Neuroinflammation in Glioblastoma: The Role of the Microenvironment in Tumour Progression.

Glioblastoma (GBM) stands as the most aggressive and lethal among the main types of primary brain tumors. It exhibits malignant growth, infiltrating the brain tissue, and displaying resistance toward treatment. GBM is a complex disease characterized by high degrees of heterogeneity. During tumour growth, microglia and astrocytes, among other cells, infiltrate the tumour microenvironment and contribute extensively to gliomagenesis. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), either of peripheral origin or representing brain-intrinsic microglia, are the most numerous nonneoplastic populations in the tumour microenvironment in GBM. The complex heterogeneous nature of GBM cells is facilitated by the local inflammatory tumour microenvironment, which mostly induces tumour aggressiveness and drug resistance. The immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment of GBM provides multiple pathways for tumour immune evasion, contributing to tumour progression. Additionally, TAMs and astrocytes can contribute to tumour progression through the release of cytokines and activation of signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of the microenvironment in GBM progression, focusing on neuroinflammation. These recent advancements in research of the microenvironment hold the potential to offer a promising approach to the treatment of GBM in the coming times.

Skin donation for transplantation: Social representations of family members who (do not) give consent for collection.

Despite the advantages of using deceased donor skin in the treatment of burns, it is not easy to obtain these grafts due to low tissue donation rates. In order to discover the social representations of family members of organ donors regarding skin donation and to analyze the convergences and divergences of these representations between family members who consented and those who refused to allow skin to be donated for transplantation, we conducted interviews with 20 family members of organ donors in a situation of brain death. Data were obtained through interviews and submitted to the Collective Subject Discourse Analysis Technique. This study shows that in the opinion of family members who consented and those who did not authorize skin donation, the consideration contains both positive and negative representations, which can have different weights and influence decision-making. This study also highlights, in an unprecedented way, the representation of the animalization of the donor, which can be a reason for the refusal to allow skin to be donated.

Recusa familiar para doação de córneas para transplante: fatores associados e tendência / Negativa familiar para donación de córneas para trasplante: factores asociados y tendencia / Family refusal to donate a cornea for transplantation: associated factors and trends

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a recusa familiar de doação de córnea para transplante em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Métodos Estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal sobre as recusas de córnea de doadores em situação de morte encefálica. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelos Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados entre janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2020 em uma Organização de Procura de Órgãos. Os dados foram coletados, tabulados e analisados de forma descritiva e inferencial. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados Dos 2.447 Termos de Autorização de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos firmados no período, 620 (25.34%) recusaram a doação de córneas. Com relação à tendência temporal de recusas de doação de córneas, o único período que apresentou significância foi de 2001 a 2009, quando as faixas etárias de zero a 11 anos e 12 a 19 anos demonstraram tendência decrescente, e a faixa etária maior ou igual a 60 anos, mostrou-se crescente. No período total de 2001 a 2020, as faixas etárias dos 20 a 40 anos, 41 a 59 anos e maior ou igual a 60 anos apresentaram, 48%, 59% e 73%, respectivamente, menores chances de recusa da doação de córneas. Conclusão A faixa etária apresentou associação com a recusa, tendo em vista que os indivíduos de maior idade apresentaram maiores índices.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la negativa familiar de donación de córneas para trasplante en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo tipo transversal sobre la negativa de córnea de donantes en situación de muerte encefálica. La fuente de datos estuvo compuesta por los Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2020 en una Organización de Búsqueda de Órganos. Se recopilaron los datos, luego se tabularon y se analizaron de forma descriptiva e inferencial. El presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados De los 2447 Términos de Autorización de Donación de Órganos y Tejidos firmados en el período, 620 (25,34 %) negaron la donación de córneas. Con relación a la tendencia temporal de negativas de donación de córneas, el único período que presentó significación fue de 2001 a 2009, cuando los grupos de edad de 0 a 11 años y de 12 a 19 años demostraron una tendencia decreciente, y el grupo de edad mayor o igual a 60 años se mostró creciente. En el período total de 2001 a 2020, los grupos de edad de 20 a 40 años, de 41 a 59 años y mayor o igual a 60 años presentaron un 48 %, un 59 % y un 73 %, respectivamente, menor probabilidad de negativa de donación de córneas. Conclusión El grupo de edad presentó relación con la negativa, considerando que los individuos de mayor edad presentan mayores índices.

