Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid and submandibular glands in children and young adults: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the behavior and treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) in the pediatric and young adult population and to identify factors affecting overall survival (OS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed salivary gland malignancies in patients aged 0-21 with AdCC histology using the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2018. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients (59.7% parotid, 36.1% submandibular, 1.4% sublingual, 2.8% unspecified) met criteria. Median age was 18 years [range: 0-21]. High-grade dysplasia was present in 67% of cases. Therapy consisted of primary surgery for all cases, regional lymph node dissection (LND) (74%), radiotherapy (71%), chemotherapy (8%), and chemoradiation (7%). The 5-year OS rate was 93.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 86.9%-99.9%], respectively. Patients who underwent associated LND had improved OS (p = .0083, log-rank test) with a 5-year OS at 82.4% [95% CI: 66.1%-100%] versus 97.6% [95% CI: 93.0%-100%]. A significant difference in OS was found with unfavorable outcomes after positive marginal status: 5-year OS 84.1% [95% CI: 71.0%-99.7%] versus 100% [95% CI: 100%]; p < .001. Adjuvant therapy did not seem to impact the outcome. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that AdCC in children and young adults has an overall good prognosis despite frequent high grade. It suggests that cervical LND may be of importance, but the value of systematic adjuvant therapy is not confirmed. These findings emphasize the importance and relevance of population-based studies in shaping clinical practice and informing the design of future prospective investigations.

Segmental bile duct resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy for middle and distal third bile duct cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.

INTRODUCTION: Data regarding oncologic outcomes of segmental bile duct resection (SBDR) versus pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for bile duct cancers (BDC) are conflicting. We compared SBDR and PD for BDC utilizing pooled data analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive PRISMA 2020 systematic review was performed. Studies comparing SBDR with PD for BDC were included. Pooled mean differences (MD), odds ratios (OR), and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed. Study quality, bias, heterogeneity, and certainty were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve studies from 2004 to 2021 were included, comprising 533 SBDR and 1,313 PD. SBDR was associated with positive proximal duct margins (OR 1.56; CI 1.11-2.18; P = .01), and distal duct margins (OR 43.25; CI 10.38-180.16; P < .01). SBDR yielded fewer lymph nodes (MD -6.93 nodes; CI -9.72-4.15; P < .01) and detected fewer nodal metastases (OR 0.72; CI 0.55-0.94; P = .01). SBDR portended less perioperative morbidity (OR 0.31; CI 0.21-0.46; P < .01), but not mortality (OR 0.52; CI 0.20-1.32; P = .17). SBDR was associated with locoregional recurrences (OR 1.88; CI 1.01-3.53; P = .02), and lymph node recurrences (OR 2.13; CI 1.42-3.2; P = .04). SBDR yielded decreased 5-year OS (OR 0.75; CI 0.65-0.85; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite decreased perioperative morbidity, SBDR appears to provide inferior oncologic control for BDC.

Providers' Perceptions Versus Practices Inform Pediatric Colorectal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Implementation.

INTRODUCTION: There are many barriers to the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway. The aim of this study was to compare surgeon and anesthesia perceptions with current practices prior to the initiation of an ERAS protocol in pediatric colorectal patients and to use that information to inform ERAS implementation. METHODS: This was a mixed method single institution study of barriers to implementation of an ERAS pathway at a free-standing children's hospital. Anesthesiologists and surgeons at a free-standing children's hospital were surveyed regarding current practices of ERAS components. A retrospective chart review was performed of 5- to 18-y-old patients undergoing colorectal procedures between 2013 and 2017, followed by the initiation of an ERAS pathway, and a prospective chart review for 18 mo postimplementation. RESULTS: The response rate was 100% (n = 7) for surgeons and 60% (n = 9) for anesthesiologists. Preoperative nonopioid analgesics and regional anesthesia were rarely used. Intraoperatively, 54.7% of patients had a fluid balance of <10 cc/kg/h and normothermia was achieved in only 38.7%. Mechanical bowel prep was frequently utilized (48%). Median nil per os time was significantly longer than required at 12 h. Postoperatively, 42.9% of surgeons reported that patients could have clears on postoperative day zero, 28.6% on postoperative day one, and 28.6% after flatus. In reality, 53.3% of patients were started on clears after flatus, with a median time of 2 d. Most surgeons (85.7%) expected patients to get out of bed once awake from anesthesia; however, median time that patients were out of bed was postoperative day one. While most surgeons reported frequent use of acetaminophen and/or ketorolac, only 69.3% received any nonopioid analgesic postoperatively, with only 41.3% receiving two or more nonopioid analgesics. Nonopioid analgesia showed the highest rates of improvement from retrospective to prospective: preoperative use of analgesics increased from 5.3% to 41.2% (P < 0.0001), postoperative use of acetaminophen increased by 27.4% (P = 0.5), Toradol by 45.5% (P = 0.11), and gabapentin by 86.7% (P < 0.0001). Postoperative nausea/vomiting prophylaxis with >1 class of antiemetic increased from 8% to 47.1% (P < 0.001). The length of stay was unchanged (5.7 versus 4.4 d, P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: For the successful implementation of an ERAS protocol, perceptions versus reality must be assessed to determine current practices and identify barriers to implementation.

