Effect of Curcumin on Collagen Deposition and Tissue Reorganization in Liver of Diabetic Rats.

Objective: To localize and characterize type I and type IV collagens in recovery livers after curcumin supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Material and Method: Induced diabetic rats were performed by streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg BW). Male rats were organized into three groups, control rat (C), diabetic rat (DM) and diabetic rat supplemented with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW). At 8 weeks, animals were sacrificed. The localization and characterization of type I and type IV collagens in liver's cell and tissues were compared among C, DM and DMC groups by Sirius red and Immunohistochemical techniques, respectively. Results: Type I and type IV collagens might be the key mediators of liver tissue healing associated with various disorders, especially with inflammation and reorganization processes. Concerning diabetic experiments, increased type I collagen was intensively recognized at subendothelial area of central veins whereas weakly demonstrated at periportal triad and perisinusoidal areas. Conversely, the high intensity of distribution of type IV collagen was strongly revealed at periportal triad and perisinusoidal areas while the intensity was faintly presented at central veins. In addition, accumulation of type IV collagen also revealed perisinusoidal basement membrane which was characteristic of capillarization of sinusoids. However, the localization of type I and type IV collagens was reduced after curcumin supplement in DMC rats compared with DM rats, implying that the liver tissue reorganization has been developed forwards to normal morphology. Moreover, type I and type IV collagen might distinctively accomplish the liver tissue reorganization by different means of area-based characterization. Conclusion: The potential beneficial effect of curcumin has been exhibited the tissue reorganization of diabetic liver tissues. The efficiency and achievement of curcumin might be applied to be an alternative therapeutic agent in diabetic hepatic pathology.

Effect of Curcumin on Characterization and Localization of Interleukin-13 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Liver of Diabetic Rats.

Objective: To localize and characterize inflammatory markers: interleukin-13 (IL-13) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in recovery livers after curcumin supplementation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Material and Method: Induced diabetic male rats were achieved by streptozotocin intravenous injection (50 mg/kg BW). The rats were divided into three groups, control rat (C), diabetic rat (DM) and diabetic rat supplemented with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW) that has been proposed for anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities. After 12 weeks of curcumin supplementation, liver tissues were collected and processed for hematoxylin & eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. The localization and characterization of IL-13 and TNF-alpha were investigated and compared among three groups in order to analyze the efficiency of curcumin in recovering liver tissues. Results: According DM group, high intensity of IL-13 and TNF-alpha were accumulated around central vein, along hepatic parenchyma, and at perivascular sinusoidal areas. In contrast, the characterization of IL-13 and TNF-alpha in DMC were attenuated. Then, the liver tissues were recovered and engaged by less severity sign of inflammations. Therefore, dietary curcumin might have efficacy to ameliorate diabetic complications in terms of controlling and modulating inflammatory parameters, including IL-13, and TNF-alpha. Conclusion: Administration of curcumin successfully attenuated liver tissue by means of decreased inflammatory cytokine markers. The potential beneficial effects of curcumin have been shown to decline the inflammatory of liver tissue, concerning illustration of IL-13, and TNF-alpha. Therefore, the efficiency and achievement of curcumin might be applied to be an alternative therapeutic agent in diabetic liver.

Microvasculature Improvement of Heart in Diabetic Rat with Curcumin Supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of curcumin supplementation on the improvement of heart microvasculature in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Streptozotocin (STZ: 60 mg/kg BW) was applied into rat to induce diabetic condition. Male rats were divided into three groups, control (C), diabetic (DM) and diabetic rats supplemented with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW). After 8 and 12 weeks of experiments, heart microvasculature was investigated under vascular corrosion cast technique with scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Destruction of heart microvasculature of DM group was observed at 8 and 12-week experiments. Five important categories of heart vessels and related veins and venules were examined respectively: right coronary arteries (RCA), medium arteries (MA), small arteries (SA), arterioles, and capillaries. RCA, cardiac arteries and veins demonstrated abnormality. Atypical patterns of vessels were presented, including shrinkage of artery vessels, capillary dropout, constriction and tortuousity of small cardiac vein and venules, and microaneurysm. At 12-week experiment, vascular lesion of DM group increased in complicated signs, including arterial constrictions and stenosis, arterial blind endings, capillary dropout and shrinkage. In addition, severity of microaneurysm dilatation of arterial branch of RCA, arterial tortuosity, coiled and twisting arteries were investigated. The diameters of vessels of all DM groups were evidently decreased. Subsequent to curcumin supplementation, typical and healthy heart microvasculatures were restored and redeveloped. The diameter sizes of DMC vessels have nearly increased back to normal situations, especially at artery, arteriole, and capillary levels. CONCLUSION: Efficiency of curcumin treatment beneficially repaired and recovered heart microvascular diabetic complications. This evidence suggests that potential anti-diabetic effect of curcumin is meaningful about the ongoing therapeutic consequences, owing to the improvement and recovery of heart blood vessels.