Abstract Objective To analyze family refusals to donate a cornea for transplantation in an Organ Procurement Organization. Methods This was a quantitative cross-sectional study on corneal donation refusals from potential brain-dead donors. The data source was based on the Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed from January 2001 to December 2020 in an Organ Procurement Organization. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed in a descriptive and inferential manner. The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results Of the 2,447 Terms of Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues signed in the above period, 620 (25.34%) of them refused to donate a cornea. Regarding the time trend of corneal donation refusals, the period 2001-2009 was the only one that showed significance, when the 0-11 and 12-19 age groups showed a decreasing trend and that of 60 years or older showed an increasing trend. In the period 2001-2020, the age groups of 20-40, 41-59, and 60 years or older had lower rates of refusal to donate a cornea (48%, 59%, and 73%, respectively). Conclusion The age group is associated with refusal because older individuals had the highest refusal rates.

Fatigue and resilience in Master's and PhD students in the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to analyze levels of fatigue and resilience of Brazilian graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine whether there is an association between fatigue and resilience and sociodemographic and academic factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and it was discovered that the variables associated with higher levels of resilience were age; having children; being retired; receiving income above five minimum wages; having had greater problems in other phases of the research schedule; coming from private universities; being from the north of Brazil; studying the area of Health; and having their research schedule unaffected during the pandemic. On the other hand, lack of resilience was associated with not having children; being less well-off financially; being younger; being a woman; studying in a public university; and having to postpone part of the research during the pandemic. The conclusion of the study indicated the need for graduate programs to design strategies to deal with fatigue and promote resilience in Master's and PhD students.

Family Refusal of Heart Valve Donation.

BACKGROUND: Impairment of the heart valves can occur due to many diseases that cause deterioration of the contractile function and harm the body, making it necessary for the heart valves to be transplanted. This study's objective was to analyze families' refusal to donate heart valves between 2001 and 2020. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in accordance with the Terms of Family Authorization for Donation of Organs and Tissues from patients diagnosed with brain death by an Organ Procurement Organization in the state of São Paulo. The variables analyzed were sex, age, cause of death, hospital type (private or public), and refusal to donate heart valves. Data analysis was performed using Stata software version 15.0  (StataCorp, LLC, College Station, Tex, United States) in a descriptive and inferential way. RESULTS: A total of 236 people (9.65%) refused to specifically donate heart valves of their relatives, the majority of whom were between 41 and 59 years old. Most potential donors had suffered a stroke and had been in a private hospital. From 2001 to 2009, there was a decreasing trend in males and the age group from 0 to 11 years old, whereas there was an increasing trend in those aged 60 years or older and in the general population. Between 2010 and 2020, there was a downward trend in the 41- to 59-year-old age group and the general population. CONCLUSIONS: The specific refusal to donate heart valves was associated with age, diagnosis, and whether the institution was public or private.

Recommendations for the safety of hospitalised patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To map the recommendations for hospitalised patient safety in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Scoping review using the method recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. DATA SOURCES: Databases: Medline, SCOPUS, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, LILACS, CINAHL and IBECS; grey literature platform: Google Scholar; and 11 official websites of leading healthcare institutions were searched on 27 April 2021 and updated on 11 April 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included documents that present recommendations for the safety of hospitalised patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, published in any language, from 2020 onwards. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data extraction was performed in pairs with consensus rounds. A descriptive analysis was carried out to present the main characteristics of the articles. Qualitative data from the extraction of recommendations were analysed through content analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five documents were included. Most papers were identified as expert consensus (n=56, 44.8%). Forty-six recommendations were identified for the safety of hospitalised patients: 17 relating to the reorganisation of health services related to the flow of patients, the management of human and material resources and the reorganisation of the hospital environment; 11 on the approach to the airways and the prevention of the spread of aerosols; 11 related to sanitary and hygiene issues; 4 about proper use of personal protective equipment and 3 for effective communication. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations mapped in this scoping review present the best practices produced so far and serve as a basis for planning and implementing good practices to ensure safe hospital care, during and after COVID-19. The engagement of everyone involved in the care of hospitalised patients is essential to consolidate the mapped recommendations and provide dignified, safe and quality care.

