Position statement on nutrition therapy for overweight and obesity: nutrition department of the Brazilian association for the study of obesity and metabolic syndrome (ABESO-2022).

Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from multifactorial causes mainly related to lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits) and to other conditions such as genetic, hereditary, psychological, cultural, and ethnic factors. The weight loss process is slow and complex, and involves lifestyle changes with an emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity practice, psychological interventions, and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Because the management of obesity is a long-term process, it is essential that the nutritional treatment contributes to the maintenance of the individual's global health. The main diet-related causes associated with excess weight are the high consumption of ultraprocessed foods, which are high in fats, sugars, and have high energy density; increased portion sizes; and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. In addition, some situations negatively interfere with the weight loss process, such as fad diets that involve the belief in superfoods, the use of teas and phytotherapics, or even the avoidance of certain food groups, as has currently been the case for foods that are sources of carbohydrates. Individuals with obesity are often exposed to fad diets and, on a recurring basis, adhere to proposals with promises of quick solutions, which are not supported by the scientific literature. The adoption of a dietary pattern combining foods such as grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, and vegetables, associated with an energy deficit, is the nutritional treatment recommended by the main international guidelines. Moreover, an emphasis on behavioral aspects including motivational interviewing and the encouragement for the individual to develop skills will contribute to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Therefore, this Position Statement was prepared based on the analysis of the main randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that tested different nutrition interventions for weight loss. Topics in the frontier of knowledge such as gut microbiota, inflammation, and nutritional genomics, as well as the processes involved in weight regain, were included in this document. This Position Statement was prepared by the Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), with the collaboration of dietitians from research and clinical fields with an emphasis on strategies for weight loss.

Telehealth for Nutritional Care: A Tool for Improving Patient Flow in Hospitals.

Background: Hospitals are constantly searching for opportunities to improve efficiency, and telehealth (TH) has recently emerged as a strategy to assist in patient flow. We evaluated two methods of dietary counseling offered to patients in the time period between the medical and final hospital discharge. Counseling was given either via the TH group or the face to face (FTF) group to the patients and their respective impact was evaluated on the patients' satisfaction and on the hospital patient flow. Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized clinical trial where patients were randomized to receive dietary counseling via TH (use of tablet) or FTF at the time of hospital discharge. We evaluate the duration of time between medical discharge and hospital discharge; between requesting dietary counseling and dietitian's arrival; and duration of dietary counseling. At the end of dietary counseling, both groups received a patient satisfaction questionnaire to answer. Results: A total of 159 patients were randomized to receive dietary counseling via TH (TH, n = 78) or FTF (FTF, n = 81). The two groups TH and FTF did not differ in terms of the median time between (1) medical and hospital discharge; (2) requesting counseling and the dietitian's arrival; and (3) duration of dietary counseling. Both groups mostly reported being "satisfied" or "above expectations," and the FTF group scored "highest satisfaction" more often relative to the dietitian's work and interaction and on confidence in the dietitian's orientations. Finally, in the TH group, 90.7% graded likely-4 or very likely-5 when asked whether dietary counseling can be conducted entirely via TH, and 92% answered "4" or "5" when asked whether they would recommend dietary counseling via TH. Conclusions: Although the FTF group had a greater overall satisfaction relative to the TH group, TH proved to be a useful tool for dietary counseling.The trial has only Institutional Review Board approval (protocol 2685-16).

BODY COMPOSITION IMPACT ON SURVIVAL AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT IN PANCREATIC CANCER: CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss and body composition changes are common in patients with pancreatic cancer. Computed tomography (CT) images are helpful to investigate body composition and its changes and to discriminate the different kinds of body tissues. Patients with pancreatic cancer routinely undergo CT scans. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of muscle mass and visceral fat measured by CT with toxicity and survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We evaluated the imaging of the abdomen of all consecutive adult patients with pancreatic cancer treated between October 2007 and September 2015 in our service, to assess skeletal muscle mass and fat, intramuscular fat and visceral fat. We graded treatment toxicity symptoms according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the United States National Cancer Institute (version 2.0). RESULTS: The study involved 17 patients, with a mean age of 63 (±10) years (range: 51-73 years). Eleven (65%) were male. The mean initial body mass index (BMI) was 26 kg/m2 (±3) and 23 kg/m2 (±3) after treatment. The mean weight loss was 10.0 kg (±6.8; 13%). Sarcopenia was present in 47% of patients, and it was not associated with significant differences in muscle mass, visceral fat, toxicity or survival. The mean skeletal muscle attenuation was 36 Hounsfield units, not associated with survival or treatment toxicity. Mean muscle mass was not associated with toxicity either. However, there was a significant inverse association between toxicity and visceral fat. CONCLUSION: Muscle mass had no impact on the survival or on treatment toxicity among the patients with pancreatic cancer. However, the visceral fat exerted a protective effect against the treatment toxicity. We stress the importance of further studies on visceral fat associated with prognosis and toxicity in cancer patients.

