Ética en el Currículo Odontológico en 30 Facultades de Odontología de Latinoamérica y España

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la implementación del curso de ética dentro del currículo odontológico de las facultades pertenecientes a la Federación Internacional de Escuelas y Facultades de Odontología FIEFO, 2021. Investigación de tipo descriptivo, transversal y observacional, la población estuvo constituida por decanos y directores de la FIEFO que participaron en el seminario de Ética el 26 de febrero del 2021. A ellos se les envió, vía correo electrónico, el consentimiento informado y la encuesta. Los resultados de estudio mostraron que el 86,67 % de las universidades tienen el curso de ética de forma obligatoria; el 50 % de las universidades implementan el curso de ética de 1 a 2 horas por semana; con relación al año de dictado, se desarrolló en mayor porcentaje en el tercer año. Por último, se encontraron diferentes enfoques sobre el objetivo del curso, siendo estos los más frecuentes: "Formación del profesional para el desarrollo de una práctica ética"; "Comprensión y aplicación de la bioética" y "Formación Profesional con desarrollo de habilidades desde un enfoque ético".

The objective of this study was to determine the implementation of the ethics course within the dental curriculum of the faculties belonging to the International Federation of Schools and Faculties of Dentistry FIEFO, 2021. Descriptive, cross-sectional and observational research, the population consisted of deans and FIEFO directors who participated in the Ethics seminar on February 26, 2021. The informed consent and the survey were sent to them via email. The results of the study showed that 86.67 % of the universities have the ethics course mandatory; 50 % of the universities implement the ethics course from 1 to 2 hours per week; in relation to the year of dictation, it was developed in a higher percentage in the third year. Finally, different approaches were found on the objective of the course, these being the most frequent: "Professional training for the development of an ethical practice"; "Understanding and application of bioethics" and "Professional Training with skills development from an ethical approach".

Clinical and epidemiological profile of cleft lip and palate patients in Peru, 2006 - 2019.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients with cleft lip and / or palate in Peru from 2006 to 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective and cross-sectional study analyzed 3,923 patients with cleft lip and palate attended by surgical missions of the Operación Sonrisa Perú from January 2006 to December 2019. The clinical profile of the patients treated included: type of cleft (cleft lip CL, cleft palate CP, cleft lip and palate CLP and submucosal SM), surgery performed (cheiloplasty, palatoplasty, cleft rhinoplasty, fistula repair, pharyngeal flap), surgical time according to number of interventions. Likewise, affiliation variables such as sex, age and birthplace were recorded. Descriptive analysis was performed. Associations were determined using the Pearson's Chi-square test and Two-sample test of proportions were used for comparing the percentages during time. A p value <0.005 was considered significant. RESULTS: The most frequent diagnosis was CP (n = 1411, 35.97%). We identified a statistically significant association between the diagnosis of CL, CP and gender (p = 0.045), being more prevalent in males. A higher prevalence of CL was also observed on the left side and in males (n = 183). Cheiloplasty was the most frequent first surgical intervention performed (n = 837, 47.42%) followed by fistula repair as the second intervention (n = 428, 42.29%). CONCLUSIONS: Cleft lip and palate are more frequent in males, with CP being the most frequent. CL is more frequent on the left side and the first surgical approach in these patients is lip closure. Key words:Epidemiology, cleft lip and palate, surgical missions.

Biosafety for Dental Patients During Dentistry Care After COVID-19: A Review of the Literature.

The world is currently changing due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the field of dentistry is no stranger to this. The care of patients in the dental office involves very strict biosafety protocols, and patients must be aware of the protection barriers implemented to allow satisfactory, safe dental care. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and analyze the management of the current biosafety standards for dental patients since the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. A bibliographic search of the main sources of information including MEDLINE (by means of PubMed), Scopus, Science Direct, SCIELO, and Google Scholar was carried out. Articles published without language restriction, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and observational studies were included. We identified the biosafety measures that must be taken before, during, and after dental practice following the arrival of COVID-19. The main measures include telephone triage, temperature taking on arrival at the office, the organization of the waiting room, washing hands before entering the office, knowing the auxiliary radiographic exams of choice and what type of treatment can be performed, albeit with restrictions. In conclusion, dental patients must comply with all the biosafety measures established by international protection standards and implemented by dentists before, during, and after dental practice to reduce the possibility of COVID-19 infection.

Effectiveness and Recommendations for the Use of Dental Masks in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Literature Review.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify, synthesize, and compare all the current information on the efficacy of dental masks, emphasizing their use, types, and filters to prevent the spread and infection of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. A bibliographic search of the main scientific databases was carried out using the words "masks, COVID-19, and dentistry." Articles without language restriction up to May 31, 2020, were obtained. The types of masks, their half-life, method to use, sterilization, and proposed alternatives for dental masks were analyzed. Most of the articles refer to the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators presented as a strategy to extend the life of the masks and limited reuse. Regarding sterilization, most of the articles presented studies using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation as the sterilization method. Regarding respirator mask half-life, we recommend prolonged use, combined with a disposable surgical mask over the respirator mask. Finally, the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators are recommended as part of personal protective equipment for dental use.