Abordagem odontológica ao paciente vítima de lesão causada por projétil de arma de fogo - revisão de literatura / Dental approach to patient victim of injury clausod by firearm projectil - literature review

O Ferimento por Projétil de Arma de Fogo (PAF), também conhecido como trauma balístico é todo e qualquer trauma físico causado por arma de fogo, sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública mundial, devido sua alta prevalência, seu grande impacto psicossocial e o alto custo com tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as diferentes abordagens terapêuticas relacionadas ao ferimento por arma de fogo na área de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial, contribuindo assim para a elaboração de protocolos de atendimento mais eficazes e formulação de políticas públicas mais eficientes. Para isso, foi realizado uma revisão de literatura nas principais bases de dados: Scielo, Medline e Pubmed, no período entre 1998 e 2021, nas línguas inglesa e portuguesa. Observou-se que este tipo de lesão foi mais prevalente em jovens do sexo masculino, os quais geralmente apresentaram fraturas cominutivas em mandíbula, sendo o tratamento cirúrgico o mais indicado. Sendo assim, é de suma importância que todos os profissionais envolvidos no tratamento ao paciente vítima de PAF saibam tratar de forma adequada, para a melhoria da qualidade de vida de todos os envolvidos.

Firearm Projectile Injury (FPI), also known as ballistic trauma, is any physical trauma caused by a firearm considered a worldwide public health problem due to its high prevalence, great psychosocial impact and the high cost of treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the different therapeutic approaches related to gunshot wounds in the area of maxillofacial surgery and traumatology, thus contributing to the development of more effective care protocols and the formulation of more efficient public policies. For this, a literature review was carried out in the main databases: Scielo, Medline and Pubmed, in the period between 1998 and 2021, in English and Portuguese. It was observed that this type of injury was more prevalent in young males, who generally presented comminuted fractures in the mandible, with surgical treatment being the most indicated. Therefore, it is of paramount that all professionals involved in the treatment of FAP know how to treat it properly, providing better health outcomes for its victims.

Understanding of Brazilian Nursing Assistants and Technicians of Brain Death.

BACKGROUND: Brain death (BD) is defined as the total and irreversible cessation of brain functions including the brain stem. The team that assists the patient in this situation is made up of higher-level and technical health professionals. Our objective was to analyze the understanding of nursing assistants and technicians of BD. METHODS: Descriptive and exploratory research with a qualitative approach was carried out with nursing assistants and technicians who were members of the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo, Brazil. After collection, the data were submitted to the thematic-category content analysis technique. RESULTS: From the analysis, the following categories emerged: an understanding of BD; religiosity and hope in the reversal of BD; and "brain death associated with the possibility of organ donation." CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces the need to train professionals at a technical nursing level on the subject in order to improve nursing care and avoid mistaken beliefs that can negatively influence the process of donating organs and tissues for transplantation.

Nursing Theories and Models as theoretical references for Brazilian theses and dissertations: a bibliometric study.

OBJECTIVES: to map the use of Nursing models and theories utilized as theoretical references in graduate academic Nursing research in Brazil. METHODS: bibliometrics, performed in the Theses and Dissertations database of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, in November, 2020. Data analysis was performed using simple descriptive statistics and lexical analysis, performed using the software: IRAMUTEQ. RESULTS: the 50 selected studies were from the field of Nursing, 15 (30%) of which were theses and 35 (70%) were dissertations. 13 Nursing theories and models were identified, used as theoretical references, highlighting Roy's Adaptation Model in 10 (20%) of the researches. Final Considerations: the study found a great diversity in the use of nursing theories and models as a theoretical framework, which allowed us to identify the areas most researched by nurses and confirmed their application in different specialties and health contexts.