Impacto da composição corporal na sobrevida e na toxicidade do tratamento no câncer de pâncreas: estudo transversal / Body composition impact on survival and toxicity of treatment in pancreatic cancer: cross-sectional pilot study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Weight loss and body composition changes are common in patients with pancreatic cancer. Computed tomography (CT) images are helpful to investigate body composition and its changes and to discriminate the different kinds of body tissues. Patients with pancreatic cancer routinely undergo CT scans. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of muscle mass and visceral fat measured by CT with toxicity and survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We evaluated the imaging of the abdomen of all consecutive adult patients with pancreatic cancer treated between October 2007 and September 2015 in our service, to assess skeletal muscle mass and fat, intramuscular fat and visceral fat. We graded treatment toxicity symptoms according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the United States National Cancer Institute (version 2.0). RESULTS: The study involved 17 patients, with a mean age of 63 (±10) years (range: 51-73 years). Eleven (65%) were male. The mean initial body mass index (BMI) was 26 kg/m2 (±3) and 23 kg/m2 (±3) after treatment. The mean weight loss was 10.0 kg (±6.8; 13%). Sarcopenia was present in 47% of patients, and it was not associated with significant differences in muscle mass, visceral fat, toxicity or survival. The mean skeletal muscle attenuation was 36 Hounsfield units, not associated with survival or treatment toxicity. Mean muscle mass was not associated with toxicity either. However, there was a significant inverse association between toxicity and visceral fat. CONCLUSION: Muscle mass had no impact on the survival or on treatment toxicity among the patients with pancreatic cancer. However, the visceral fat exerted a protective effect against the treatment toxicity. We stress the importance of further studies on visceral fat associated with prognosis and toxicity in cancer patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Perda de peso e mudanças na composição corpórea são frequentes em pacientes com câncer do pâncreas. Imagens de tomografia computadorizada são úteis na investigação da composição corporal e suas mudanças e para discriminar diferentes tipos de tecidos corporais. Pacientes com câncer pancreático são submetidos à tomografia computadorizada rotineiramente. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre massa muscular e gordura visceral medida por tomografia computadorizada e a toxicidade do tratamento e a sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pâncreas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos imagens tomográficas abdominais de todos os pacientes adultos com câncer pancreático consecutivamente tratados entre outubro de 2007 e setembro de 2015 no serviço, para estimativa da massa muscular esquelética e gordura, tecido adiposo intramuscular e visceral. Classificamos a toxicidade do tratamento conforme os Critérios Comuns de Toxicidade do Instituto Nacional do Câncer dos Estados Unidos (versão 2.0). RESULTADOS: O estudo envolveu 17 pacientes, com idade média de 63 (±10) anos (51-73 anos); 11 (65%) homens. O índice de massa corporal médio inicial foi de 26 kg/m2 (±3); 23 kg/m2 (±3) após o tratamento. A perda de peso média foi de 10,0 kg (±6,8; 13%). Observamos sarcopenia em 47% dos pacientes, não associada a diferenças significativas na massa muscular, tecido adiposo visceral, toxicidade ou sobrevivência. A atenuação média do músculo esquelético foi de 36 unidades Hounsfield, não associada à sobrevivência ou toxicidade. A massa muscular média também não foi associada à toxicidade. No entanto, observamos associação inversa significativa entre toxicidade e gordura visceral. CONCLUSÃO: A massa muscular não teve impacto na sobrevida ou na toxicidade do tratamento dos pacientes com câncer pancreático. No entanto, a gordura visceral exerceu efeito protetor contra a toxicidade. Ressaltamos a importância de mais estudos sobre a gordura visceral associada ao prognóstico e à toxicidade em pacientes com câncer.

Current technologies in body composition assessment: advantages and disadvantages.

The interest in non-invasive methods of body composition assessment is on the rise in health care, especially because of its association with clinical outcomes. Technology has revolutionized our understanding of body composition abnormalities, clinical prognostication, and disease follow-up, but translation to bedside is limited, especially in terms of cost effectiveness. Computed tomography gained increased attention in cancer and sarcopenia studies, for instance. Other methods also have interesting features and applications, including bedside ultrasonography, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dual x-ray absorptiometry. Compelling evidence indicates these methods can be used to accurately and precisely measure skeletal muscle mass, adipose tissue, and edema; diagnose malnutrition-related diseases; and aid in determining prognoses. To apply this technology properly, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in specific situations of interest. This review introduces concepts and reference studies published in the scientific literature about these techniques and describes important limitations and considerations necessary to incorporate these methods into clinical practice.

