RESUMO
Tabanidae are considered a nuisance to humans, wild animals, and livestock due to their painful, annoying, and insistent biting. Tabanids transmit some pathogens and parasites biologically and mechanically. In humans, there are relatively few pathogens transmitted regularly. Still, tabanids serve as vectors of a number of disease agents of animals, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and nematodes. They are more abundant in tropical and humid regions, and their seasonal patterns are affected by habitat changes such as deforestation and fragmentation. Here, we analyze the tabanid fauna in Monte Negro, a central municipality of Rondônia, Brazil, comparing abundance, richness, and diversity in forest and pasture habitats. Traps were set for 5 days a month for 12 consecutive months. We also examined how abiotic factors (humidity, temperature, and rainfall) affected the abundance, diversity, and richness and the effectiveness of Malaise and Nzi traps as sample methods. The influence of climatic variables on the richness and abundance of the species was tested using generalized linear models, and we used non-parametric dimensional scaling (nMDS) for analysis of species composition and diversity in different traps and environments. We collect 1032 specimens of 25 species. The most abundant species were Tabanus antarcticus, Dichelacera tetradelta, Tabanus mucronatus, and Leucotabanus albovarius. Forest habitats had the highest number of tabanids, followed by pasture and the anthropized area, and there was no significant difference regarding the effectiveness of the Malaise and Nzi traps. The study provides new information on the distribution and ecology of tabanids in Brazil.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Dípteros , Florestas , Estações do Ano , Animais , Brasil , Dípteros/fisiologia , Dípteros/classificação , EcossistemaRESUMO
Mosquitoes (Culicidae) represent the main vector insects globally, and they also inhabit many of the terrestrial and aquatic habitats of the world. DNA barcoding and metabarcoding are now widely used in both research and routine practices involving mosquitoes. However, these methodologies rely on information available in databases consisting of barcode sequences representing taxonomically identified voucher specimens. In this study, we assess the availability of public data for mosquitoes in the main online databases, focusing specifically on the two most widely used DNA barcoding markers in Culicidae: COI and ITS2. In addition, we test hypotheses on possible factors affecting species coverage (i.e., the percentage of species covered in the online databases) for COI in different countries and the occurrence of the DNA barcode gap for COI. Our findings showed differences in the data publicly available in the repositories, with a taxonomic or species coverage of 28.4-30.11% for COI in BOLD + GenBank, and 12.32% for ITS2 in GenBank. Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental biogeographic regions had the lowest coverages, while Nearctic, Palearctic and Oceanian had the highest. The Neotropical region had an intermediate coverage. In general, countries with a higher diversity of mosquitoes and higher numbers of medically important species had lower coverage. Moreover, countries with a higher number of endemic species tended to have a higher coverage. Although our DNA barcode gap analyses suggested that the species boundaries need to be revised in half of the mosquito species available in the databases, additional data must be gathered to confirm these results and to allow explaining the occurrence of the DNA barcode gap. We hope this study can help guide regional species inventories of mosquitoes and the completion of a publicly available reference library of DNA barcodes for all mosquito species.
Assuntos
Culicidae , Animais , Culicidae/genética , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico/métodos , Mosquitos Vetores , Austrália , DNA/genética , BiodiversidadeRESUMO
The objective of this work was to describe the first record of antibodies to the Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in ewe, in the state of Amazonas. The ewe, which was in twin pregnancy, gave birth on May 9, 2015, but a lamb died hours after delivery. Veterinary service was then requested by the owner, where emaciation, loss of wool, pyrexia, apathy, dyspnea, mucoid nasal secretion, facial, lingual and submandibular edema were observed. There was a visit by the Agricultural Defense Agency of the State of Amazonas to the property and blood samples were collected from the animal. The whole blood and serum were sent to the National Agricultural Laboratory, where it was possible to detect the presence of specific antibodies to BTV, through the Agar Gel Double Immunodiffusion. The ewe was submitted to a new blood collection, following the same protocols and the samples were sent to the Biological Institute of São Paulo, confirmed diagnosis. The animal in a serious clinical condition, could not resist and died in July 2015. The occurrence of an allochthonous case, in an area where vector insects occur, can trigger an endemic process in the Amazon region. With this, the epidemiological control of these occurrences is necessary, in order to avoid the spread of the disease in the country.