Nursing Theories and Models as theoretical references for Brazilian theses and dissertations: a bibliometric study / Teorías y Modelos de Enfermería como referenciales teóricos de tesis y disertaciones brasileñas: estudio bibliométrico / Teorias e Modelos de Enfermagem como referenciais teóricos de teses e dissertações brasileiras: estudo bibliométrico

ABSTRACT Objectives: to map the use of Nursing models and theories utilized as theoretical references in graduate academic Nursing research in Brazil. Methods: bibliometrics, performed in the Theses and Dissertations database of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, in November, 2020. Data analysis was performed using simple descriptive statistics and lexical analysis, performed using the software: IRAMUTEQ. Results: the 50 selected studies were from the field of Nursing, 15 (30%) of which were theses and 35 (70%) were dissertations. 13 Nursing theories and models were identified, used as theoretical references, highlighting Roy's Adaptation Model in 10 (20%) of the researches. Final Considerations: the study found a great diversity in the use of nursing theories and models as a theoretical framework, which allowed us to identify the areas most researched by nurses and confirmed their application in different specialties and health contexts.

RESUMEN Objetivos: mapear el uso de modelos y teorías de enfermería utilizados como referenciales teóricos en investigaciones de posgrado stricto sensu de enfermería en Brasil. Métodos: bibliometría realizada en Banco de Tesis y Disertaciones de la Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior, en noviembre de 2020. Datos analizados por estadística descriptiva simple y análisis lexical, habiéndose utilizado el software IRAMUTEQ, Resultados: los 50 estudios seleccionados fueron del área de enfermería, consistiendo en 15 (30%) tesis y 35 (70%) disertaciones. Se identificaron 13 teorías y modelos de enfermería utilizados como referenciales teóricos, destacándose el Modelo de Adaptación de Roy en 10 (20%) de las investigaciones. Consideraciones Finales: el estudio constató una gran diversidad en el uso de teorías y modelos de enfermería como referenciales teóricos, permitiendo ello identificar las áreas más investigadas por los enfermeros y confirmando la aplicación de tales teorías y modelos en diferentes especialidades y contextos de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: mapear o uso de modelos e teorias de Enfermagem utilizados como referenciais teóricos em pesquisas de pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Enfermagem no Brasil. Métodos: bibliometria, realizada no banco de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, em novembro de 2020. A análise dos dados ocorreu por estatística descritiva simples e análise lexical, realizada com o uso do software IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: os 50 estudos selecionados foram da área de Enfermagem, sendo 15 (30%) teses e 35 (70%) dissertações. Identificaram-se 13 teorias e modelos de Enfermagem utilizadas como referenciais teóricos, destacando o Modelo de Adaptação de Roy em 10 (20%) pesquisas. Considerações Finais: o estudo constatou uma grande diversidade no uso de teorias e modelos de enfermagem como referencial teórico, o que possibilitou a identificação das áreas mais pesquisadas pelos enfermeiros e confirmou a sua aplicação em diferentes especialidades e contextos de saúde.

Opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation / Opiniones de estudiantes del área de la salud sobre la donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplante / Opiniões de estudantes de saúde sobre a doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplante

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation. Methods: qualitative document analysis study, using the records of a database and analyzing data from two perspectives: 1) Lexical analysis, with the IRAMUTEQ software, and 2) Thematic content analysis. Results: from the analysis, 3 main categories were generated: 1) Organ and tissue donation as an act of love for others and an opportunity of a new beginning; 2) Clarification and awareness on organ and tissue donation; and 3) Importance of communicating the family and promoting organ and tissue donation. Final Considerations: despite being in favor of donation, students also recognize the presence of social taboos; the discussion in the family nucleus, promoting the theme and raising awareness in society are considered important. Additionally, the education of students is one of the possibilities of intervention for the issue.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las opiniones de estudiantes de cursos de la salud sobre la donación de órganos y tejidos para trasplante. Métodos: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, con diseño de análisis documental, a partir del registro de un banco de datos, considerado bajo dos ópticas: 1) Análisis lexical, con el software IRAMUREQ, y 2) Análisis temático de contenido. Resultados: del análisis se generaron 3 categorías principales: 1) Donación de órganos y tejidos como acto de amor al prójimo y oportunidad de recomenzar; 2) Desmitificación y concienciación sobre la donación de órganos y tejidos; e 3) Importancia de comunicar a la familia y divulgar la donación de órganos y tejidos. Consideraciones Finales: a pesar de que los estudiantes hayan mostrado opiniones favorables hacia la donación, reconocen, también, la existencia de tabúes sociales, haciéndose necesaria la discusión en el núcleo familiar, la divulgación de la temática y la concienciación de la sociedad. Una de las posibilidades de intervención en la problemática es la educación de los alumnos.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as opiniões de estudantes de cursos da saúde sobre a doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplante. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, com desenho de análise documental, a partir de registro de um banco de dados, analisados sob duas óticas: 1) Análise lexical, com o software IRAMUREQ, e 2) Análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: da análise, geraram-se 3 categorias principais: 1) Doação de órgãos e tecidos como ato de amor ao próximo e oportunidade de recomeço; 2) Desmistificação e conscientização sobre doação de órgãos e tecidos; e 3) Importância de comunicar a família e divulgar a doação de órgãos e tecidos. Considerações Finais: apesar dos estudantes demonstrarem opiniões favoráveis à doação, também reconhecem a presença de tabus sociais, sendo importante a discussão em núcleo familiar, a divulgação da temática e a conscientização da sociedade. Além disso, a educação dos discentes torna-se uma das possibilidades de intervenção na problemática.

Notificações de incidentes relacionados à segurança do paciente em hospital universitário sentinela / Notificaciones de incidentes relacionados con la seguridad del paciente en un hospital universitario centinela / Notifications of incidents related to patient safety in a sentinel university hospital

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as notificações de incidentes relacionados à segurança do paciente em hospital universitário público sentinela. Método: Pesquisa retrospectiva, quantitativa, realizada em hospital universitário localizado no Sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas 760 notificações de incidentes ocorridos nos anos de 2015 a 2017 encaminhadas ao setor de gerência de risco da instituição. Os dados foram coletados de maio a agosto de 2018. A análise estatística descritiva se realizou com o auxílio do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 20.0. Resultados: os incidentes notificados foram lesão por pressão (64,0%), seguida de quedas (25,0%), erro de medicação (9,7%), identificação incorreta do paciente (1,0%) e incidentes nos procedimentos cirúrgicos (0,3%). O período matutino, profissional enfermeiro e a unidade de terapia intensiva adulto foram os que mais realizaram as notificações. O evento adverso mais notificado estava relacionado ao erro de medicação (50,7%) seguido de quedas (26,8%). Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo contribuem para aumentar o interesse na análise dos dados de incidentes e eventos adversos, bem como para definir ou refinar as estratégias de melhoria da segurança do paciente.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las notificaciones de incidentes relacionados con la seguridad del paciente en hospital universitario público centinela. Método: investigación retrospectiva, cuantitativa, realizada en hospital universitario ubicado en el Sur de Brasil. Se analizaron 760 notificaciones de incidentes ocurridos en los años 2015 a 2017 dirigidas al sector de gestión de riesgos de la institución. Los datos se recopilaron de mayo a agosto de 2018. El análisis estadístico descriptivo se realizó con la ayuda del Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 20.0. Resultados: los incidentes notificados fueron lesión por presión (64,0%), seguida de caídas (25,0%), error de medicación (9,7%), identificación incorrecta del paciente (1,0%) e incidentes en los procedimientos quirúrgicos (0,3%). Los que más realizaron las notificaciones fueron el profesional enfermero, período matutino y la unidad de cuidados intensivos adulto. El evento adverso más notificado estaba relacionado con el error de medicación (50,7%) seguido de caídas (26,8%). Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a aumentar el interés en el análisis de los datos de incidentes y eventos adversos, así como para definir o refinar las estrategias de mejora de la seguridad del paciente.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the notifications of incidents related to patient safety in a sentinel public university hospital. Method: retrospective, quantitative research conducted in a university hospital located in southern Brazil. It analyzed 760 notifications of incidents that occurred in the years 2015 to 2017 forwarded to the risk management sector of the institution. Data was collected from May to August 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: the incidents reported were pressure ulcers (64.0%), followed by falls (25.0%), medication errors (9.7%), incorrect patient identification (1.0%) and incidents in surgical procedures (0.3%). The morning period, nursing professionals and adult intensive care unit were the ones that made the most notifications. The most reported adverse event was related to medication error (50.7%) followed by falls (26.8%). Conclusion: the results of this study contribute to increasing interest in the analysis of incident and adverse event data, and to defining or refining strategies to improve patient safety.

Opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the opinions of healthcare students on organ and tissue donation for transplantation. METHODS: qualitative document analysis study, using the records of a database and analyzing data from two perspectives: 1) Lexical analysis, with the IRAMUTEQ software, and 2) Thematic content analysis. RESULTS: from the analysis, 3 main categories were generated: 1) Organ and tissue donation as an act of love for others and an opportunity of a new beginning; 2) Clarification and awareness on organ and tissue donation; and 3) Importance of communicating the family and promoting organ and tissue donation. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: despite being in favor of donation, students also recognize the presence of social taboos; the discussion in the family nucleus, promoting the theme and raising awareness in society are considered important. Additionally, the education of students is one of the possibilities of intervention for the issue.

P2X7-induced nociception in the temporomandibular joint of rats depends on inflammatory mechanisms and C-fibres sensitization.

BACKGROUND: P2X7 receptors are responsible for triggering inflammatory responses contributing to processes of pain in articular tissues. This study aimed to investigate whether the activation of the P2X7 receptor located in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissues induces nociception through an inflammatory mechanisms and/or the activation of C-fibres (small-diameter primary afferents) of rats' TMJ. METHODS: The TMJ hypernociception induced by the activation of P2X7 receptor was assessed by measuring the behavioural nociceptive responses. After behavioural experiments, the animals were terminally anaesthetized and periarticular tissues were removed and homogenate for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, leukocyte infiltration and western blotting analysis. RESULTS: The nonselective P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP induced a dose-dependent TMJ nociception, which was blocked by the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A-438079. The co-administration of the selective ß2-adrenoceptor antagonist (ICI-118,551) and the pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or with the nonspecific selectin inhibitor Fucoidan significantly reduced BzATP-induced TMJ nociception. BzATP also induced an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1ß and CINC-1 levels, as well as leukocyte recruitment in TMJ tissue, effects that were reduced by A-438079. Moreover BzATP-induced TMJ nociception was inhibited in rats neonatal-treated with Capsaicin (depleting C-fibers). Finally, BzATP-induced an increase in TRPV1 expression in TMJ tissue. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that P2X7 receptor activation in TMJ of rats induces nociceptive responses mediated by sympathomimetic amines, prostaglandins, leukocyte migration and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the P2X7 receptor activation induces nociceptive responses dependent on the activation of the primary afferent nociceptors of rats' TMJ. SIGNIFICANCE: The activation of P2X7 receptors has an essential role in TMJ nociception and could be an interesting target to control the inflammatory pain in temporomandibular disorders.

Hydrological impacts of a wildfire in a Boreal region: The Västmanland fire 2014 (Sweden).

The largest forest wildfire in Swedish modern history burnt 14,000 ha of Boreal forest in the Västmanland County (south-central Sweden) during the summer of 2014. Here, we assess the impacts of this wildfire on the hydrological regime during the three years after it happened. In the empirical experiment carried out, four catchments (two burnt and two non-burnt nearby) with similar character and climate and with mean area of 20 km2 were compared. A total of 23 descriptors accounting for climate, land cover and flow signatures were defined and evaluated before and after the wildfire, using both remote sensing products and in situ streamflow observations. The results show three main changes in the hydrological behaviour of the burnt areas: (i) variation in duration and timing of snow season, with shorter and later beginning of the season; (ii) more dynamic behaviour of the streamflow, with smaller variation coefficient, a reduction in duration of high and low flows conditions and a more oscillating pattern; and, (iii) variations in catchment response (flashiness, runoff coefficient and actual evapotranspiration) from rainfall-events mainly during summer, but also in late autumn The study also reflects the usefulness of the combined analysis of flow signatures and remote sensing products to detect changes in catchment hydrology.

