Pediatric urogenital schistosomiasis diagnosed in France.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis affects approximately 230 million people worldwide. There is an increased incidence of schistosomiasis cases in France acquired from outside the country. This increases the risk of schistosomiasis outbreaks as observed in Corsica. Clinicians from non-endemic regions are not accustomed to diagnosing and managing this pathology. The objective of this study is to provide a better description of the clinical and paraclinical characteristics and disease evolution of affected children. METHODS: Through the French Pediatric Nephrology Society and the Pediatric Infectious Pathology Group, we contacted all French pediatric centers that may have treated children with urinary schistosomiasis between 2013 and 2019. Age, sex, comorbidities, and clinical, biological, and radiological data (at discovery and follow-up) were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 122 patients from 10 different centers were included. The median age was 14 years and the sex ratio M/F was 4:1. Hematuria was present in 82% of the patients while urinary tract abnormality was found in 36% of them. Fourteen patients (11%) displayed complicated forms of urinary schistosomiasis including 10 patients with chronic kidney disease. A total of 110 patients received treatment with praziquantel, which was well-tolerated and led to clinical resolution of symptoms in 98% of cases. CONCLUSION: Patients with schistosomiasis present frequent kidney, urinary, or genital involvement. Systematic screening of patients returning from endemic areas is therefore recommended, especially since treatment with antiparasitic drugs is effective and well-tolerated. Enhancing medical knowledge of this pathology among all practitioners is essential to improve care and outcomes.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the COVID-19 waves: data from the Juvenile Inflammatory Rheumatism cohort.

Introduction: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a new condition that first appeared in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe the diagnostic course, clinical and biological manifestations, and treatment of MIS-C during the first three COVID-19 waves. Methods: We extracted patient data from the Juvenile Inflammatory Rheumatism (JIR) cohort. We analyzed data for patients meeting the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for MIS-C from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to June 30, 2021. We then compared data for patients in wave one to those in waves two and three. Results: We identified 136 patients with MIS-C. The median age decreased but not significantly during the waves, from 9.9 years to 7.3 years (p = 0.105). Boys represented 52.2% (n = 71) of patients, and 46% (n = 41) of patients originated from sub-Saharan Africa (p < 0.001). Patients presented less diarrhea (p = 0.004), respiratory distress (p < 0.001), and myocarditis (p < 0.001) with progressive waves. Biological inflammation also decreased, namely, C-reactive protein level (p < 0.001), neutrophil count (p = 0.004), and albumin level (p < 0.001). Patients received more corticosteroids (p < 0.001) and required less ventilation support (p < 0.01) and less inotrope treatment (p < 0.001) in the later waves. The duration of hospitalization gradually decreased (p < 0.001), as did critical care unit admissions (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Over the three COVID-19 waves, with a change in the management of MIS-C, children in the JIR cohort in France showed a less severe disease course, in particular, a greater use of corticosteroids. This observation may reflect the impact of both improved management and different SARS-CoV-2 variant.

Carbapenem prescriptions: Compliance with guidelines in a pediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe the use of carbapenems in a pediatric tertiary center and to assess its compliance with national and local guidelines. METHODS: This retrospective study focused on children who received at least one dose of carbapenems in a tertiary university hospital over a 1-year period (2019). The appropriateness of each prescription was assessed. RESULTS: In total, 96 prescriptions were collected for 75 patients (median age 3 years [interquartile range, IQR: 0-9]). Most prescriptions were empirical (n = 77, 80%) and mainly concerned nosocomial infections (n = 69, 72%). At least one risk factor for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was found in 48% (n = 46) of cases. The median duration of treatment with carbapenems was 5 days and it was over 7 days in 38% (n = 36) of cases. The use of carbapenems was considered appropriate in 95% (18/19) and 70% (54/77) of cases when therapy was guided by culture results or was empirical, respectively. De-escalation of carbapenem treatment within 72 h occurred in 31% (n = 30) of cases. CONCLUSION: The use of carbapenems can be optimized in the pediatric population, even when the initial prescription for a carbapenem is considered appropriate.

