline or delaying the onset of AD have shown promising results. However, most studies primarily focus on older adults (>55 years) and use in-person interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a 2-year digital lifestyle intervention on AD risk among at-risk middle-aged and older adults (45-75 years) compared with a health education control. METHODS: The lifestyle intervention consists of a digitally delivered, personalized health coaching program that directly targets the modifiable risk factors for AD. The primary outcome measure is AD risk as determined by the Australian National University-Alzheimer Disease Risk Index; secondary outcome measures are functional fitness, blood biomarkers (inflammation, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides), and cognitive function (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and Neurotrack Cognitive Battery). Screening commenced in January 2021 and was completed in June 2021. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics indicate no difference between the intervention and control groups for AD risk (mean -1.68, SD 7.31; P=.90). CONCLUSIONS: The intervention in the Digital, Cognitive, Multi-domain Alzheimer Risk Velocity is uniquely designed to reduce the risk of AD through a web-based health coaching experience that addresses the modifiable lifestyle-based risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04559789; https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04559789. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/31841.

Sit-to-Stand Power Across the Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Lower-body power measured by a linear position transducer during the sit-to-stand (STS) movement declines with age and may be a predictor of physical disability in older adults. The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for STS power across the lifespan and to determine if differences exist between age cohorts, sexes, and age cohort-sex subgroups. Adults (N = 557) aged 18-89 were divided into five age cohorts and performed the STS connected to a linear position transducer, which calculated power and velocity during the movement. Significantly lower (p < .01) velocity was observed in a younger age cohort in females than males, whereas males saw a significant average power decrement (p < .01) in a younger age cohort than females. STS power norms give clinicians a metric predicting physical disability and may be of particular interest to males as their power production begins to decline at an earlier age.

Acute Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate Improves Cognitive Outcomes in Healthy Adults.

Inositol-stabilized arginine silicate (ASI) is an ergogenic aid that upregulates nitric oxide. Acute ASI supplementation improves working memory and processing speed in young adults but there is a lack of data examining other cognitive tasks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine acute ASI effects on young healthy adults by assessing multiple cognitive domains. Nineteen young adults (20.9 ± 3.2 years) completed this randomized, double-blind, crossover study consuming ASI (1.5 g ASI + 12 g dextrose) and placebo (12 g dextrose). The participants completed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and two digital cognitive assessments before consuming the supplement and then completed the same battery of tests 60 min post-supplementation. Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated that ASI consumption significantly improved total RBANS and immediate memory scores compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were displayed between trials for other cognitive domains (p > 0.05). Acute ASI ingestion increased overall RBANS scores and immediate memory scores in young adults. More research is needed to examine the acute effects of ASI on other domains of cognition, in older populations, and its long-term effects on cognition.

Novel murine models for studying Cache Valley virus pathogenesis and in utero transmission.

Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a prevalent emerging pathogen of significant importance to agricultural and human health in North America. Emergence in livestock can result in substantial agroeconomic losses resulting from the severe embryonic lethality associated with infection during pregnancy. Although CVV pathogenesis has been well described in ruminants, small animal models are still unavailable, which limits our ability to study its pathogenesis and perform preclinical testing of therapeutics. Herein, we explored CVV pathogenesis, tissue tropism, and disease outcomes in a variety of murine models, including immune -competent and -compromised animals. Our results show that development of CVV disease in mice is dependent on innate immune responses, and type I interferon signalling is essential for preventing infection in mice. IFN-αßR-/- mice infected with CVV present with significant disease and lethal infections, with minimal differences in age-dependent pathogenesis, suggesting this model is appropriate for pathogenesis-related, and short- and long-term therapeutic studies. We also developed a novel CVV in utero transmission model that showed high rates of transmission, spontaneous abortions, and congenital malformations during infection. CVV infection presents a wide tissue tropism, with significant amplification in liver, spleen, and placenta tissues. Immune-competent mice are generally resistant to infection, and only show disease in an age dependent manner. Given the high seropositivity rates in regions of North America, and the continuing geographic expansion of competent mosquito vectors, the risk of epidemic and epizootic emergence of CVV is high, and interventions are needed for this important pathogen.

