Mandibular Molar with Six Canals, a Rare Entity: A Case Report.

Background: The objective of this report was to highlight the importance of using a dental operating microscope (DOM) to locate supernumerary canals and diagnose variations in root canals using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old male patient had reported with a pain for 1 months and was referred to evaluate symptomatic apical periodontitis for lower right first permanent molar. Root canal therapy was proposed and conducted with the use of DOM and CBCT. Conclusions: Proper diagnosis and careful clinico-radiological examination are necessary, and it is essential to reinforce the knowledge of the rare morphology of root canals for clinicians.

Sequential optimization of xylanase production using Sapindus mukorossi seed waste in Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes.

The production of xylanase from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes using reetha seed waste as substrate was studied using sequential optimization of fermentation parameters by response surface methodology. Five different lignocellulosic agricultural wastes as a substrate were studied to replace commercially available xylan, amongst which reetha seed waste was found to be the most suitable substrate for xylanase production. A sequential two-stage optimization strategy was used for the fermentation parameter optimization. The Plackett-Burman design was first employed for screening the 6 different physicochemical parameters affecting xylanase production (inoculum concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, media volume, and agitation). The significant factors affecting the xylanase yield were further optimized by Box-Behnken Design in order to obtain the values contributing the highest enzyme yield. Three parameters, namely, temperature, inoculum concentration, and substrate concentration, can be interpreted as the most significant parameters based on the results of Plackett-Burman design. The optimum values by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) are 35 °C temperature, 3 g/L substrate concentration, and inoculum concentration of 4% (v/v) that resulted in maximum xylanase productivity of 5.75 IU/mL at 24 h of the incubation period. Sequential optimization strategy enhanced the xylanase yield by 4.8 fold to that of an unoptimized process.

Cone-beam computed tomography as advanced diagnostic aid in endodontic treatment of molars with multiple canals: Two case reports.

The purpose of these case reports is to emphasize the importance of knowledge regarding the root canal morphology and current diagnostic aids one should have as both of these important factors going to affect the prognosis of the endodontic treatment. These two case reports describe the maxillary and mandibular first molars with multiple canals. After clinical and radiographic diagnosis, additional help of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of mandibular molar has been taken to evaluate the morphology and canal pattern; while maxillary molar was evaluated using CBCT scan to evaluate the canal configuration and obturation. In CBCT evaluation, the mandibular molar was diagnosed with six separated canals with three mesial and three distal canals and with radix paramolaris and radix entomolaris. The maxillary molar had five canals with three mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Both molars were instrumented with conventional hand and rotary file systems and obturated by conventional lateral compaction method. The axial images from CBCT show Vertucci Type VIII canal pattern in both roots of first mandibular molars and in MB root of maxillary first molar Sert and Bayirli Type XVIII canal configuration and no accessory canal in distobuccal and palatal root. With the recent innovations in diagnostic and operating aids, we can come across many variations in the root canal morphology of both mandibular and maxillary teeth, especially multi-rooted one (i.e., molars), and the knowledge of which leads to successful endodontic treatment with an excellent prognosis.

Recent advances in enzyme extraction strategies: A comprehensive review.

The increasing interest of industrial enzymes demands for development of new downstream strategies for maximizing enzyme recovery. The significant efforts have been focused on the development of newly adapted technologies to purify enzymes in catalytically active form. Recently, an aqueous two phase system (ATPS) is emerged as powerful tools for efficient extraction and purification of enzymes due to their versatility, lower cost, process integration capability and easy scale-up. The present review gives an overview of effect of parameters such as tie line length, pH, neutral salts, properties of polymer and salt involved in traditional polymer/polymer and polymer/salt ATPS for enzyme recovery. Further, advanced ATPS have been developed based on alcohols, surfactants, micellar compounds to avoid tedious recovery steps for getting desired enzyme. In order to improve the selectivity and efficiency of ATPS, recent approaches of conventional ATPS combined with different techniques like affinity ligands, ionic liquids, thermoseparating polymers and microfluidic device based ATPS have been reviewed. Moreover, three phase partitioning is also highlighted for enzymes enrichment as a blooming technology for efficiently integrated bioseparation techniques. At the end, it includes an overview of CLEAs technology and organic-inorganic nanoflowers preparation as novel strategies for simultaneous extraction, purification and immobilization of enzymes.

Lichenoid reaction associated with silver amalgam restoration in a Bombay blood group patient: A case report.

The pathogenic relationship between the oral lichenoid reaction (OLR) and dental restorative materials has been confirmed many times. An OLR affecting oral mucosa in direct contact with an amalgam restoration represents a delayed, type IV, cell mediated immune response to mercury or one of the other constituents of the dental amalgam. Bombay blood group patients are more prone to this. A case of bilateral OLR is presented, which is present in relation to amalgam restoration. The lesion healed up after the replacement of restorations with an intermediate restorative material. The clinician should be aware of all the possible pathological etiologies of white lesions. If there is any doubt about the nature or management of a usual oral lesion, a referral to an appropriate specialist is mandatory.

"Foot length--A functional parameter for assessment of height".

The foot print provides a range of dimensions. Every individual has got a peculiar print. Hence, is being used for personal identification. Foot and foot print dimensions are concomitant with the height of an individual. An attempt was made to find out its correlation. Dermatoglyphics footprints of 100 male and 100 female of 19-23 year age were obtained and studied. Foot length (from foot print) and erect height of the individual was measured. Regression equation was utilised for ascertaining its correlation. The value of constants for male and female comes to be 15.690 and 87.906 respectively. The ß coefficient for male is 6.342 and 3.165 for female. Regression equation is derived for height estimation of either gender. The statistically significant "t" value is observed in both cases.