O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever o primeiro registro de anticorpos para o Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) em ovino, no estado do Amazonas. A ovelha, que se encontrava em gestação gemelar, pariu no dia 9 de maio de 2015, porém um cordeiro faleceu horas após o parto. Foi então solicitado serviço veterinário por parte do proprietário, onde foi observado emaciação, perda de lã, pirexia, apatia, dispneia, secreção nasal mucoide, edema facial, lingual e submandibular. Houve visita da Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Amazonas na propriedade e coletadas amostras de sangue do animal. O sangue total e soro foram enviados ao Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, no qual foi possível detectar a presença de anticorpos específicos para VLA, através do teste de Imunodifusão Dupla em Gel de Ágar. A ovelha foi submetida a uma nova coleta de sangue, seguindo os mesmos protocolos e as amostras foram enviadas ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, confirmando diagnóstico. O animal em estado clínico grave, não resistiu e veio a óbito em julho de 2015. A ocorrência de um caso alóctone, em uma área de ocorrência de insetos vetores, pode desencadear um processo de endemia na região amazônica. Com isso, o controle epidemiológico destas ocorrências, se fazem necessários, afim de se evitar a disseminação da doença no país.
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/anormalidades , Imunodifusão/veterinária , Vírus Bluetongue/imunologia , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Anticorpos Antivirais/análiseRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of chronic noncommunicable disease (CND) are rocketting over the world, including in young adults. The WHO estimates that more than half of the deaths in the world, even in underdeveloped countries, are caused by CND. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of obesity, high blood pressure (HBP) and dyslipidemia and its associated factors. METHODS: The authors carried out a cross-sectional study of 1,431 schools in the public-school system of Monte, Brazilian Western Amazon, with children and adolescents aged 6 to 15 years. A random sampling of 496 individuals was carried out. The OpenEpi platform was used to calculate the sample size, considering p<0.05 and a presumed prevalence of CND of 50%. The authors applied a clinical-epidemiological questionnaire, made anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests. Diagnostic parameters recommended by the recent guidelines of the Ministry of Health in Brazil were used. RESULTS: Prevalence of CND was: Obesity 11.8%, HBP of 6.7% and dyslipidemia of 25.4%. After multivariate log-binomial analysis of the dependent variables, the statistically significant risk factors were overweight 18.4%, sedentary lifestyle 32.2%, family history of cardiovascular disease 23.4%, family history of HBP 84.2%, family dyslipidemia 55.8%, family obesity 38.7% and family chronic renal disease 40.6%. CONCLUSION: The findings pointed out to a context with a relatively high prevalence of CND, as well as their associated factors. Intervention measures such as health education, food education, stimulation of physical exercise, better school feeding and an improvement of the public health system are needed to mitigate the occurrence of CND.
INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) está aumentando em todo o mundo, inclusive em adultos jovens. A OMS estima que mais da metade das mortes no mundo, mesmo em países subdesenvolvidos, são causadas por DCNT. OBJETIVO: O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de obesidade, pressão arterial elevada (PAE) e dislipidemia e seus fatores associados. MÉTODO: Os autores realizaram um estudo transversal com uma amostra randomizada de 496 de 1.431 alunos das escolas da rede pública de ensino de Monte Negro, Amazônia Ocidental, com crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 15 anos. Foi realizada uma amostragem aleatória de 496 indivíduos. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra foi utilizada a plataforma OpenEpi, considerando p <0,05 e prevalência presumida de DCNT de 50%. Os autores aplicaram um questionário clínico-epidemiológico, realizaram medidas antropométricas e exames laboratoriais. Foram utilizados parâmetros diagnósticos recomendados pelas diretrizes recentes do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por por tetes estatísticos univariados e depois, multivariados, para se detectar associação entre causas e desfechos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de DCNT foi: Obesidade 11,8%, Pressão Arterial Elevada de 6,7% e dislipidemia de 25,4%. Após análise log-binomial multivariada das variáveis dependentes, os fatores associados estatisticamente significativos foram sobrepeso 18,4%, sedentarismo 32,2%, história familiar de doença cardiovascular 23,4%, história familiar de hipertensão arterial sistêmica 84,2%, dislipidemia familiar 55,8%, obesidade familiar 38,7% e doença renal crônica familiar 40,6%. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados apontam para um contexto com prevalência relativamente elevada de DCNT, bem como seus fatores associados em crianças/adolescentes. Medidas de intervenção como educação em saúde, educação alimentar, estímulo à prática de exercícios físicos, melhor alimentação escolar e melhoria do sistema público de saúde são necessárias para mitigar a ocorrência de DCNT.