Effects of Plant Substrate, Insecticide, and Blood Meal Status on the Efficacy of Barrier Treatments Against Aedes albopictus.

The effects of 3 plant species (Cornus florida [dogwood], rhododendron X 'Chionoides' [rhododendron], and Ilex opaca [American holly]), 4 insecticide treatments (Demand® CS [lambda-cyhalothrin] at 6.25 ml[AI]/liter; Talstar® Professional [bifenthrin] at 7.81 ml[AI]/liter, and Suspend® Polyzone® [deltamethrin] at 11.72 ml[AI]/liter, and water), and 2 physiological states (blood-fed and unfed) were evaluated for knockdown (1 h) and mortality (24 h) against female Aedes albopictus over an 8-wk sampling period. Analyses determined that there was a significant interaction between the tested plant species and the insecticides evaluated. Significant differences were likewise observed between the insecticide treatments for unfed Ae. albopictus females, with Demand CS demonstrating the highest knockdown and mortality rates (from >90% to >10% at wk 8 and >95% to ∼50% at wk 8, respectively), followed by Talstar Professional (from >75% to <10% at wk 2 and >90% to <10% at wk 2, respectively) and Suspend Polyzone (from >20% to <10% at wk 8 and >25% to >50% at wk 8, respectively). All treatments were no longer significant for knockdown or mortality at the end of the 8-wk timeframe. Significant differences were also observed between insecticide treatments for blood-fed Ae. albopictus females; Demand CS showed high knockdown and mortality rates (from 100% to ∼50% at wk 8 and 100% to >60% at wk 8, respectively), Suspend Polyzone rates were similar to Demand CS (from >80% to ∼50% at wk 8 and ∼90% to >65% at wk 8, respectively), and both were followed by Talstar Professional (from 100% to <10% at wk 4 and 100% to <20% at wk 4, respectively). All tested pyrethroid sprays showed a significant increase in effectiveness against recently blood-fed Ae. albopictus females, as compared to the unfed females. These results suggest that Demand CS can be used as an effective barrier spray against Ae. albopictus adults due to the limited impact of target foliage, its long-term efficacy under environmental conditions, and its continued effectiveness regardless of the blood meal status of the target mosquito.

Vector competence of Virginia mosquitoes for Zika and Cache Valley viruses.

BACKGROUND: Vector-borne diseases are a major public health concern and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Zika virus (ZIKV) is the etiologic agent of a massive outbreak in the Americas that originated in Brazil in 2015 and shows a strong association with congenital ZIKV syndrome in newborns. Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a bunyavirus that causes mild to severe illness in humans and ruminants. In this study, we investigated the vector competence of Virginia mosquitoes for ZIKV and CVV to explore their abilities to contribute to potential outbreaks. METHODS: To determine vector competence, mosquitoes were fed a blood meal comprised of defibrinated sheep blood and virus. The presence of midgut or salivary gland barriers to ZIKV infection were determined by intrathoracic inoculation vs oral infection. After 14-days post-exposure, individual mosquitoes were separated into bodies, legs and wings, and saliva expectorant. Virus presence was detected by plaque assay to determine midgut infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. RESULTS: Transmission rates for Ae. albopictus orally infected (24%) and intrathoracically inoculated (63%) with ZIKV was similar to Ae. aegypti (48% and 71%, respectively). Transmission rates of ZIKV in Ae. japonicus were low, and showed evidence of a midgut infection barrier demonstrated by low midgut infection and dissemination rates from oral infection (3%), but increased transmission rates after intrathoracic inoculation (19%). Aedes triseriatus was unable to transmit ZIKV following oral infection or intrathoracic inoculation. CVV transmission was dose-dependent where mosquitoes fed high titer (ht) virus blood meals developed higher rates of midgut infection, dissemination, and transmission compared to low titer (lt) virus blood meals. CVV was detected in the saliva of Ae. albopictus (ht: 68%, lt: 24%), Ae. triseriatus (ht: 52%, lt: 7%), Ae. japonicus (ht: 22%, lt: 0%) and Ae. aegypti (ht: 10%; lt: 7%). Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans were not competent for ZIKV or CVV. CONCLUSIONS: This laboratory transmission study provided further understanding of potential ZIKV and CVV transmission cycles with Aedes mosquitoes from Virginia. The ability for these mosquitoes to transmit ZIKV and CVV make them a public health concern and suggest targeted control programs by mosquito and vector abatement districts.