Biosafety Measures at the Dental Office After the Appearance of COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of this research was to determine biosecurity measures at the dental office after the appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A search was conducted in the main databases of the scientific literature using the words "COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-Cov2, biosecurity, disinfection and dentistry." We analyzed biosecurity and disinfection standards at the dental office and dental health personnel to date, and their adaptation to the needs and way of working of each. As a result, according to the information collected the following procedure was identified: a telephone appointment must be made and a questionnaire should be given before dental care; at arrival to the appointment, the temperature of the patient should be taken and proper cleaning and disinfection of the waiting room should be maintained. Panoramic radiography and CBCT are the auxiliary methods of choice. Absolute isolation and atraumatic restorative therapy techniques are a good alternative to decrease fluid exposure. The removal of protective clothing and accessories must follow a specific order and washing hands before and after is essential. In conclusion, the efficient biosecurity for dentists and patients in all dental care processes before, during, and immediately after the appointment reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection and allows healthy dental care environments.

Implantes dentales en maxilar comprometido por quiste nasopalatino / Dental implants on upper maxila associated with nasopalatine cyst

El quiste del conducto nasopalatino es el más común de la cavidad oral, por lo general es asintomático y pocas veces se manifiesta hacia el exterior. Suele ser un hallazgo radiográfico y puede infectarse produciendo sintomatología. Existe mayor prevalencia en adultos entre 40 a 60 años de edad, varones y sin predominio racial. El tratamiento de esta lesión es quirúrgico y está indicado solo si muestra alguna manifestación clínica, como: dolor, movilidad dentaria y la expansión del quiste. Se reporta el caso de una paciente, de sexo femenino de 70 años, que presenta movilidad en piezas anteriores. Mediante la evaluación con tomografía computarizada Cone Beam, se observó una imagen radiolúcida en el maxilar superior, compatible con un quiste naso palatino, muy cercano a los ápices dentarios. Se realizaron las exodoncias de las piezas comprometidas con preservación del tejido óseo, mediante técnicas regenerativas. Posteriormente se colocaron implantes dentales en la zona...

The Nasopalatine duct cyst is the most common in oral cavity. In general is not symptomatic and in a few cases it goes extra osseous. Mostly it is found in an x-ray exam, if it goes under infection there is symptomatology. There is more prevalence in adults between 40 to 60 years old, males and without racial preponderance. The treatment is under surgery and is prescript only when there is a clinical manifestation, those manifestations could be: pain, tooth mobility and cyst expansion. The case of a patient, female, 70 years old who show tooth mobility is reported. Using the cone-beam computed tomography we found a radiolucent image compatiblewith a nasopalatine duct cyst, near to the dental apices. Extractions of pieces involved with preservation of bone tissue was performed by regenerative techniques. Subsequently dental implants were placed in the area...

Hidrocompatibilidad de las siliconas por condensación de consistencia liviana / Hydrocompatibility of the silicones by condensation of light consistency

Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad de hidrocompatibilidad de las siliconas por condensación de consistencia liviana, de acuerdo al ángulo de contacto. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, comparativo con la finalidad de evaluar la capacidad de hidrocompatibilidad de tres siliconas por condensación para ello se diseñaron 3 cuerpos de prueba de forma rectangular de 1 cm de espesor y 10 cm de largo, utilizando moldes de aluminio fabricados para este fin. Se llenaron los moldes con diferentes marcas comerciales de silicona liviana por condensación (Orange wash, Speedex y lastic 90 Fine). Sobre la superficie de la silicona se depositó una gota de agua destilada de 10 uL. de volumen utilizando una micropipeta Boeco y se tomaron fotografías de esta a los 0, 10 y 30 segundos. La experiencia se realizó 10 veces en cada cuerpo de prueba, siempre en un área limpia, de forma que se obtuvieron 30 fotografías por cada marca de silicona. Posteriormente, las imágenes fueron procesadas en un software para medir el ángulo de contacto a cada lado de la gota de agua (tpsDig), por lo que finalmente se consiguieron 60 mediciones por cuerpo de prueba (20 por cada tiempo considerado). Para determinar la hidrocompatibilidad se realizó el análisis estadístico media aritmética y desviación estándar. Resultados. El análisis descriptivo de los datos mostró que la silicona por condensación de consistencia liviana Speedex mostró un mejor comportamiento respecto a la disminución del ángulo de contacto y humectabilidad de superficie con el paso del tiempo tanto a los 10 y 30 segundos, seguido por la silicona Orange wash. La silicona Lastic 90 Fine presentó una pobre hidrocompatibilidad ya que su ángulo de contacto permaneció inalterable a pesar del paso de tiempo. Conclusiones. Existen diferencias marcadas respecto a la hidrocompatibilidad de los diferentes materiales utilizados en este estudio. La silicona que presento mejor hidrocompatibilidad fue la Speedex ...

