Perioperative Complications After Pediatric Liver Transplantation-A Retrospective Analysis of 421 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Due to the low incidence of pediatric liver transplantations, short- and long-term data regarding their outcome, details on early postoperative complications and their risk factors are under-represented in the literature. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1645 LTx performed at Hannover Medical School between January 2005 and December 2021. Of these, 421 transplantations were performed in 405 pediatric recipients. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were performed to identify independent risk factors for the onset of selected perioperative complications requiring intervention within the first 30 days following transplantation and their influence on graft and patient survival. RESULTS: Pleural effusions represent the most common postoperative complication observed in 49.4% (n = 208) of cases, followed by vascular complications in 22.6% (n = 95) and biliary complications in 20.0% (n = 84) of cases. Donor age (OR: 1.019; p = 0.010) and recipient age between 3 and 12 years (OR: 1.849; p = 0.008) were identified as independent risk factors for the onset of pleural effusions. Retransplantations within the first year after LTx were necessary in 11.4% of all cases (n = 48). Twenty (4.8%) patients died within the first year after LTx. CONCLUSION: Pleural effusions requiring postoperative intervention were observed in approximately half of the pediatric recipients. Therefore, the preemptive intraoperative placement of a chest drain under sterile conditions and general anesthesia should be considered. Our data further indicate that a two-stage procedure for biliary reconstruction may be the preferred procedure in patients at risk of early bile duct complications and retransplantation within the first year.

Mild Crigler-Najjar Syndrome with Progressive Liver Disease-A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (CNS) with residual activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and no need for daily phototherapy is called mild Crigler-Najjar Syndrome. Most of these patients need medical treatment for enzyme induction (phenobarbital) to lower blood levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB). Apart from this, no long-term problems have been described so far. The phenotype of patients with the homozygous pathogenic variant c.115C>G p.(His39Asp) in UGT1A1 is described as variable. Clinical observations of our patients led to the assumption that patients with variant c.115C>G have a mild CNS phenotype while having a high risk of developing progressive liver disease. For mild CNS disease, progressive liver disease has not been described so far. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective multicenter analysis of 14 patients with this particular variant, aiming for better characterization of this variant. We could confirm that patients with variant c.115C>G have a high risk of progressive liver disease (seven of fourteen), which increases with age despite having a very mild CNS phenotype. Earlier predictors and causes for an unfavorable disease course are not detectable, but close follow-up could identify patients with progressive liver disease at the beginning. In conclusion, these patients need close and specialized follow-up. Our study questions whether fibrosis in the CNS is really driven by high amounts of UCB or phototherapy.

Cell-based BSEP trans-inhibition: A novel, non-invasive test for diagnosis of antibody-induced BSEP deficiency.

Background & Aims: Antibody-induced bile salt export pump deficiency (AIBD) is an acquired form of intrahepatic cholestasis, which may develop following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC-2). Approximately 8-33% of patients with PFIC-2 who underwent a transplant develop bile salt export pump (BSEP) antibodies, which trans-inhibit this bile salt transporter from the extracellular, biliary side. AIBD is diagnosed by demonstration of BSEP-reactive and BSEP-inhibitory antibodies in patient serum. We developed a cell-based test directly measuring BSEP trans-inhibition by antibodies in serum samples to confirm AIBD diagnosis. Methods: Sera from healthy controls and cholestatic non-AIBD or AIBD cases were tested (1) for anticanalicular reactivity by immunofluorescence staining of human liver cryosections, (2) for anti-BSEP reactivity by immunofluorescence staining of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing BSEP-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and immunodetection of BSEP-EYFP on Western blot, and (3) for BSEP trans-inhibition using HEK293 cells stably expressing Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)-mCherry and BSEP-EYFP. The trans-inhibition test uses [3H]-taurocholate as substrate and is divided into an uptake phase dominated by NTCP followed by BSEP-mediated export. For functional analysis, sera were bile salt depleted. Results: We found BSEP trans-inhibition by seven sera containing anti-BSEP antibodies, but not by five cholestatic or nine control sera, all lacking BSEP reactivity. Prospective screening of a patient with PFIC-2 post OLT showed seroconversion to AIBD, and the novel test method allowed monitoring of treatment response. Notably, we identified a patient with PFIC-2 post OLT with anti-BSEP antibodies yet without BSEP trans-inhibition activity, in line with asymptomatic presentation at serum sampling. Conclusions: Our cell-based assay is the first direct functional test for AIBD and allows confirmation of diagnosis as well as monitoring under therapy. We propose an updated workflow for AIBD diagnosis including this functional assay. Impact and Implications: Antibody-induced BSEP deficiency (AIBD) is a potentially serious complication that may affect patients with PFIC-2 after liver transplantation. To improve its early diagnosis and thus immediate treatment, we developed a novel functional assay to confirm AIBD diagnosis using a patient's serum and propose an updated diagnostic algorithm for AIBD.