Effects of La Crosse virus infection on the host-seeking behavior and levels of two neurotransmitters in Aedes triseriatus.

BACKGROUND: La Crosse virus (LACV) infection has been shown to manipulate the blood-feeding behaviors of its main vector, Aedes triseriatus. Here, we investigated the effects of virus infection on serotonin and dopamine and their potential roles in host-seeking. In mosquitoes, serotonin depletion has been shown to interfere with blood-feeding but not host-seeking. Dopamine depletion does not affect either blood-feeding or host-seeking; elevations of dopamine, however, has been shown to inhibit host-seeking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of LACV infection on the host-seeking behavior of and neurotransmitter levels in Ae. triseriatus. METHODS: Host-seeking behavior was evaluated using a uni-port olfactometer and a membrane feeder assay. Levels of serotonin and dopamine in infected and control mosquito heads were measured using HPLC-ED. RESULTS: Infection with LACV significantly inhibited the activation and attraction of Ae. triseriatus females to a host. A higher proportion of uninfected Ae. triseriatus females were activated by the presence of a host compared to infected mosquitoes and more uninfected mosquitoes were full responders (95.7%) compared to infected ones (91.1%). However, infection with LACV did not significantly affect the landing, probing, or blood-feeding rates of female mosquitoes. LACV-infected mosquitoes had lower serotonin levels than controls (104.5 vs 138.3 pg/head) while the dopamine levels were not affected by infection status (282.3 vs 237 pg/head). CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests that virus-induced reduction of serotonin is related to previously reported blood-feeding alterations in LACV-infected mosquitoes and could lead to enhanced transmission and increased vectorial capacity. In addition, some aspects of host-seeking were inhibited by virus infection.

The Prediapause Stage of Aedes japonicus japonicus and the Evolution of Embryonic Diapause in Aedini.

The genus Aedes is well known for its desiccation-resistant eggs, which frequently serve as an overwintering mechanism through diapause. Despite this, relatively little is known about the diapause and overwintering biology of most Aedes species including Aedes japonicus japonicus, an invasive mosquito in the United States. The importance of this mosquito in disease systems like La Crosse virus remain uncertain. Embryonic diapause is used by Ae. j. japonicus to survive temperate winters, and the persistence of this species in the Appalachian region is a result of overwintering, which has important implications for the transmission of this virus to humans. The objective of this study was to identify the prediapause stage, or the stage sensitive to environmental cues needed to induce diapause in this mosquito. By exposing each Ae. j. japonicus life stage independently to short-day photoperiods, we determined that the adult maternal life stage is the prediapause stage. Using the most recent phylogeny and prior literature on the prediapause stages in the genus Aedes, we were able to infer the evolutionary history of the prediapause stages of Aedes mosquitoes that overwinter or aestivate as eggs. This initial ancestral state reconstruction allowed us to hypothesize that Aedini mosquitoes that undergo obligate diapause may have evolved from those utilizing the embryonic prediapause stage, and that the ancestral prediapause state of Aedini appears to be maternally controlled.

Influence of Forest Disturbance on La Crosse Virus Risk in Southwestern Virginia.