Effects of curcumin on restoration and improvement of microvasculature characteristic in diabetic rat's choroid of eye.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect ofcurcumin on microvasculature changes in STZ-induced diabetic rat' choroid ofeye. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Male rats were divided into three groups: control (C) Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg BW) (DM) diabetic rats treated with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW). After 8 weeks of experiments, microvasculature changes of rat's choroid were studied under vascular corrosion cast technique with scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: There were pathology and destruction of choroid microvasculature of DM group that revealed reduced and shrunken sizes of large and small blood vessels, compared with control group; long posterior ciliary arteries (LPCAs) (C = 113.70 +/- 1.38, DM = 83.53 +/- 2.70, DMC = 109.64 +/- 3.41 microm), choroid arteries (C = 94.97 +/- 2.79, DM = 59.36 +/- 2.61, DMC = 80.31 +/- 3.73 microm), vortex veins (C = 74.11 +/- 3.24, DM = 46.71 +/- 2.56, DMC = 64.66 +/- 3.60 microm), and Choriocapillaris (choroidal capillaries) (C = 13.61 +/- 0.62, DM = 4.46 +/- 0.24, DMC = 9.96 +/- 0.70 microm), respectively. In DM group, LPCAs and Choroid arteries were tortuous and showed shrinkage. Vortex veins became narrow. Choriocapillaris showed the pathological characteristics of vascular lesions including of shrinkage, constriction, microaneurysm and blind ending. Fascinatingly, Choroid microvasculature of the eye in curcumin treated group developed into regenerate and repaired conditions with healthy and normal characteristics. CONCLUSION: Efficiency of curcumin treatment beneficially repaired and regenerated the redevelopment of choroid's microvascular complications of eye in 8-week experiments. Potential treatment with curcumin in diabetes has demonstrated in a meaningful way the therapeutic consequences in the improvement and recovery of choroidal blood vessels in eye pathology ofdiabetic rats.

Study of curcumin on microvasculature characteristic in diabetic rat's liver as revealed by vascular corrosion cast/scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of curcumin on the structural change ofmicrovasculature in STZ-induced diabetic rat' liver. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg BW). Male rats were divided into thre groups, control (C), diabetic (DM) and diabetic rats treated with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW). After 8 weeks o experiments, blood vessels of rat's liver were studied under conventional light microscope (LM) and vascular corrosion cas technique with scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: LM observation demonstrated that there were pathology and destruction of liver tissues and microvasculature in diabetic animals. The sinusoids around central veins were dilated and filled with red blood cells. There was an accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and hepatocyte nuclei showed pathological sign of pyknosis. Moreover, the inflammation change of liver tissues revealed the infiltration of lymphocytes and increasing of collagen deposition in the area of portal triad. In curcumin-treated rats, the distinguished recovery of liver tissues showed regained normal pattern of central veins, sinusoids, hepatocytes and portal triad, when compared with liver tissues of control group. By using vascular corrosion casting with SEM, the liver blood vessels of DM group revealed higher and expanded sizes, compared with control group; proximal parts of portal veins (C = 577.75 +/- 126.23, DM = 892 +/- 35.79, DMC = 469.5 +/- 8553 microm), distal parts of portal veins (C = 76.72 +/- 1.48, DM = 200 +/- 31.05, DMC = 76.38 +/- 2.98 microm) and venules (C = 27.03 +/- 0.55, DM = 45.15 +/- 5.03, DMC = 28.38 +/- 3.67 microm) and corresponding to increased blood volumes compared with control group; proximal parts of portal veins (C = 20.8 +/- 1.28, DM = 62.2 +/- 3.39, DMC = 14.9 +/- 0.67 microm3), distal parts of portal veins (C = 0.46 +/- 0.03, DM = 3.81 +/- 0.18, DMC = 0.41 +/- 0.05 microm3) and venules (C = 0.05 +/- 0.05, DM = 0.24 +/- 0.013, DMC = 0.05 +/- 0.05 microm3) respectively. Fascinatingly, liver microvasculature in curcumin treated group developed into regenerate and repair into healthy and normal characteristics. CONCLUSION: Efficiency of curcumin treatment beneficially repaired and regenerated liver tissues of diabetic groups and also redeveloped the liver's microvascular complications. These results optimistically demonstrated the potential use of curcumin as a novel therapeutic agent in liver pathology of diabetic rats.