Association of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Plus Methylprednisolone vs Immunoglobulins Alone With Course of Fever in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Importance: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is the most severe pediatric disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, potentially life-threatening, but the optimal therapeutic strategy remains unknown. Objective: To compare intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) plus methylprednisolone vs IVIG alone as initial therapy in MIS-C. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective cohort study drawn from a national surveillance system with propensity score-matched analysis. All cases with suspected MIS-C were reported to the French National Public Health Agency. Confirmed MIS-C cases fulfilling the World Health Organization definition were included. The study started on April 1, 2020, and follow-up ended on January 6, 2021. Exposures: IVIG and methylprednisolone vs IVIG alone. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was persistence of fever 2 days after the introduction of initial therapy or recrudescence of fever within 7 days, which defined treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included a second-line therapy, hemodynamic support, acute left ventricular dysfunction after first-line therapy, and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit. The primary analysis involved propensity score matching with a minimum caliper of 0.1. Results: Among 181 children with suspected MIS-C, 111 fulfilled the World Health Organization definition (58 females [52%]; median age, 8.6 years [interquartile range, 4.7 to 12.1]). Five children did not receive either treatment. Overall, 3 of 34 children (9%) in the IVIG and methylprednisolone group and 37 of 72 (51%) in the IVIG alone group did not respond to treatment. Treatment with IVIG and methylprednisolone vs IVIG alone was associated with lower risk of treatment failure (absolute risk difference, -0.28 [95% CI, -0.48 to -0.08]; odds ratio [OR], 0.25 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.70]; P = .008). IVIG and methylprednisolone therapy vs IVIG alone was also significantly associated with lower risk of use of second-line therapy (absolute risk difference, -0.22 [95% CI, -0.40 to -0.04]; OR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.61]; P = .004), hemodynamic support (absolute risk difference, -0.17 [95% CI, -0.34 to -0.004]; OR, 0.21 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.76]), acute left ventricular dysfunction occurring after initial therapy (absolute risk difference, -0.18 [95% CI, -0.35 to -0.01]; OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.66]), and duration of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (median, 4 vs 6 days; difference in days, -2.4 [95% CI, -4.0 to -0.7]). Conclusions and Relevance: Among children with MIS-C, treatment with IVIG and methylprednisolone vs IVIG alone was associated with a more favorable fever course. Study interpretation is limited by the observational design.

Eculizumab treatment in severe pediatric STEC-HUS: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Hemolytic uremic syndrome related to Shiga-toxin-secreting Escherichia coli infection (STEC-HUS) remains a common cause of acute kidney injury in young children. No specific treatment has been validated for this severe disease. Recently, experimental studies highlight the potential role of complement in STEC-HUS pathophysiology. Eculizumab (EC), a monoclonal antibody against terminal complement complex, has been used in severe STEC-HUS patients, mostly during the 2011 German outbreak, with conflicting results. METHODS: On behalf of the French Society of Pediatric Nephrology, we retrospectively studied 33 children from 15 centers treated with EC for severe STEC-HUS. Indication for EC was neurologic involvement in 20 patients, cardiac and neurologic involvement in 8, cardiac involvement in 2, and digestive involvement in 3. Based on medical status at last follow-up, patients were divided into two groups: favorable (n = 15) and unfavorable outcomes (n = 18). RESULTS: Among patients with favorable outcome, 11/14 patients (79%) displayed persistent blockade of complement activity before each EC reinjection. Conversely, in patients with unfavorable outcome, only 9/15 (53%) had persistent blockade (p = n.s.). Among 28 patients presenting neurological symptoms, 19 had favorable neurological outcome including 17 with prompt recovery following first EC injection. Only two adverse effects potentially related to EC treatment were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results may support EC use in severe STEC-HUS patients, especially those presenting severe neurological symptoms. The study, however, is limited by absence of a control group and use of multiple therapeutic interventions in treatment groups. Thus, prospective, controlled trials should be undertaken.