Assuntos
Criança , Adolescente , Alimentação Escolar , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Exercício Físico , Saúde Pública , Prevalência , Saúde do Adolescente , Dislipidemias , Sobrepeso , Comportamento Sedentário , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Hipertensão , ObesidadeRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Culicoides transmit a variety of pathogens. Our aim was to survey the Culicoides species occurring in an Amazonian rural settlement, comparing abundance, richness, and diversity in different environments. METHODS: Culicoides were captured using CDC light traps. The Shannon-Wiener (H') and Rényi indices were used to compare species diversity and evenness between environments, the equitability (J') index was used to calculate the uniformity of distribution among species, and similarity was estimated using the Jaccard similarity index. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance was applied to assess the influence of environment on species composition. A non-metric dimensional scale was used to represent the diversity profiles of each environment in a multidimensional space. RESULTS: 6.078 Culicoides were captured, representing 84 species (45 valid species/39 morphotypes). H' values showed the following gradient: forest > capoeira > peridomicile > forest edge. The equitability J' was greater in capoeira and forests compared to peridomiciles and the forest edge. The population compositions of each environment differed statistically, but rarefaction estimates indicate that environments of the same type possessed similar levels of richness. Species of medical and veterinary importance were found primarily in peridomiciles: C. paraensis, vector of Oropouche virus; C. insignis and C. pusillus, vectors of Bluetongue virus; C. filariferus, C. flavivenula, C. foxi, and C. ignacioi, found carrying Leishmania DNA. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that diversity was higher in natural environments than in anthropized environments, while abundance and richness were highest in the most anthropized environment. These findings suggest that strictly wild Culicoides can adapt to anthropized environments.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Ceratopogonidae/classificação , Biodiversidade , Insetos Vetores/classificação , População Rural , Estações do Ano , Brasil , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Hexapods, commonly known as insects, are a neglected taxonomic group in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, with unanswered questions about their species richness and the ecological processes in which they are involved (e.g., colonization, introduction, establishment, and extinction). Herein, we provide an updated Hexapod checklist with current nomenclatural combinations. The entomofauna of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is currently composed of 453 species in 21 orders. The orders, and their respective number of species, are: Blattaria (9), Coleoptera (118), Collembola (29), Dermaptera (3), Diplura (1), Diptera (134), Embioptera (1), Hemiptera (29), Hymenoptera (59), Isoptera (2), Lepidoptera (25), Mantodea (1), Neuroptera (3), Odonata (5), Orthoptera (11), Phasmatodea (1), Phthiraptera (6), Psocoptera (3), Siphonaptera (1), Thysanoptera (10), and Zygentoma (2). The archipelago has 263 new taxon records (family + genera + species). Thirty-eight species (3.39%) were described from local specimens and most of them are likely endemic species. This study more than doubles our knowledge (from the previous 190 records) of the entomofauna in this large Brazilian archipelago. This study also provides a baseline for studies on its conservation status and for implementing future environmental management programs.
RESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malaria and leishmaniases are transmitted by vectors during blood-feeding. Vector-infected animals develop antibodies against the vector's saliva. This study evaluated IgY antibody detection in the chicken eggs exposed to bites from Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Anopheles aquasalis. METHODS: We used ELISA to quantify the antibody levels in the sera and exposed chicken eggs. RESULTS: High IgY levels were observed following immunization; furthermore, higher reactivity was observed in the eggs and species-specific immune response was observed post final immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken eggs can be used as sentinels to surveil vector saliva antibodies.
Assuntos
Animais , Psychodidae/imunologia , Saliva/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Galinhas/parasitologia , Ovos/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/imunologia , Anopheles/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Malária/transmissãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND The human filarial worm Mansonella ozzardi is highly endemic in the large tributaries of the Amazon River. This infection is still highly neglected and can be falsely negative when microfilariae levels are low. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the frequency of individuals with M. ozzardi in riverine communities in Coari municipality, Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Different diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), blood polycarbonate membrane filtration (PCMF), Knott's method (Knott), digital thick blood smears (DTBS) and venous thick blood smears (VTBS) were used to compare sensitivity and specificity among the methods. Data were analysed using PCMF and Bayesian latent class models (BLCM) as the gold standard. We used BLCM to calculate the prevalence of mansonelliasis based on the results of five diagnostic methods. FINDINGS The prevalence of mansonelliasis was 35.4% by PCMF and 30.1% by BLCM. PCR and Knott methods both possessed high sensitivity. Sensitivity relative to PCMF was 98.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 92.0 - 99.7] for PCR and 83.5% (95% CI: 72.9 - 90.5) for Knott. Sensitivity derived by BLCM was 100% (95% CI 93.7 - 100) for PCMF, 100% (95% CI: 93.7 - 100) for PCR and 98.3% (95% CI: 90.6 - 99.9) for Knott. The odds ratio of being diagnosed as microfilaremic increased with age but did not differ between genders. Microfilariae loads were higher in subjects aged 30 - 45 and 45 - 60 years. MAIN CONCLUSIONS PCMF and PCR were the best methods to assess the prevalence of mansonelliasis in our samples. As such, using these methods could lead to higher prevalence of mansonelliasis in this region than the most commonly used method (i.e., thick blood smears).
