Effect of Raw and Extruded Propionic Acid-Treated Field Beans on Energy and Crude Protein Digestibility (In-Vitro and In-Vivo), Growth and Carcass Quality in Grow-Finisher Pigs.

The in-vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) of field beans treated with propionic acid (trFB) and extruded trFB (exFB) was determined in experiment 1. The DE and dCP values of trFB and exFB were determined using the difference method in experiment 2. The effect of replacing SBM with trFB and exFB in grow-finisher diets on growth, carcass quality, apparent ileal digestibility (AiD), and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, OM, gross energy (GE), and CP were investigated in experiment 3. In exp. 1, in-vitro digestibility of exFB compared to trFB was unchanged for DM (p = 0.12), increased for OM (p < 0.05), and increased for CP (p < 0.05). In exp. 2, the DE value of trFB and exFB was 14.38 and 15.75 MJ/kg respectively; and the dCP value was 21.35% and 21.42% respectively (on DM basis). In exp. 3, ADFI was higher for pigs fed trFB and exFB compared to the control diet (CON; p < 0.05), while ADG, FCR and carcass quality parameters of pigs did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05).

Phosphorus equivalence of a Consensus phytase produced by Hansenula polymorpha in diets for young turkeys.

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of a so-called consensus phytase preparation produced by Hansenula polymorpha on growth, tibia and toe ash and P retention of young turkeys. A total of 192 female turkeys (BUT 9 strain) were placed into 96 batteries at two per cage and assigned to one of eight diets: A negative control containing 2.5 g non-phytate P per kg feed (T-1); T-1 plus 125, 250, 500, 1000 or 10 000 phytase units (U) per kg feed, respectively, (T-2 to T-6); T-1 plus 0.5 or 1.0 g Pi/kg feed as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), respectively, (T-7 and 8). The experiment lasted 32 d, and excreta were collected and weighed between 26 and 29 d of age. Feed was also weighed during this period in order to calculate P retention. Performance was calculated for the 0 to 32 d period. At the end of the experiment one bird per pen was killed for tibia and toe ash content determination, except for T-2, T-3, and T-7. Body weight, FCR, toe and tibia ash, and P retention responded to phytase or Pi supplementation. Using linear or quadratic models for comparing performance of the treatments containing supplemental Pi with phytase treatments, an equivalence between phytase and Pi was calculated. Body weight, toe ash, tibia ash and P retention showed a significant response to phytase supplementation. The values of equivalence for body weight, toe ash, tibia ash and P retention were 251, 597, 391 and 390 U to 1 g Pi/kg feed. At 10 000 U/kg feed there was a significant response in terms of weight gain and P retention, indicating that turkeys respond to levels greater than 1 000 U/kg feed.

Potential role of glycosidase inhibitors in industrial biotechnological applications.

The nutrient content of food and animal feed may be improved through new knowledge about enzymatic changes in complex carbohydrates. Enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates containing alpha or beta glycosidic bonds is very important in nutrition and in several technological processes. These enzymes are called glycosidases (Enzyme Class 3.2.1) and include amylases, pectinases and xylanases. They are present in many foods such as cereals, but their microbial analogues are often produced and added in many food processes, for instance to improve the shelf-life of bakery products, clear beer, produce glucose, fructose or dextrins, hydrolyse lactose, modify food pectins, or improve processes. However, many plant foods also contain endogenous inhibitors, which reduce the activity of glycosidases, in particular, proteins, peptides, complexing agents and phenolic compounds. The plant proteinaceous inhibitors of glycosidases are in focus in this review whose objective is to report the effect and implications of these inhibitors in industrial processes and applications. These studies will contribute to the optimisation of industrial processes by using modified enzymes not influenced by the natural inhibitors. They will also allow careful selection of raw material and reaction conditions, and future development of new genetic varieties low in inhibitors. These are all new and very promising concepts for the food and feed sector.