Sugarbaker Versus Keyhole Repair for Parastomal Hernia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Comparative Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Parastomal hernia is a debilitating complication of stoma creation. Parastomal hernia repair with mesh reduces recurrence rates in open and laparoscopic settings. Recent comparative studies conflict with previously pooled data on optimal mesh repair technique. The objective of this study is to examine parastomal hernia recurrence rates after Sugarbaker and keyhole repairs by performing an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, SCOPUS, and the PROSPERO registry was performed according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021290483). Studies comparing parastomal hernia recurrences after Sugarbaker and keyhole repairs were included. Studies with overlapping patient cohorts (duplicate data), non-comparative studies, studies that did not report the primary outcome of interest, and studies not in the English language were excluded. Study bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled mean differences (MD), odds ratios (OR), and risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Forest plots and funnel plots were generated. Study quality was analyzed using MINORS. Additional subgroup analysis of modern studies was performed. RESULTS: Ten comparative studies published between 2005 and 2021 from 5 countries were included for analysis comprising 347 Sugarbaker repairs and 246 keyhole repairs. There were no differences in patient age, sex, or BMI between the groups. There was no difference between the groups regarding surgical site infection (OR 0.78; CI 0.31-1.98; P = 0.61) or post-operative bowel obstruction (OR 0.76; CI 0.23-2.56; P = 0.66). Sugarbaker repairs were significantly less often associated with parastomal hernia recurrence when compared to keyhole repairs (OR 0.38; CI 0.18-0.78; P = 0.008). There was no significant heterogeneity among the studies comparing parastomal hernia recurrence (I2 = 32%; P = 0.15). Quality analysis revealed a median MINORS score of 11 (range 6-16). Subgroup analysis of studies performed after the previously published pooled analysis (2015-2021) revealed no significant difference in parastomal hernia recurrence between the two groups (OR 0.58; CI 0.24-1.38; P = 0.22) with a significant subgroup effect (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Though there were lower rates of parastomal hernia recurrence with Sugarbaker repairs on overall analysis, this phenomenon disappeared on subgroup analysis of modern studies. Randomized controlled trials with contemporary cohorts would help further evaluate these repairs and minimize potential bias.

Changes in physical functioning in the Active Living Every Day program of the Active for Life Initiative®.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity can prevent or delay the onset of physical functional limitations in older adults. There are limited data that evidence-based physical activity interventions can be successfully translated into community programs and result in similar benefits for physical functioning. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to measure the effects of the Active Living Every Day program on physical functioning and physical functional limitations in a diverse sample of older adults. METHODS: As a part of the Active for Life initiative, the Council on Aging of Southwestern Ohio implemented Active Living Every Day (ALED), a group-based lifestyle behavior change program designed to increase physical activity. Performance-based physical functioning tests (30-s Chair Stand Test, eight Foot Up-and-Go Test, Chair Sit-and-Reach Test, 30-Foot Walk Test) were administered to participants at baseline and posttest. Baseline to post-program changes in physical functioning and impairment status were examined with repeated measures analysis of covariance. Interactions tested whether change over time differed according to race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and baseline impairment status. RESULTS: Participants significantly increased their performance in all four physical functioning tests. The percentage of participants classified as "impaired" according to normative data significantly decreased over time. Physical functioning improved regardless of BMI, race/ethnicity, or baseline impairment status. CONCLUSIONS: ALED is an example of an evidenced-based physical activity program that can be successfully translated into community programs and result in significant and clinically meaningful improvements in performance-based measures of physical functioning.