Assuntos
Humanos , Cimento de Policarboxilato , Mansonella/genética , Mansonelose/diagnóstico , População Rural , Brasil/epidemiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Teorema de BayesRESUMO
BACKGROUND Lutzomyia umbratilis, the vector for Leishmania guyanensis in northern South America, has been found naturally infected with L. guyanensis only in areas north of the Negro and Amazon rivers. While populations of this sand fly species are also found in areas south of these rivers, these populations have never been reported to be infected and/or transmitting L. guyanensis. However, no studies on the corresponding host-parasite interactions are available. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the interaction between Lu. guyanensis promastigotes and field-collected Lu. umbratilis sand flies from Rio Preto da Eva and Manacapuru, which are located to the north and south, respectively, of the Negro River. METHODS Procyclic and metacyclic attachment was quantified using an in vitro system. FINDINGS Low attachment of parasites to the midguts of insects collected from Manacapuru was detected. Conversely, greater binding of metacyclic parasites was observed in the midguts of insects collected from Rio Preto da Eva, and this attachment was more pronounced than that observed for procyclics (p < 0.03). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The Lu. umbratilis population from an area south of the Negro River has lower in vitro interaction with L. guyanensis. The higher attachment of L. guyanensis to midguts of insects from Rio Preto da Eva may suggest better vector competence. These findings are in accordance with previously reported epidemiological information of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission in the Amazon.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Psychodidae/parasitologia , Leishmania guyanensis/fisiologia , Sistema Digestório/parasitologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/fisiologia , Psychodidae/classificação , Brasil , Rios , GeografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is considered the main Zika virus (ZIKV) vector, and is thought to be responsible for the 2015-2016 outbreak in Brazil. Zika positive Ae. aegypti males collected in the field suggest that vertical and/or venereal transmission of ZIKV may occur. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that venereal transmission of ZIKV by Ae. aegypti can occur under laboratory conditions. METHODS Ae. aegypti collected in the city of Manaus, confirmed as negative for Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (AaM3V- strain), were reared under laboratory conditions and used for the experiments. The ZIKV used in this study was isolated from a patient presenting with symptoms; ZIKV was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Experiment 1: virgin male mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension; four days after injection, they were transferred to a cage containing virgin females of AaM3V- strain and left to copulate for five days. Experiment 2: virgin female mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were orally infected with a ZIKV suspension by blood feeding membrane assay; nine days after blood feeding, they were placed in cages with Ae. aegypti AaM3V- virgin males and left to copulate for four days. After copulation, all mosquitoes were individually evaluated for viral infection by RT-qPCR. FINDINGS The mean infection rate in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was 45% and 35%, respectively. In both experiments, cycle threshold values ranged from 13 to 35, indicating the presence of viral genomes. MAIN CONCLUSION Ae. aegypti males intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension are infected and can transmit the virus to uninfected females by mating. Moreover, Ae. aegypti females orally infected with a ZIKV suspension can transmit the virus to uninfected males by copulation. This study shows that ZIKV infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes occurs not only during blood feeding, but also during copulation.
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/veterinária , Aedes/virologia , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Zika virus/fisiologia , Copulação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
The sandfly Trichophoromyia auraensis has recently evolved as a proven vector of Leishmania (Viannia) endemic to state of Acre in the north of Brazil. This note is intended to propose a correction in the report of the first occurrence of natural infection of Leishmania (Viannia) in this species. We and the other scientific groups reinforced that Tr. auraensis is a possible vector involved in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre, Brazil.