Effect of Vernonia cinerea in improvement of respiratory tissue in chronic nicotine treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effect of Vernonia cinerea (VC) on rat respiratory tissue in chronic nicotine condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Pathology of rat respiratory tissue was induced by intraperitoneally injection with 1 mg/kg BW of rat. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, control group (C), nicotine treated group (N) and nicotine treated with Vernonia cinerea (VC) supplementation (NV, 100 mg/kg BW of rat) for 3 and 6 months. The animals were sacrificed and the respiratory tissues were removed and further processed for paraffin embedment and stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), and Masson's trichrome techniques. RESULTS: The histopathology of lung tissue and trachea occurred in a chronic nicotine treatment. The thickness of alveolar walls and proliferation of alveolar type 2 cell were found. There was remarkable increasing of various inflammatory cells, alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells after nicotine treatment for 6 months. A large number of small blood vessels appeared in the alveolar wall. Nicotine also caused fibrosis which dispersed throughout the lung parenchyma in perivascular peribronchiole and alveolar wall regions. Moreover there was the appearance of epithelial cell injury and goblet cell hyperplasia in the trachea. Regarding the VC supplementation, the result of a recovery of alveolar walls, i.e. decreasing of various inflammatory cells and alveolar type 2 cells was clearly demonstrated. In addition, the fibrosis and goblet cell hyperplasia were almost disappeared in the lung tissue after VC treatment. CONCLUSION: Administration of VC in a chronic nicotine treatment resulted in an improvement of respiratory tissue. The recovery of the respiratory tract, especially trachea and lung tissue was characterized by the remarkable decrease of various inflammatory cells, fibrotic areas, and goblet cell hyperplasia. The VC, therefore shows the potential effect to be a new herbal therapeutic agent for alleviate the symptoms of the respiratory tract caused by nicotine from heavy cigarette smoke.

Effect of curcumin on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in diabetic mice kidney induced by streptozotocin.

OBJECTIVE: To localize and demonstrate the effect of curcumin on vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic mice kidney induced by streptozotocin. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg BW). Male mice were divided into three groups, control mice, diabetic mice (DM) and diabetic mice treated with curcumin (DMC) (200 mg/kg BW). At 4 and 8 weeks, animals were sacrificed and kidneys were processed by immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS: At the end of 4 and 8 week experiments, glomeruli were slightly enlarged and showed diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary walls in diabetic mice. Administration with curcumin presented the better improvement and recovery of cells and tissues compared with diabetic mice. Immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) demonstrated that VEGF was mainly detected in the podocytes and renal tubules. There was an increase in VEGF expression in diabetic mice as compared to control. Treatment with curcumin significantly inhibited the expression of VEGF in the kidney tissue of diabetic mice in both 4 and 8 weeks. Comparing the diabetic mice between 4 and 8 week experiments, the expression of VEGF in the podocytes and renal tubules at 8 week were significantly stronger than at 4 week which represented time-dependent change. Nevertheless, the intensity of VEGF was not different in DMC mice when it was compared between 4 and 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: VEGF immunoreactivity of the podocytes and the renal tubules at 4 and 8 weeks in DM mice showed strong intensity more than in control mice. However, the intensity of VEGF in DMC mice was less when it was compared with DM mice. Moreover, VEGF was a key modulator of angiogenesis and a potent mitogen for endothelial cells. These results demonstrated the potential use of antiangiogenic curcumin as a novel therapeutic agent in diabetic mellitus and maintain normal structure of the kidney.