Functional characterization of novel or yet uncharacterized ATP7B missense variants detected in patients with clinical Wilson's disease.

Wilson's disease (WD, MIM#277900) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in copper excess caused by biallelic variants in the ATP7B gene (MIM#606882) encoding a copper transporting P-type ATPase. ATP7B variants of unknown significance (VUS) are detected frequently, sometimes impeding a clear diagnosis. Functional analyses can help to classify these variants as benign or pathogenic. Additionally, variants already classified as (likely) pathogenic benefit from functional analyses to understand their pathomechanism, thus contribute to the development of personalized treatment approaches in the future. We described clinical features of six WD patients and functionally characterized five ATP7B missense variants (two VUS, three yet uncharacterized likely pathogenic variants), detected in these patients. We determined the protein level, copper export capacity, and cellular localization in an in vitro model and potential structural consequences using an ATP7B protein model based on AlphaFold. Our analyses give insight into the pathomechanism and allowed reclassification for the two VUS to likely pathogenic and for two of the three likely pathogenic variants to pathogenic.

Biallelic known and novel DCDC2 variants in cholestatic liver disease: Phenotype-genotype observations in four children.

Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NSC) is associated with progressing biliary fibrosis that often requires liver transplantation in childhood. Several recent studies have identified variants in DCDC2, encoding doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 (DCDC2), expressed in primary cilia, that accompany syndromic disease and NSC. We report four patients with hepatobiliary disease associated with two novel homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in DCDC2. Three patients with protein-truncating variants in DCDC2, expressing no DCDC2, presented with the originally described severe hepatic phenotype in infancy. One patient with a novel homozygous DCDC2 missense variant shows a markedly milder phenotype only manifest in childhood and with retained DCDC2 expression. Concomitant nephronophthisis is present in three patients and learning disability in two. This report widens the phenotypic spectrum of DCDC2-associated hepatobiliary disease. Testing for DCDC2 expression and DCDC2 variants should be included in the evaluation of cholangiopathy of unknown aetiology in childhood as well as in infancy.

The Impact of Thrombophilic Factors on Disease Progression in Children with Biliary Atresia-A Single-Centre Cohort Study.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that thrombophilic factors, including male sex, non-O blood type, MTHFRnt677TT mutation, factor V Leiden G1691A mutation, and prothrombin G20210A polymorphism, may contribute to the progression of fibrosis and occurrence of portal vein thrombosis in liver disease. We retrospectively investigated the effect of potentially thrombophilic factors on native liver survival as a patient-relevant endpoint of disease progression in a cohort of 142 children being followed up for biliary atresia at Hannover Medical School from April 2017 to October 2019. No significant association could be determined. There was no evidence for relevant differences in native liver survival for the Factor V Leiden G1691A mutation (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-1.98, p = 0.73), prothrombin G20210A polymorphism (HR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.24-3.65, p = 0.96), non-O blood type (HR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.51-1.21, p = 0.28) or MTHFRnt677TT mutation (HR = 1.24, 95%CI 0.60-2.56, p = 0.56). A certain, albeit not strong, evidence of reduced native liver survival in male patients after Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, particularly during the first 2000 days (42%; HR = 1.41, 95%CI 0.92-2.18, p = 0.11) was found. All children with pre-transplant portal vein thrombosis (n = 7) had non-O blood types. Larger multi-centre studies are necessary to show if the male sex or other thrombophilic factors could be potentially associated with reduced native liver survival.