Assuntos
Animais , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Psychodidae , Psychodidae/parasitologia , BrasilRESUMO
In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , DNA/análise , Insetos Vetores/genética , Leishmania/genética , Psychodidae/genética , Biodiversidade , Bolívia , Brasil , DNA de Cinetoplasto , Genótipo , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Peru , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Densidade Demográfica , Psychodidae/classificação , Psychodidae/parasitologiaRESUMO
Phlebotomine sand flies are insects of medical importance. Species in the Neotropical region are highly diverse. Some of these species are considered cryptic species because of their morphological similarity between adult females of different species make identification especially difficult. The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the armature in the genital atrium (AGA) of some adult female sand flies, in order to discover new taxonomic characters that make it possible to distinguish between species that would otherwise be treated as cryptic by analysis of the AGA. The AGA of 16 Phlebotomine sand fly species are described. Distinct differences were found in relation to the shape and size of the armature, the presence or absence of spines on the armature, and the shape, size, and grouping patterns of the spines. These characters made it possible to distinguish between the species studied.
Os flebotomíneos são insetos de importância médica. Na região Neotropical existe grande diversidade de espécies. Algumas dessas espécies são consideradas espécies crípticas devido às semelhanças morfológicas entre fêmeas adultas de diferentes espécies, tornando a identificação especialmente difícil. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e descrever a armadura no átrio genital (AAG) de algumas fêmeas adultas de flebotomíneos, a fim de descobrir novos caracteres taxonômicos que tornem possível a distinção por análise da AAG entre as espécies que poderiam ser tratadas como espécies crípticas. Foram descritas a AAG de 16 espécies de flebotomíneos. Diferenças distintas foram encontradas em relação à forma e ao tamanho da armadura, a presença ou ausência de espinhos na armadura, e a forma, tamanho e padrões de agrupamento dos espinhos. Esses caracteres tornou possível a distinção entre as espécies estudadas.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Genitália Feminina/anatomia & histologia , Psychodidae/anatomia & histologia , Psychodidae/classificaçãoRESUMO
The prevalence of mansonelliasis was studied in the municipality of Tefé, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The prevalence (thick blood smear method) was 13.6% (147/1,078), higher in the Solimões River region (16.3%) than in the Tefé River region (6.3%). In the sampled communities in the Solimões River region, a higher density of cases was observed, as indicated by a kernel analysis (odds ratio 0.34; 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.57). Males had a higher prevalence (χ2 = 31.292, p < 0.001) than women. Mansonella ozzardi prevalence was higher in retirees and farmers (28.9% and 27%, respectively). Prevalence also significantly increased with age (χ2 = -128.17, p < 0.001), with the highest numbers occurring in persons older than 67 years.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Insetos Vetores , Mansonella , Mansonelose/epidemiologia , Simuliidae , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , População RuralRESUMO
Introduction: This study assessed the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi in riverine communities of the Tefé River, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: The prevalence of M. ozzardi was estimated by microscopic examination of thick blood smears. Results: The M. ozzardi prevalence rate was 6.3% (19/300). Filarial infection was found in 8 of the 11 communities surveyed, with prevalence rates varying from 2.5% to 22.2%. Conclusions: Tefé is a region of oil and natural gas exploration, in which there is a high turnover of workers. Migration patterns may facilitate the dissemination of mansonelliasis to other regions. .
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Mansonella/isolamento & purificação , Mansonelose/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Mansonella/classificação , Mansonelose/diagnóstico , Prevalência , Rios , População RuralRESUMO
Mansonelliasis is a filariasis whose etiological agents are Mansonella ozzardi, Mansonella perstansand Mansonella streptocerca. Only the first two cited species occur in Brazil. M. ozzardi is widely distributed in Amazonas state and it is found along the rivers Solimões, Purus, Negro and their tributaries while M. perstans is restricted to the Upper Rio Negro. In this update, we report the occurrence of M. ozzardi in Amazonas since the 1950s, and we show that over the years this filariasis has been sustained with high prevalence, while maintaining a constant cycle of transmission in endemic areas due to the lack of treatment and control policies. M. perstans has so far only been recorded in indigenous populations in the Upper Rio Negro. However, the continuous flow of migrants to other regions may cause an expansion of this infection.
