Cancer in Anal Fistulas.

Fistula-associated anal cancer in Crohn's disease (CD) can be challenging to diagnose and treat. Patients with longstanding fistulas in the setting of CD who present with a sudden change in their symptoms should undergo biopsy under anesthesia with extensive sampling, followed by staging imaging. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be helpful in identifying the extent of the disease locally. Patients often present in the later stages due to the challenges associated with diagnosing these patients. Two subtypes of this disease include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and treatment depends on diagnosis. Small sample size and lack of uniform data on treatments make it difficult to say which treatment modalities are optimal, but aggressive combined therapy is likely the best approach for survival. This will include chemotherapy and radiation and often radical resection as well. Despite this, survival is poor, although more recent data suggest that outcomes are improving.

Remodeling of the human skeletal muscle proteome found after long-term endurance training but not after strength training.

Exercise training has tremendous systemic tissue-specific health benefits, but the molecular adaptations to long-term exercise training are not completely understood. We investigated the skeletal muscle proteome of highly endurance-trained, strength-trained, and untrained individuals and performed exercise- and sex-specific analyses. Of the 6,000+ proteins identified, >650 were differentially expressed in endurance-trained individuals compared with controls. Strikingly, 92% of the shared proteins with higher expression in both the male and female endurance groups were known mitochondrial. In contrast to the findings in endurance-trained individuals, minimal differences were found in strength-trained individuals and between females and males. Lastly, a co-expression network and comparative literature analysis revealed key proteins and pathways related to the health benefits of exercise, which were primarily related to differences in mitochondrial proteins. This network is available as an interactive database resource where investigators can correlate clinical data with global gene and protein expression data for hypothesis generation.

Primary extrahepatic biliary neuroendocrine tumor: a case report.

Extrahepatic biliary neuroendocrine tumors (EBNETs) are extremely rare and difficult to diagnose. The vast majority are diagnosed postoperatively on histological evaluation of surgical specimens. Workup and treatment principles are largely based on retrospective series and case reports. Complete surgical resection is the gold standard treatment for these lesions. Here we present a case of a 77-year-old male with a biopsy-proven EBNET incidentally discovered during evaluation for fatty liver disease. Further workup did not show any other suspicious lesions. Resection of the tumor and multiple Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Final pathology revealed grade 1, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. This is the third case reported in the literature with a confirmed preoperative EBNET diagnosis based on endoscopic biopsy results. This case highlights the feasibility of preoperative diagnosis of EBNETs and emphasizes the importance of complete surgical resection.

Revision of Aneurysmal Arteriovenous Access with Immediate Use Graft Is Safe and Avoids Prolonged Use of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) can pose a difficult treatment dilemma for the vascular surgeons. Prolonged tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) in patients requiring long-term dialysis are associated with significantly increased mortality compared to AVF. We aimed to elucidate the outcomes of aneurysmal arteriovenous (AV) access revision with aneurysm resection and Artegraft® (LeMaitre, New Brunswick, NJ) Collage Vascular Graft placement to avoid prolonged use of TDCs. METHODS: We reviewed all patients with aneurysmal AV access in whom the access was revised with aneurysm resection and jump graft placement at a single institution from 2018 to 2021. Outcomes were time to cannulation, reintervention rates, time to reintervention, and patency (primary, primary assisted, and secondary). Patency rates were estimated with Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis. RESULTS: A total of 51 revised aneurysmal AV accesses in 51 patients were studied, of which 23.5% (n = 12) had perioperative TDC placement. Three patients were done for emergent bleeding. The cohort was 62.8% male (n = 32) with a median age of 58 years (interquartile range: 49-67). Most patients had brachiocephalic AVF (n = 37 [72.6%]). The median follow-up time was 280 days. The median time to cannulation was 2 days. Time to cannulation was significantly longer in patients with perioperative TDC as compared with those without TDC (24 days vs. 2 days, P < 0.001). Reintervention was required in 41.2% of patients (n = 21), at median time of 47 days. At 30, 90, 180, and 365 days, primary patency rates were 84.3%, 78.3%, 66.6%, and 54.9%; primary assisted patency rates were 94.1%, 88.1%, 79.4%, and 79.4%; and secondary patency rates were 100%, 97.8%, 91.6%, and 91.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The revision of aneurysmal AV access (urgent or elective) with Artegraft as jump graft is safe, with acceptable short- and mid-term patency results. This allows dialysis patients to continue to have a functional access, decreasing the need for a tunneled catheter and reducing the associated risk of sepsis and increased mortality. This should be considered for all patients with aneurysmal, dysfunctional fistulas to maintain AV access and avoid TDC placement.

Venous thromboembolism in benign esophageal surgery patients: potential cost effectiveness of Caprini risk stratification.

BACKGROUND: The Caprini risk assessment model (RAM) stratifies surgical patients for prescription of post-discharge extended heparin prophylaxis to reduce post-operative venous thromboembolism (VTE) events. The average cost for treatment of a VTE event is $15,123. The 30-day post-operative VTE rate after benign esophageal procedures is < 0.8% per the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. We hypothesized that the financial cost of selective extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery for benign esophageal disease would exceed the cost of treating these rare events and therefore use of risk stratification for extended prophylaxis would not be beneficial. METHODS: All patients undergoing operations for benign esophageal pathology from July 2014 to May 2019 were reviewed. Patients designated as moderate or high risk for VTE were prescribed a 10- or 30-day post-operative course of extended prophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH). VTE and adverse bleeding events were recorded for the 60-day post-operative period. The cost of LMWH was provided by the institution pharmacy. RESULTS: Records from 154 patients were eligible for review. Caprini RAM was used for all patients with the following distribution of risk categories: low = 64.9% (100/154); moderate = 31.8% (49/154); and high = 3.2% (5/154). The average cost of extended prophylaxis at discharge for the moderate-risk group was $121.23, while the high-risk group was $446.46. There were no 60-day VTE or adverse bleeding events recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients undergoing surgical therapy were at low risk of post-operative VTE event, with only 35% requiring extended VTE prophylaxis at time of discharge. When compared with the average cost of treatment for a VTE event, the cost of extended prophylaxis per patient in moderate or high-risk groups is substantially lower. In the era of cost-containment, risk stratification and extended prophylaxis may reduce healthcare costs and warrant future investigations.

Persistence of the ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) microbiome to diet manipulation.

Host-associated microbiomes can play important roles in the ecology and evolution of their insect hosts, but bacterial diversity in many insect groups remains poorly understood. Here we examine the relationship between host environment, host traits, and microbial diversity in three species in the ground beetle family (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a group of roughly 40,000 species that synthesize a wide diversity of defensive compounds. This study used 16S amplicon sequencing to profile three species that are phylogenetically distantly related, trophically distinct, and whose defensive chemical secretions differ: Anisodactylus similis LeConte, 1851, Pterostichus serripes (LeConte, 1875), and Brachinus elongatulus Chaudoir, 1876. Wild-caught beetles were compared to individuals maintained in the lab for two weeks on carnivorous, herbivorous, or starvation diets (n = 3 beetles for each species-diet combination). Metagenomic samples from two highly active tissue types-guts, and pygidial gland secretory cells (which produce defensive compounds)-were processed and sequenced separately from those of the remaining body. Bacterial composition and diversity of these ground beetles were largely resilient to controlled changes to host diet. Different tissues within the same beetle harbor unique microbial communities, and secretory cells in particular were remarkably similar across species. We also found that these three carabid species have patterns of microbial diversity similar to those previously found in carabid beetles. These results provide a baseline for future studies of the role of microbes in the diversification of carabids.