[The world in the eyes of demography]. / Svet ocima demografie.

PIP: The author discusses world population dynamics in the context of the global population conferences that have been held since 1965 and their activities and goals. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

Population and development.

PIP: During the Paleolithic period, 10,000-100,000 people lived on the earth; their number exceeded 1 million at the beginning of the Neolithic period, reached 10 million during the Bronze Age, 100 million at the beginning of the Iron Age, 1 billion at the beginning of the 19th century, and 5.7 billion in 1995. The estimated global population will be 10 billion by the middle of the 21st century and is expected to stabilize at around 10-12 billion subsequently. Increased agricultural production helped bring about greater numbers of humanity and the advancement of society with a developing social hierarchy, although life expectancy was low at 22-28 years. In Europe, the Renaissance gradually evolved into the Industrial Revolution, and a demographic revolution accompanied this process. In some countries, population size increased more than five times. Eventually, mortality and fertility levels decreased and life expectancy increased. In Western civilization, increased individualism, secularization, compulsory school attendance, decreased agricultural population, emancipation of women, increased costs of raising children, and social and economic progress ensued. All this was preceded by 18th century conditions, when, in England, capital accumulation led to wealth on the one side and destitution on the other, giving rise to Malthus's famous theory. However, during the 19th century these social inequalities gradually evened out. After World War II, the question arose of whether the populations of other civilizations (Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American, and African) would also undergo a demographic transition and how soon. At any rate, developed country population size, as a percentage of global population, will drop from 22% to 13%, and that of Africa will increase from 12% to 26%, during the 21st century.^ieng

Population trends on the territory of the Czech Republic.

PIP: The author analyzes population dynamics in the Czech Republic since the nineteenth century. "[The Czech population]...differs presently together with other former socialist countries from remaining European countries, mainly in the worse mortality situation; its improvement is, however, expected. The total number of inhabitants will probably stabilize at the present level or slightly increase, but even...negative growth after 2000 is not excluded." (EXCERPT)^ieng

Problems of the global population development and/or development of global problems of mankind.

PIP: The authors discuss problems related to global population development. They focus on rapid population growth, population policy, optimum population, and social structures and processes. (SUMMARY IN CZE)^ieng

[Twenty-second conference of the Czechoslovak Demographic Society: "The Demographic Position of Czechoslovakia within Europe and the World"]. / XXII. demograficka konference CSDS "Demograficke Postaveni Ceskoslovenska v Ramci Evropy a Sveta".

PIP: This is a collection of short papers presented at a conference held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1991. The focus of the conference was on the demographic changes that have occurred in Czechoslovakia since World War II and their relationship to such changes in the rest of Europe and elsewhere in the world. Essay topics include fertility trends; contraceptive prevalence, including abortion rates; living standards and health care; and changes in the age structure. Some data for selected countries are included for comparison. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

[Political change and demographic transition in Eastern Europe]. / Changements politiques et transition demographique en Europe de l'Est.

PIP: The author examines the extent to which the demographic transition in Eastern Europe has been affected by political factors.^ieng

[Population trends in the major urban centers and metropolitan regions of the Czech Republic]. / Evolution de la population des principaux centres urbains et des territoires metropolitains de la Republique Tcheque.

PIP: Recent trends in urban population development in the Czech Republic are reviewed based on published sources.^ieng

[Reproductive behavior after the demographic transition]. / Reproduktivnoto povedenie sled demografskata revolyutsiya.

"The article analyses [Bulgaria's] demographic revolution as a relatively independent process, yet at the same time as part and parcel of the global revolution.... The author considers the conditions influencing [reproductive] behaviour prior to the demographic revolution..., pointing out...the importance of social factors.... It is emphasised that the completion of the demographic revolution in the demographically advanced countries practically solves the problem of the population's size and growth...and paves the road for [improvements in health, education, qualifications, and cultural and living standards]." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

General and specific features of the reproduction after demographic revolution.

PIP: Factors affecting human reproduction following the demographic transition are examined. In particular, the author looks at the prospects for the countries that first experienced the transition of raising levels of fertility that will ensure population replacement. (SUMMARY IN CZE)^ieng

[Personal experience with the use of the L 410 aircraft in the transportation of sick and wounded patients]. / Nase zkusenosti s vyuzitím letounu L 410 pro prevoz nemocnych a ranených.