Campanha "Diga não à desnutrição": 11 passos importantes para combater a desnutrição hospitalar / Campaign "Say no to malnutrition": 11 important steps to fight hospital malnutrition

A desnutrição é frequentemente encontrada no ambiente hospitalar. Muitas vezes negligenciada, apesar de afetar desfavoravelmente a saúde da população, a desnutrição apresenta como principais complicações: pior resposta imunológica, atraso no processo de cicatrização, risco elevado de complicações cirúrgicas e infecciosas, maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de lesões por pressão, aumento no tempo de internação e do risco de mortalidade. Fora isso, acarreta considerável aumento dos custos hospitalares. A taxa de desnutrição varia entre 20 e 50% em adultos hospitalizados e durante a hospitalização esta condição piora progressivamente principalmente em idosos e pacientes críticos. Em 1998, o inquérito brasileiro, conhecido como IBRANUTRI, avaliou 4 mil pacientes internados na rede pública hospitalar de vários estados brasileiros, confirmando a prevalência da desnutrição em 48,1% dos pacientes. Há 20 anos, estes dados foram publicados e o cenário permanece imutável até os dias atuais, pois, em 2016, outro estudo (com aproximadamente 30.000 pacientes) corroborou a manutenção da alta prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes hospitalizados. A identificação precoce da desnutrição, bem como o manejo, por meio de ferramentas recomendadas, possibilita estabelecer a conduta nutricional mais apropriada e melhora do desfecho nestes pacientes.O objetivo desta campanha é reduzir as taxas de desnutrição por meio de uma série de ações que incluem a triagem, o diagnóstico, o manejo e o tratamento da desnutrição. Para facilitar a maneira de difundir este conhecimento, foi desenvolvido um método mnemônico com a palavra "DESNUTRIÇÃO", abordando cada letra inicial de forma simples, desde o conceito até o tratamento da desnutrição. Desta forma, o método garante uma integração interdisciplinar, além de averiguar os principais aspectos do cuidado geral do paciente desnutrido.

Ultrassom à beira do leito como ferramenta prática para avaliação da massa muscular / Bedside ultrasound is a practical measurement tool for assessing muscle mass

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a intra e interconfiabilidade, e a facilidade de medir a espessura muscular do quadríceps, usando ultrassom à beira do leito. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional. A avaliação da espessura muscular do quadríceps foi realizada em dois pontos de referência e quantificada com ultrassom portátil em modo B em dois voluntários saudáveis. Para padronização das medidas e validação das coletas das imagens, foi realizada capacitação da equipe por meio de treinamentos com aulas teóricas e práticas, com carga horária de 6 horas. Resultados: Foram examinadas 112 imagens pelo treinador e comparadas com os alunos. A correlação de Person encontrou excelente relação entre o treinador e todos os alunos (R2 > 0,90). A melhor associação foi entre o treinador e os nutricionistas (R2: 0,99; p < 0,001), e a pior, entre o treinador e alunos médicos (R2: 0,92; p < 0,001). Quanto à comparação de Bland-Altman, a maior porcentagem de erro encontrada entre treinador e alunos foi de 5,12% (IC95% 3,64 - 12,37) e a menor, 1,01% (IC95% 0,72 - 2,58); o maior viés dos valores descrito foi -0,12 ± 0,19, e o menor, -0,01 ± 0,04. Conclusão: Os dados analisados mostraram boa correlação entre as medidas feitas pelo instrutor e alunos, mostrando que o ultrassom de músculo quadríceps é uma ferramenta viável e de fácil aplicabilidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the intra- and inter-reliability and the ease of measuring the quadriceps muscle thickness using bedside ultrasound. Methods: This is a prospective, observational study. The assessment of quadriceps muscle thickness was performed at two reference points and was quantified using portable B-mode ultrasound in two healthy volunteers. For standardization of measurements and validation of image collections, the team was trained through theoretical and practical classes, with a 6-hour workload. Results: A total of 112 images were examined by the coach and compared with the trainees. Pearson's correlation analysis found an excellent relationship between the coach and all trainees (R2 > 0.90). The best association was between the coach and the dietitians (R2: 0.99; p < 0.001), and the worst association was between the coach and the medical trainees (R2: 0.92; p < 0.001). In the Bland-Altman comparison, the highest error rate found between coach and trainees was 5.12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.64-12.37), and the lowest was 1.01% (95%CI 0.72 - 2.58); the highest bias of the values described was -0.12 ± 0.19, and the lowest was -0.01 ± 0.04. Conclusion: The data analyzed showed a good correlation between the measurements made by the coach and trainees, indicating that ultrasound of the quadriceps muscle is a viable and easily applicable tool.