Native liver survival in bile salt export pump deficiency: results of a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Bile salt export pump (ABCB11) deficiency [Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC2)] is the most common genetic cause of PFIC and is associated with pruritus and progressive liver disease. Surgical biliary diversion or pharmacological [ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor (IBATi)] approaches can be used to block the recirculation of bile acids to the liver. There is a paucity of detailed data on the natural history and, in particular, the longitudinal evolution of bile acid levels to predict treatment response. Cross-sectional data from large international consortia suggested a maximum cutoff value of bile acids after the intervention to predict a successful outcome. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center, cohort study included all patients with confirmed biallelic pathogenic ABCB11 genotype PFIC2 treated at our institution with ≥2 years follow-up. The outcomes of interventions and predictors of long-term health were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-eight cases were identified with PFIC2. Eighteen received partial external biliary diversion (PEBD) surgery, and 22 patients underwent liver transplantation. Two patients developed HCC and 2 died. Improved survival with native liver was closely associated with genotype, complete normalization of serum bile acids following PEBD, and alleviation of pruritus. Persistence of mild-to-moderate elevation of bile acids or a secondary rise following normalization was associated with liver disease progression and led to transplantation, suggesting that any prolonged elevation of bile acids worsens the chance of native liver survival. Higher-grade fibrosis at the time of PEBD was not associated with reduced long-term native liver survival. Patients with PFIC2 benefit from PEBD even at a stage of advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Serum bile acid levels are an early predictor of treatment response and might serve as the gold standard in the evaluation of novel therapies including IBATi.

Long-Term Outcome Following Liver Transplantation for Primary Hepatic Tumors-A Single Centre Observational Study over 40 Years.

The incidence of pediatric liver tumors in general has been rising over the last years and so is the number of children undergoing liver transplantation for this indication. To contribute to the ongoing improvement of pre- and post-transplant care, we aim to describe outcome and risk factors in our patient cohort. We have compared characteristics and outcome for patients transplanted for hepatoblastoma to other liver malignancies in our center between 1983 and 2022 and analysed influential factors on tumor recurrence and mortality using nominal logistic regression analysis. Of 39 children (16 f) who had transplants for liver malignancy, 31 were diagnosed with hepatoblastoma. The proportion of malignant tumors in the transplant cohort rose from 1.9% (1983-1992) to 9.1% in the current decade (p < 0.0001). Hepatoblastoma patients were transplanted at a younger age and were more likely to have tumor extent beyond the liver. Post-transplant bile flow impairment requiring intervention was significantly higher compared to our total cohort (48 vs. 24%, p > 0.0001). Hearing loss was a common side effect of ototoxic chemotherapy in hepatoblastoma patients (48%). The most common maintenance immunosuppression were mTor-inhibitors. Risk factors for tumor recurrence in patients with hepatoblastoma were higher AFP before transplant (AFPpre-LTX), a low ratio of AFPmax to AFPpre-LTX and salvage transplantation. Liver malignancies represent a rising number of indications for liver transplantation in childhood. Primary tumor resection can spare a liver transplant with all its long-term complications, but in case of tumor recurrence, transplantation might have inferior outcome. The rate of acute biopsy-proven rejections and biliary complications in comparison to our total transplant cohort needs further investigations.

Acute severe non-A-E-hepatitis of unknown origin in children - A 30-year retrospective observational study from north-west Germany.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The etiology of the current acute severe non-A-E hepatitis epidemic in children remains unclear. We aimed to describe the occurrence and outcomes of acute severe hepatitis in pediatric patients in North-West Germany over a period of more than 30 years and in the context of the current epidemic. METHODS: We analyzed all cases of acute severe hepatitis in childhood, as defined by the World Health Organization, at Hannover Medical School from 1990 and at the University Hospital of Essen from 2009 to 16 May 2022. We separated cases into a historic cohort (1990-2018) and a COVID-19 era cohort (2019-2022). RESULTS: After application of exclusion criteria, 107 patients with acute severe hepatitis were identified (2.32 cases/center/year). Annual incidence per center rose significantly from 2.2 (historic cohort until 2018) to 4.25/center/year (from 2019, p = 0.002). Of all cases, 75.7% presented with jaundice, while 53.3% had clinical signs of infection. Two cases of adenovirus were proven (2004/2016), other pathogens detected were HHV-6 (4), CMV, HSV, EBV(3). Sixty-nine patients (64.5%) met the criteria of pediatric acute liver failure, with 44 requiring liver transplantation. In the current cohort, patients with infection, gastrointestinal symptoms and higher alanine aminotransferase had a better chance of transplant-free survival, whereas hepatic encephalopathy, higher international normalized ratio and bilirubin predicted a poor outcome. Twenty-five patients developed hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia and 19 patients (17.8%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Acute non-A-E-hepatitis in children is a rare but severe entity, often leading to acute liver failure. Clinical presentation in our current cohort resembles 2022 NAEH cases, with improved outcomes compared to historic controls. The rising incidence of NAEH in our centers since 2019, in the absence of adenoviral infection, indicates other potential triggers of similar NAEH cases. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: As the current epidemic of severe acute non-A-E-hepatitis cases in children highlights our limited understanding in the field, we aim to describe current cases, characterizing the presentation over time, and defining similarities and discrepancies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data show a rising incidence of non-A-E-hepatitis cases since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. These cases were not associated with adenoviral infections, suggesting that the recently described accumulation of adenovirus infections in relationship to hepatitis is a new trigger for a known phenomenon, rather than a new disease entity. Therefore, the role of protective isolation and subsequent lack of contact with trivial infections in children during the pandemic should be the subject of further examinations. We expect our data to contribute to a better understanding of severe acute hepatitis in childhood, increased vigilance for this potentially lethal disease beyond the current epidemic, and ultimately improved clinical diagnosis and care.