Objective.To evaluate the capacity of hidrocompatibility of the silicones by condensation of light consitency, according to the contact angle. Material and methods. A descriptive, comparative study was made with the purpose of evaluating the capacity of hidrocompatibility of three silicones by condensation, for this reason, 3 bodies of test of rectangular form with a thickness of 1 cm and a length of 10 cm were designed, using molds of aluminium made for this use. The molds were filled by different commercial brands of light silicone by condensation (Orange wash, Speedex and lastic 90 Fine). On the surface of the silicone a drop of distilled water of 10 uL of volume was deposited ,using a micropipette Boeco and photographies of this was one was taken at 0, 10 and 30 seconds. The experience was made 10 times in every body of test, always in a clean area, there were taken 30 photographies by every brand of silicone. Then, the images were processed in software to measure the contact angle to every side of the water drop (tpsDig); finally 60 measurements were obtained by body of test (20 in each time). To evaluate hydrocompatibility, there were made statistical analysis using arithmetic mean and standard deviation. Results. The descriptive analysis of the data showed that the silicone by light condensation Speedex had a better behavior with regard to the decrease of the contact angle and surface wettability with the time, from 10 to 30 seconds, followed by the silicone Orange wash. The silicone Lastic 90 Fine showed a poor hydrocompatibility and its contact angle remained without changes in spite of the time. Conclusions. There are differences with regard to the hydrocompatibility of the different materials used in this study. Silicone that shows a better hydrocompatibility was the brand Speedex while the brand Lastic 90 Fine showed worst results with regard to the contact angle.

Fumar y enfermedad periodontal / Smoking and periodontal disease

La enfermedad periodontal es de carácter multifactorial. En este artículo de revisión mencionaré el tabaco como factor de riesgo. Numerosas investigaciones demuestran la relación entre fumar y enfermedad periodontal. Tanto estudios transversales como longitudinales nos dan suficiente evidencia de que fumar aumenta considerablemente el riesgo de la periodontitis. Fumar cigarrillos afecta la circulación, el sistema inmune y los mecanismos inflamatorios.

Periodontal disease is multifactorial in its nature. In this article I will focus on smoking as a risk factor. Numerous studies demonstrate the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease. Both, transversal and longitudinal studies provide us with sufficient evidence that smoking increases the risk of periodontitis. Cigarette smoking affects the circulation, the immune system and the inflammatory response.

Laxitud articular, hábitos orales parafuncionales y disfunción temporomandibular en niños de 10 y 11 años / Joint laxity, parafunctional oral habits and temporomandibular dysfuction in children, aged 10 and 11 years

Introducción: el presente estudio tuvo por objeto determinar el efecto de los hábitos bucales parafuncionales en el desarrollo de disfunción temporomandibular en individuos laxos y no laxos. Material y método: se evaluaron 216 niños de 10 y 11 años de edad, de ambos sexos, estudiantes del colegio 0014 Andrés Bello. Se les realizó el examen clínico para determinar el grado disfunción temporomandibular según los criterios de Helkimo. Seleccionamos a los pacientes disfuncionados (disfunción leve, moderada y severa) teniendo una muestra de 170 niños. A estos se les realizó el examen de laxitud articular que consistía en realizar las maniobras de Carter y Wilkinson modificadas por Beighton y además se determinó la presencia de hábitos bucales parafuncionales mediante la observación clínica y la entrevista. Los hábitos analizados fueron: Onicofagia, bruxismo, "juego mandibular" y mordedura de labio y/o carrillo. Resultados: nos muestran que existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre hábitos bucales parafuncionales y pacientes disfuncionados laxos, a diferencia de los pacientes disfuncionados no laxos. Conclusiones: el grado de disfunción temporomandibular leve y moderado se presenta con mayor frecuencia en individuos de 10 y 11 años. Así mismo, la prevalencia de la laxitud articular en individuos de 10 y 11 años se da más en las niñas que en los niños.

Introducción: the present study aim was determining the effect of parafunctional oral habits in the development of temporomandibular dysfunction in people lax and not lax. Material and method: we studied 216 children, aged 10 and 11 years, males and females, students of 0014 Andrés Bello Elementary School, they were examined for determinate the grade of temporomandibular dysfunction based in the Helkimos criterions. We selected the patients who are with dysfunction (low, moderate and strong) they were 170 children. This children were examined for determinate the grade of joint laxity based in made the Carter and Wilkinsons maneuvers, modified by Beighton and moreover we determined the present of parafunctional oral habits by the clinical observation and the interview. The habits we analyzed were: Bite fingernails, bruxism, "mandible play" and bite lips. Results: there is a significant, albeit weak, correlation between parafunctional oral habits and patients lax with dysfunction, difference of the patients not lax with dysfunction. Conclusions: low and moderate temporomandibular dysfunction grade presents with more frecuency in childs of 10 and 11 years old. Also, the prevalence of joint laxity in childs of 10 and 11 years affects more girls than boys.