A mansonelose é uma filariose cujos agentes etiológicos são Mansonella ozzardi, M. perstans e M. strepotcerca. Somente as duas primeiras ocorrem no Brasil. M. ozzardi apresenta ampla distribuição no estado do Amazonas sendo encontrada ao longo dos rios Solimões, Purus e Negro e afluentes, ao passo que M. perstans possui distribuição restrita à região do Alto Rio Negro. Nesta atualização, é relatada a ocorrência de M. ozzardi no Amazonas desde a década de 1950 e, ao longo dos anos, esta filariose tem sustentado elevadas prevalências, mantendo um ciclo constante de transmissão nas áreas endêmicas em virtude da falta de políticas de tratamento e controle. Até o momento, M. perstans só foi registrada nas populações indígenas da região do Alto Rio Negro, mas, em razão da existência de um fluxo migratório contínuo para outras regiões, existe a possibilidade de sua expansão.
Assuntos
Humanos , Filariose/epidemiologia , Mansonella , Microfilárias , BrasilRESUMO
Introduction: This work was carried out on the purpose of identifying the species of phlebotomine sandflies in the municipality of Monte Negro, state of Rondonia, Brazil, that may have been transmitting the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), and concisely describe epidemiological aspects of disease. METHODS: The epidemiologic and socioeconomical indicators were obtained from government institutions and the local Municipal Secretary of Health. Phlebotomine sandflies were captured using CDC light traps between July 2006 to July 2008. The total of 1,240 of female sandflies were examined by PCR method directed to k-DNA. RESULTS: There has been a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL of about 50% over the last ten years in the municipality. A total of 1,935 specimens of 53 sandfly species were captured, three of the genus Brumptomyia genus and 50 of the genus Lutzomyia. The predominant species was Lutzomyia acanthopharynx, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia geniculata and Lutzomyia davisi. None were positive for Leishmania sp. CONCLUSIONS: Four sandflies species were found in the State of Rondonia for the first time: Brumptomyia brumpti, Lutzomyia tarapacaensis, Lutzomyia melloi and Lutzomyia lenti. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis, was also captured. Socioeconomical improvement of Brazilian economy and the increase of environmental surveillance in the last 15 years collaborated in the decrease of people exposed to vectors, reducing the incidence of ACL.
Assuntos
Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Psychodidae/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do Ano , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Esse trabalho relata os métodos de diagnósticos para filárias humanas no sangue, referindo-se a importância do método de gota espessa em relação aos métodos de filtração em membrana de policarbonato e Knott na diferenciação das espécies de microfilárias, principalmente em áreas de ocorrência de mais de uma espécie, como em regiões do Amazonas. Lâminas com microfilárias de Mansonella ozzardi foram montadas e fotografadas pelos diferentes métodos de diagnósticos. O método da gota espessa de sangue é o mais confiável, pois permite visualizar com nitidez o espaço cefálico e caudal, disposição dos núcleos caudais e formato da cauda, que são características morfológicas que diferenciam as espécies de microfilárias sanguíneas que ocorrem no Amazonas.
In this work, the visual diagnostic methods for human filarias in the blood are evaluated. The thick blood film method is more faithful to identify the microfilariae species if compared to policarbonate membrane filtration and Knott methods, especially in areas where more than one species occur, as in Amazon basin. Slides with Mansonella ozzardi microfilariae were mounted and photographed by different diagnosis methods. The thick blood film method is much easier to see the diagnostic morphological characters as cephalic and caudal space, pattern of nucleation of the tail and tail shape that can separate the blood Amazonian microfilariae species.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico , Filariose/sangue , Mansonella/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
This study investigated some epidemiological aspects of the Mansonella ozzardi in municipality of Coari, Amazonas. Clinical symptoms were correlated with the filarial infection and the parasitic infection rates (PIR) were estimated in simuliid vectors. The general M. ozzardi human prevalence rate was 13.3 percent (231/1733), of which 10.2 percent (109/1069) were from the urban area and 18.4 percent (122/664) from the rural area. The prevalence rates were higher in men (14.5 percent urban and 19.7 percent rural) than in women (6.7 percent urban and 17.2 percent rural) and occurred in most age groups. The indices of microfilaremics were higher in people > 51 years old (26.9 percent urban and 61.5 percent rural). High prevalence rates were observed in retired people (27.1 percent urban area), housewives and farmer (41.6 percent and 25 percent, respectively, in rural area). The main clinical symptoms were joint pains and sensation of leg coldness. Only Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Simuliidae) transmits M. ozzardi in this municipality (PIR = 5.6 percent urban and 7.1 percent rural). M. ozzardi is a widely distributed parasitic disease in Coari. Thus, temporary residency in the region of people from other localities involved with the local gas exploitation might be a contributing factor in spreading the disease.