Accumulation of Postoperative Unexpected Events Assessed by the Comprehensive Complication Index® as Prognostic Outcome Parameters for Kasai Procedure.

Introduction The Kasai procedure in children with biliary atresia (BA) is associated with several complications in the short-term. The Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI®) is a validated metric in adult surgery for the analysis of complications and morbidity in surgical patients. We aimed to analyze the CCI® for the first time in BA infants and to correlate its association with outcomes. Material and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of infants with type III BA undergoing the Kasai procedure between January 2011 and December 2021 at our institution. All unexpected events were ranked according to the Clavien−Dindo classification, and the CCI® per patient was subsequently calculated. Clavien−Dindo grades, individual events, CCI®, and total event numbers per patient were correlated with one- and two-year outcomes post-surgery. Results A total of 131 events were identified in 101 patients (ranging 0−11 per patient). Forty-four Grade I (33.6%), 67 Grade II (51.1%), 18 Grade III (13.7%), and two sentinel events [>Grade IV] (1.5%) were documented according to Clavien−Dindo, including one death in a cardiac-associated BA patient. None of the complications significantly correlated with a poor outcome. Sixty-three (62.4%) CCI® scores were calculated (range 0−100). The mean CCI® score during the in-patient treatment post-surgery was significantly higher in patients with a poorer outcome than patients with native liver survival at one- and two-year follow-up (22.7 ± 21.7 vs. 13.2 ± 18.1; p = 0.02). Conclusion Not the severity of complications, but the accumulation of numerous events related to Kasai procedure were associated with a poorer outcome. Therefore, the CCI® is an excellent instrument for the postoperative morbidity assessment of BA patients.

Telomere length is associated with intima-media thickness in pediatric liver transplant patients: A prospective cohort study.

Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a marker for biological age. Pediatric liver transplant recipients show a high rate of subclinical atherosclerosis, indicated by elevated intima-media thickness (IMT). We hypothesized that atherosclerosis is associated with biological age in these patients and investigated the course of LTL over time. We measured LTL from peripheral blood leukocytes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and IMT from 97 pediatric patients after liver transplantation in a prospective cohort study. Of the patients, 71% (n = 69) had two or more assessments (total, 228 observations; median follow-up, 1.1 years). Lower LTL was associated with higher IMT (ß = -0.701, p = 0.01) and higher aspartate aminotransferase (ß = -0.001, p = 0.02), adjusted for age, sex, and age at transplantation. Of the patients, 45% showed decreasing LTL over time, whereas 55% exhibited stable LTL. Patients with stable LTL showed a decrease in IMT (median, -0.02 mm/year) and a decrease of tacrolimus trough levels (median, -0.08 µg/L/year). LTL is associated with IMT independent of age in pediatric liver transplant patients, suggesting that early aging contributes to the high burden of subclinical cardiovascular damage and may furthermore negatively affect the graft.

Ileal Bile Acid Transporter Inhibition Reduces Post-Transplant Diarrhea and Growth Failure in FIC1 Disease-A Case Report.

Familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1) disease is a genetic disorder characterized by hepatic and gastrointestinal disease due to ATP8B1 deficiency, often requiring liver transplantation (LT). Extrahepatic symptoms, such as diarrhea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive, do not improve and instead may be aggravated after LT. We describe a patient with FIC1 disease who underwent LT at 2 years, 8 months of age. After LT, the child developed severe refractory diarrhea and failed to thrive. The response to bile acid resins was unsatisfactory, and the parents declined our recommendation for partial external biliary diversion (PEBD). Quality of life was extremely impaired, especially due to severe diarrhea, making school attendance impossible. Attempting to reduce the total bile acids, we initiated off-label use of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor Elobixibat (Goofice™), later converted to Odevixibat (Bylvay™). After six months of treatment, the patient showed less stool output, increased weight and height, and improved physical energy levels. The child could now pursue higher undergraduate education. In our patient with FIC1 disease, the use of IBAT inhibitors was effective in treating chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive. This approach is novel; further investigations are needed to clarify the exact mode of action in this condition.

Variability of Care and Access to Transplantation for Children with Biliary Atresia Who Need a Liver Replacement.

Background & Aims: Biliary atresia (BA) is the commonest single etiology indication for liver replacement in children. As timely access to liver transplantation (LT) remains challenging for small BA children (with prolonged waiting time being associated with clinical deterioration leading to both preventable pre- and post-transplant morbidity and mortality), the care pathway of BA children in need of LT was analyzed­from diagnosis to LT­with particular attention to referral patterns, timing of referral, waiting list dynamics and need for medical assistance before LT. Methods: International multicentric retrospective study. Intent-to-transplant study analyzing BA children who had indication for LT early in life (aged < 3 years at the time of assessment), over the last 5 years (2016−2020). Clinical and laboratory data of 219 BA children were collected from 8 transplant centers (6 in Europe and 2 in USA). Results: 39 patients underwent primary transplants. Children who underwent Kasai in a specialist -but not transplant- center were older at time of referral and at transplant. At assessment for LT, the vast majority of children already were experiencing complication of cirrhosis, and the majority of children needed medical assistance (nutritional support, hospitalization, transfusion of albumin or blood) while waiting for transplantation. Severe worsening of the clinical condition led to the need for requesting a priority status (i.e., Peld Score exception or similar) for timely graft allocation for 76 children, overall (35%). Conclusions: As LT currently results in BA patient survival exceeding 95% in many expert LT centers, the paradigm for BA management optimization and survival have currently shifted to the pre-LT management. The creation of networks dedicated to the timely referral to a pediatric transplant center and possibly centralization of care should be considered, in combination with implementing all different graft type surgeries in specialist centers (including split and living donor LTs) to achieve timely LT in this vulnerable population.

Long-term outcome of primary percutaneous stent angioplasty for pediatric posttransplantation portal vein stenosis.

This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and reintervention rate after primary percutaneous portal vein stent angioplasty for portal vein stenosis (PVS) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT) recipients. From 2004 to 2020, a total of 470 pediatric LTs were performed in our center. All cases were screened for interventional PVS treatment and analyzed retrospectively. We identified 44 patients with 46 percutaneous angioplasties for posttransplantation PVS. The median interval from LT to percutaneous catheter intervention was 5 months (16 days-104 months) with a median follow-up (f/u) period after catheter intervention of 5.7 years (2-156 months). In 40 patients, an endovascular stent was placed as primary (n = 38) or secondary (n = 2) intervention. The median age at stent placement was 23 (6-179) months with a median weight of 10 kg (6-46 kg). Technical success and relief of PVS were achieved in all patients irrespective of age or weight. Adverse events occurred peri-interventionally in two patients and were resolved with standard care. All primary portal vein (PV) stents remained patent until the end of f/u. Reinterventions have been successfully performed in 10 patients for suspected or proven restenosis, resulting in a primary patency rate of 75% and an assisted patency rate of 25%. The median time to reintervention was 6.2 years (range 1-10 years). The need for reintervention was independent of age or weight at both transplantation and initial angioplasty as well as of additional risk factors due to portal hypertension. Percutaneous transhepatic PV stent angioplasty in children is safe and effective in all age groups, with excellent long-term patency. Primary stent angioplasty should be considered as first-line treatment for PVS after pediatric LT.