COVID-19: instruments for the allocation of mechanical ventilators-a narrative review.

After the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, the elaboration of comprehensive and preventive public policies became important in order to stop the spread of the disease. However, insufficient or ineffective measures may have placed health professionals and services in the position of having to allocate mechanical ventilators. This study aimed to identify instruments, analyze their structures, and present the main criteria used in the screening protocols, in order to help the development of guidelines and policies for the allocation of mechanical ventilators in the COVID-19 pandemic. The instruments have a low level of scientific evidence, and, in general, are structured by various clinical, non-clinical, and tiebreaker criteria that contain ethical aspects. Few instruments included public participation in their construction or validation. We believe that the elaboration of these guidelines cannot be restricted to specialists as this question involves ethical considerations which make the participation of the population necessary. Finally, we propose seventeen elements that can support the construction of screening protocols in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recaídas e a busca pelo tratamento de usuários de crack / Relapses and the search for the treatment of crack users

Objetivo: identificar os motivos que levam os usuários a buscar o tratamento para a dependência de crack e os que os levam à recaída. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, com 21 usuários de crack que estiveram hospitalizados para o tratamento da dependência de drogas. Realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas, transcritas na íntegra, empregando-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, na modalidade Análise Temática. Resultados: emergiram-se duas categorias empíricas: Determinantes que propulsionam a recaída em usuários de crack após o tratamento para dependência e Motivações para o tratamento. Conclusão: revelase que os motivos que propiciam a recaída são: uso de múltiplas drogas, ambientes que favoreçam o consumo e relações familiares conflituosas. Destaca-se quanto aos motivos para procurar o tratamento: desejo de reestabelecer as relações intrafamiliares e reduzir problemas oriundos ou agravados pelo uso das drogas.(AU)

Objective: to identify the reasons that lead users to seek treatment for crack addiction and those that lead to relapse. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study, with 21 crack users who were hospitalized for the treatment of drug addiction. Data were collected through recorded semi-structured interviews, transcribed in full, using the Content Analysis technique, in the Thematic Analysis modality. Results: two empirical categories emerged: Determinants that propel relapse in crack users after treatment for addiction and Motivations for treatment. Conclusion: it is revealed that the reasons for relapse are: the use of multiple drugs, environments that favor consumption and conflicting family relationships. It stands out as to the reasons for seeking treatment: desire to reestablish intrafamily relationships and reduce problems arising or aggravated by the use of drugs.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar las razones que llevan a los usuarios a buscar tratamiento para la adicción al crack y aquellos que los llevan a una recaída. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, con 21 usuarios de crack que fueron hospitalizados para el tratamiento de la drogadicción. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas, transcritas en su totalidad, utilizando la técnica de Análisis de Contenido, en la modalidad de Análisis Temático. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías empíricas: Determinantes que impulsan la recaída en usuarios de crack después del tratamiento para la adicción y Motivaciones para el tratamiento. Conclusión: se revela que las razones de la recaída son: el uso de múltiples drogas, entornos que favorecen el consumo y las relaciones familiares conflictivas. Destaca por las razones para buscar tratamiento: el deseo de restablecer las relaciones intrafamiliares y reducir los problemas que surgen o se agravan por el uso de drogas.(AU)

Plasticity of the HEK-293 cells, related to the culture media, as platform to produce a subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a contagious disease that causes a high mortality to domestic and wild pigs. Its causative agent is an enveloped Pestivirus named Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV). Due to the huge economic affectations produced by this disease to porcine industry, several vaccines have been developed using principally the CSFV E2 glycoprotein. Recently, a subunit vaccine based on this structural protein of the CSFV fused to the porcine CD154 molecule as immunomodulator named E2-CD154 was assayed by us. This chimeric protein was produced in the Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293) cell line. In this work, the growth and the expression profiles of HEK-293 E2-CD154 cells in four commercially available culture media were studied. The oligosaccharide structures in the N-glycosylation patterns of the E2-CD154 protein produced by this cell line in 10 L fermenters with two different culture media were also analyzed. In addition, the neutralizing antibody response generated in mice vaccinated with these antigens was assayed. Our results suggest that the culture media CDM4HEK293 and SFM4HEK293 which are recommended for HEK-293 growth are the best choice to growth the cell clone expressing the E2-CD154 protein. The glycosylation pattern and the neutralizing antibody response generated by the E2-CD154 protein were independent of the culture medium used which demonstrates the high reproducibility and consistency among protein batches produced by HEK-293 cells even in different culture conditions.