Forest disturbance effects on La Crosse virus (LACV) are currently unknown. We determined the abundance of three LACV accessory vectors (Aedes albopictus, Ae. canadensis, and Ae. vexans) and the primary amplifying host (Eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus), and tested for LACV prevalence in both vectors and chipmunks, across a gradient of experimental forest disturbance treatments in southwest Virginia. Forest disturbance significantly affected the abundance of LACV accessory vectors, with a higher abundance on disturbed sites for Ae. canadensis and Ae. vexans. However, there was no significant disturbance effect on chipmunk abundance. Forest disturbance significantly affected LACV prevalence in mosquito vectors, with most (80%) detections on unlogged control sites, which past work showed harbor the highest abundance of the two most common LACV vectors (the primary vector Aedes triseriatus, and Ae. japonicus). Interestingly, LACV nucleic acid was only detected in Ae. japonicus and Culex pipiens/restuans, with no detections in the primary vector, Ae. triseriatus. In contrast to the vector results, antibodies were only found in chipmunks on logged sites, but this result was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that human LACV risk should generally decline with logging, and reveal the potential importance of accessory vectors in LACV maintenance in Appalachian forests.

Cache Valley Virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus Mosquitoes, Appalachian Region, United States.

We detected Cache Valley virus in Aedes japonicus, a widely distributed invasive mosquito species, in an Appalachian forest in the United States. The forest contained abundant white-tailed deer, a major host of the mosquito and virus. Vector competence trials indicated that Ae. j. japonicus mosquitoes can transmit this virus in this region.

Effects of Plant Species, Insecticide, and Exposure Time On the Efficacy Of Barrier Treatments Against Aedes albopictus.

The effect of 5 plant species (arborvitae [Thuja occidentalis], boxwood [Buxus sp., Japanese honeysuckle [Lonicera japonica], rhododendron [Rhododendron sp.], and zebra grass [Miscanthus sinensis]) and 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin (3.13 ml and 6.25 ml active ingredient [AI]/liter) on knockdown (1 h) and mortality (24 h) of adult female Aedes albopictus was evaluated over an 8-wk period. A significant difference in knockdown was observed between the 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin on the 5 plant species, with the highest proportion of knockdown observed on zebra grass and rhododendron treated at the higher rate. Although mortality was ≥60% and 85% on the 5 plant species at the low and high rates of lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, a significant difference between the 2 rates was only observed on boxwood and Japanese honeysuckle (P < 0.0001). We also tested the residual toxicity of 3 barrier sprays (lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin) and evaluated the efficacy of a short (5-min) exposure to the insecticides on knockdown and mortality of adults over time. Significantly higher knockdown was observed with lambda-cyhalothrin compared with bifenthrin and deltamethrin (P < 0.0001). Mean knockdown was ∼98%, 92%, and 20% for lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin, respectively, at week 2, and ∼98%, 0%, and 44%, respectively, 8 wk after treatments were applied. Adult mortality from the 3 chemical treatments, however, remained above 90% throughout the study. Lastly, the trends in mean proportion of knockdown were similar for mosquitoes exposed for either 5 min or 24 h to the 3 chemicals. An overall decline in mean mortality over time, however, was observed for mosquitoes exposed for 5 min to the chemicals compared with mortality from the 24-h exposure. The results suggest that lambda-cyhalothrin can be an effective barrier spray treatment against Ae. albopictus adults because its efficacy is limited little by plant species, it has long residual toxicity, and it is effective following only 5 min of exposure.

An Evaluation of Functional Sit-to-Stand Power in Cohorts of Healthy Adults Aged 18-97 Years.

This investigation examined differences in functional sit-to-stand power/velocity between cohorts of adults aged 18-97 years. This study included 264 healthy adults classified into four cohorts (18-40, C1; 60-69, C2; 70-79, C2; ≥ 80, C4). Participants completed the sit-to-stand task five times. Power and velocity were measured via the TENDO power analyzer. Absolute average power was maintained from C1-C3, but decreased (p < .01) in C4. Absolute peak power decreased between C1-C2 (p < .01), was similar between C2-C3, and decreased in C4 (p < .01). Relative (to body weight) average and peak power decreased between C1-C2 (p < .01), was similar between C2-C3, and decreased in C4 (p < .01). Average velocity was similar between C1 and C2, but decreased in C3 (p < .01) and C4 (p < .01), respectively. Peak velocity was significantly different between all cohorts (p < .01). Declines in functional power may plateau during the seventh and eighth decades, accelerating after 80 years.