The authors summarize the experience of their department with secondary transport of patients and casualties by air, using aircraft L 410. The authors have more than ten years' experience with the organization and care of patients during air transport. In 1987 the problem was included in the State research plan in collaboration with IMV Brno. This year 26 patients were transferred by air. The most frequent cause for air transport in the authors' group are injuries.

[The geographic and demographic aspects of the study of population and some prospects for development]. / Les aspectes geographiques et demographiques de l'etude et des perspectives du developpement de la population.

PIP: This is a general review of demography and the study of population. (SUMMARY IN CZE)^ieng

[Optimization of population quality]. / Optimalizace kvality populace.

PIP: Issues concerning the improvement of population quality in Czechoslovakia are reviewed. The need to involve various branches of government, including medical and social services, is noted. Twelve indicators of population optimization are identified, and their implications for the reproduction process are considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

[Optimization of social roles and functions of age and sex groups]. / Optimalizace socialnich roli a funkci vekovych a pohlavnich skupin.

PIP: The optimization of the age and sex structure of a population, in the sense of a maximization of the positive weight of a population, can be realized generally in 2 ways: 1) by a change in the parameters of natural reproduction and 2) by a change in the parameters of natural reproduction and 2) by a change in social roles and the functions of age and sex groups. After a temporary period of demographic revolution at the stabilization of reproduction at the level of simple reproduction and assumed prolongation of a mean life span and expected demographic aging (in the Czech Socialist Republic, above all), the 2nd procedure remains a possible one. It is apparent how the different weights (positive, negative) of individuals age sex groups may influence the evaluation of both the real population and various model population variants. This justifies the conclusion that social and population policy should attempt to optimize the age and sex structure of the population to increase positive social and economic weight of the population age and sex groups as a "load," and that especially the persons of postproductive age could contribute more to the common entity.^ieng

[Program goal access and optimization in demography]. / Cilove programovy pristup a optimalizace v demografii.

PIP: The authors discuss factors that need to be considered in the development of population policy. Aspects considered include goals relative to infant mortality, life expectancy, differential mortality by sex, completed fertility, and changes in age distribution. The authors note that it is difficult to establish goals concerning spatial distribution, migration, population reproduction, and population quality. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

[Concerning the optimum population for Czechoslovakia: theoretical and methodological problems]. / K populacnimu optimu Ceskoslovenska (teoreticko-metodologicke problemy).

PIP: Some issues concerning the determination of an optimum population for Czechoslovakia are discussed, and their implications for the development of appropriate population policies are considered. The authors suggest that population policies should be developed primarily in response to population trends rather than to influence those trends. The focus of the study is on the factors to be considered when developing the concept of an optimum population, rather than on actually calculating optimum population size. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

[Optimalization of the age structure]. / Optimalizace vekove struktury.

PIP: The concept of optimum population is examined. The focus is on the optimum age and sex structure under specific national conditions, in this case those of Czechoslovakia. The authors conclude that the optimum population for the country involves an element of population stability combined with flexibility of policies in order to respond to possible future demographic imbalances. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)^ieng

The theory of demographic revolution.

PIP: Demography studies the reproduction of human populations. It has often been reduced to a mere description of population characteristics or to mere demographic statistics; neither encompasses the total field of demography. Other than Malthusianism, the theory of demographic transition or revolution is the only overall theory in demography. Its 1st formulations were merely descriptive of changing fertility and mortality trends with no theoretical reasoning for the changes. Even the 1st formulations, however, recorded quantitative demographic processes connected with basic qualitative changes occurring in the societies being observed. The literature on the demographic transition is summarized. This theory includes all demographic findings which attempt to explain mortality and fertility level changes. Such changes began to appear during the 19th century in countries which are today economically developed. Many underlying factors can be cited to account for fertility changes. They all rely on the basic level of development, social and economic, within the total society. Only major changes, caused by such processes as modernization and social progress, affect demographic patterns. Researchers have attempted to defined the threshold level for the start of demographic transition and to trace the course of the revolution in various countries. The process has been different in different countries. Without the demographic transition, the larger socioeconomic development revolution cannot occur. The theory, in fact, has a certain amount of predictive value.^ieng

[The past and the future of the population census]. / Minulost a budoucnost scitani lidu

PIP: The author summarizes current and past population censuses in Czechoslovakia and evaluates their purpose and effectiveness. Trends in the gathering and processing of census data, as well as information on the types of data collected at difference periods in history, are reviewed (SUMMARY IN ENG, RUS)^ieng