Do Donated Corneas Become Transplanted Corneas? The Causes of Discard in Southern Brazil.

PURPOSE: To analyze the number of discarded donated corneas and the causes associated with discard in southern Brazil. METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional, and analytic study of donor corneal discards and their associated factors and geospatial distribution was based on a macroregional strategy conducted from 2011 to 2015 in Paraná, southern Brazil. The dataset included all cornea donations from patients who died of cardiac arrest at ages between 3 and 70 years. RESULTS: A total of 9290 donor corneas were identified from 4645 donor patients; of these corneas, 4235 (45.6%) were discarded and 5055 (54.4%) transplanted. Mean age of the donors was 51.13 ± 14.30 years. The main causes of discard were positive serology (49.6%), corneal viability (19.8%), corneal tissue quality (8.5%), and others (16.0%). The discard rate was higher in the 50 to 64 year age group. CONCLUSIONS: The corneal discard rate was high in all macroregions studied, with positive serology, viability, and quality of the donated corneas being the main causes of discard. Discards were more prevalent in older age groups (50-64 years and 65 or above age groups). Considering the presented results, the assessment process of potential cornea donors should be changed to reduce losses and costs.

Teses e dissertações acerca da história da enfermagem / Theses and dissertations about nursing history

Objetivo: caracterizar a produção e divulgação científica de teses e dissertações acerca da história da Enfermagem. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e bibliométrico realizado no catálogo de teses e dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/CAPES, sendo coletados indicadores de caracterização da produção e divulgação científica das teses e dissertações analisados por estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: encontraram-se 1.289 teses e dissertações e, destas, apenas 89 fizeram parte da pesquisa: 58 dissertações e 31 teses. Realizaram-se a maioria dos estudos na região Sudeste (62), publicada nos anos de 2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016, na temática de ensino em Enfermagem (27). Revela-se que, da divulgação científica, 50 autores possuíam artigos publicados com a média de 1,6 artigos por autor. Conclusão: conclui-se que a pesquisa em História da Enfermagem aumentou no decorrer dos anos e a divulgação científica, por meio de artigos, foi realizada pela maioria dos autores.(AU)

Objective: to characterize the production and scientific dissemination of theses and dissertations about the history of nursing. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive and bibliometric study carried out in the catalog of theses and dissertations of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel / CAPES, being collected indicators of characterization of the production and scientific dissemination of theses and dissertations analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: 1,289 theses and dissertations were found and, of these, only 89 were part of the research: 58 dissertations and 31 theses. Most studies were carried out in the Southeast region (62), published in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, on the subject of nursing education (27). From the scientific dissemination, 50 authors had articles published with an average of 1.6 articles per author. Conclusion: it is concluded that the research in Nursing History has increased over the years and the scientific dissemination through articles was performed by most authors.(AU)

Objetivo: caracterizar la producción y difusión científica de tesis y disertaciones sobre la historia de la Enfermería. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y bibliométrico realizado en el catálogo de tesis y disertaciones de la Coordinación para la Mejora del Personal de Educación Superior / CAPES, recolectando indicadores de caracterización de la producción y difusión científica de tesis y disertaciones analizadas por estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se encontraron 1.289 tesis y disertaciones y, de estas, solo 89 formaron parte de la investigación: 58 disertaciones y 31 tesis. La mayoría de los estudios se llevaron a cabo en la región Sudeste (62), publicados en 2013, 2014, 2015 y 2016, sobre el tema de la educación en Enfermería (27). A partir de la divulgación científica, 50 autores publicaron artículos con un promedio de 1.6 artículos por autor. Conclusión: se concluye que la investigación en Historia de la Enfermería ha aumentado con los años y la difusión científica a través de artículos fue realizada por la mayoría de los autores.(AU)