Cold Ischemia Time and Graft Fibrosis Are Associated with Autoantibodies after Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the European Reference Network TransplantChild.

The reported prevalence of autoantibodies (AAB) (ANA, SMA, LKM, SLA) after pediatric liver transplantation (pLTX) varies considerably from 26-75%, but their clinical impact on outcome is uncertain. We aimed to study the prevalence of AAB after pLTX, their association with donor-, transplant-, and recipient-characteristics, and their relation to outcome. In our multicenter retrospective study, we aimed to clarify conflicting results from earlier studies. Six ERN TransplantChild centers reported data on 242 patients, of whom 61% were AAB positive. Prevalence varied across these centers. Independent of the interval between pLTX and AAB analysis, a one-hour increase in CIT resulted in an odds ratio (OR) of 1.37 (95% CI 1.11-1.69) for SMA positivity and an OR of 1.42 (95%CI 1.18-1.72) for ANA positivity. Steroid-free immunosuppression (IS) versus steroid-including IS (OR 5.28; 95% CI 1.45-19.28) was a risk factor for SMA positivity. Liver enzymes were not associated with ANA or SMA positivity. We did not observe an association of rejection activity index with ANA or SMA. However, the liver fibrosis score in follow-up biopsies was associated with ANA titer and donor age. In conclusion, this first multicenter study on AAB after pLTX showed high AAB prevalence and varied widely between centers. Longer CIT and prednisolone-free-IS were associated with AAB positivity, whereas AAB were not indicative of rejection, but instead were associated with graft fibrosis. The detection of AAB may be a marker of liver fibrosis and may be taken into consideration when indications for liver biopsy and immunosuppressive regimes, or reduction of immunosuppression in long-term follow-up, are being discussed. Prospective immunological profiling of pLTX patients, including AAB, is important to further improve our understanding of transplant immunology and silent graft fibrosis.

Extrahepatic manifestations of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes: Presentation of a case series and literature review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a collective term for a heterogenous group of rare, inherited cholestasis syndromes. The number of genes underlying the clinical PFIC phenotype is still increasing. While progressive liver disease and its sequelae such as portal hypertension, pruritus and hepatocellular carcinoma determine transplant-free survival, extrahepatic manifestations may cause relevant morbidity. METHODS: We performed a literature search for extrahepatic manifestations of PFIC associated with pathogenic gene variants in ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, TJP2, NR1H4 and MYO5B. To illustrate the extrahepatic symptoms described in the literature, PFIC cases from our centres were revisited. RESULTS: Extrahepatic symptoms are common in PFIC subtypes, where the affected gene is expressed at high levels in other tissues. While most liver-associated complications resolve after successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), some extrahepatic symptoms show no response or even worsen after OLT. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of extrahepatic manifestations in PFIC highlights essential, non-redundant roles of the affected genes in other organs. Extrahepatic features contribute towards low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and morbidity in PFIC. While OLT is often the only remaining, curative treatment, potential extrahepatic manifestations need to be carefully monitored and addressed.

[Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas in Children and Adolescents - Tailored Diagnostic and Operative Concepts in Four Patients]. / Solide pseudopapilläre Pankreasneoplasie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic tumors in children and adolescents are rare entities that can stay asymptomatic for long periods. They often become apparent as incidental findings or due to clinical symptoms, like abdominal pain. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas (SPN) are rare representatives of this group, being low-grade malignant processes and requiring radical surgical treatment. We present four cases of SPN with different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of four cases of SPN treated between 2015 and 2020 was performed. RESULTS: Four female patients (11-17 years) were found to have SPN during diagnostic procedures. Three of them were located in the pancreatic head. Histological confirmation was obtained with endosonographic-, CT-guided and open biopsy, respectively. R0 resection was achieved by a pylorus preserving, partial duodenopancreatectomy according to Traverso-Longmire. In one patient the tumor was located in the pancreatic tail with tumor adherence to the splenic vessels. A CT guided biopsy confirmed an SPN. A distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed. Follow-up (6 months - 6 years) revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence, metastasis, or pancreoprive diabetes. CONCLUSION: For the treatment plan preoperative histological confirmation of SPN is necessary. Based on the tailored diagnostic and operative concepts, treatment at a center with a specialized pediatric surgery, pediatric oncology, pediatric gastroenterology, pediatric radiology and pathology is mandatory.