Bedside ultrasound is a practical measurement tool for assessing muscle mass. / Ultrassom à beira do leito como ferramenta prática para avaliação da massa muscular.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intra- and inter-reliability and the ease of measuring the quadriceps muscle thickness using bedside ultrasound. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational study. The assessment of quadriceps muscle thickness was performed at two reference points and was quantified using portable B-mode ultrasound in two healthy volunteers. For standardization of measurements and validation of image collections, the team was trained through theoretical and practical classes, with a 6-hour workload. RESULTS: A total of 112 images were examined by the coach and compared with the trainees. Pearson's correlation analysis found an excellent relationship between the coach and all trainees (R2 > 0.90). The best association was between the coach and the dietitians (R2: 0.99; p < 0.001), and the worst association was between the coach and the medical trainees (R2: 0.92; p < 0.001). In the Bland-Altman comparison, the highest error rate found between coach and trainees was 5.12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.64-12.37), and the lowest was 1.01% (95%CI 0.72 - 2.58); the highest bias of the values described was -0.12 ± 0.19, and the lowest was -0.01 ± 0.04. CONCLUSION: The data analyzed showed a good correlation between the measurements made by the coach and trainees, indicating that ultrasound of the quadriceps muscle is a viable and easily applicable tool.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a intra e interconfiabilidade, e a facilidade de medir a espessura muscular do quadríceps, usando ultrassom à beira do leito. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, observacional. A avaliação da espessura muscular do quadríceps foi realizada em dois pontos de referência e quantificada com ultrassom portátil em modo B em dois voluntários saudáveis. Para padronização das medidas e validação das coletas das imagens, foi realizada capacitação da equipe por meio de treinamentos com aulas teóricas e práticas, com carga horária de 6 horas. RESULTADOS: Foram examinadas 112 imagens pelo treinador e comparadas com os alunos. A correlação de Person encontrou excelente relação entre o treinador e todos os alunos (R2 > 0,90). A melhor associação foi entre o treinador e os nutricionistas (R2: 0,99; p < 0,001), e a pior, entre o treinador e alunos médicos (R2: 0,92; p < 0,001). Quanto à comparação de Bland-Altman, a maior porcentagem de erro encontrada entre treinador e alunos foi de 5,12% (IC95% 3,64 - 12,37) e a menor, 1,01% (IC95% 0,72 - 2,58); o maior viés dos valores descrito foi -0,12 ± 0,19, e o menor, -0,01 ± 0,04. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados analisados mostraram boa correlação entre as medidas feitas pelo instrutor e alunos, mostrando que o ultrassom de músculo quadríceps é uma ferramenta viável e de fácil aplicabilidade.

Terapia nutricional em queimaduras: uma revisão / Nutritional therapy in burns: a review

Introdução: As anormalidades metabólicas encontradas em queimados são consequência da combinação da liberação de mediadores inflamatórios e da resposta ao estresse. A compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na produção excessiva de radicais livres em indivíduos que sofreram queimaduras é de extrema importância para a terapêutica adequada. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão foi investigar a terapia nutricional mais indicada e discutir a conduta nutricional em queimados, além de verificar quais os nutrientes estão envolvidos na viabilização do processo de cicatrização. Métodos: Foram pesquisados trabalhos publicados nos últimos 20 anos que abordassem assuntos pertinentes à pesquisa, sendo selecionados artigos da literatura na língua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola. Resultados: As substâncias que mais se destacam no processo de cicatrização, atuando como parte do suporte nutricional e conferindo efeitos sobre a resposta imune, são: glutamina, arginina e o ômega 3. As vitaminas A, C, E, o zinco e o selênio auxiliam a cicatrização em queimados, por estimular as defesas antioxidantes do organismo. Conclusão: O uso da glutamina, independentemente da via de administração, parece auxiliar na cicatrização e na melhora da perfusão da mucosa intestinal. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos para esclarecer as quantidades adequadas dos nutrientes imunomoduladores e antioxidantes em queimaduras.

Introduction: The metabolic changes found in burned patients, are the result of the combination of the release of inflammatory mediators and response to stress. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the excessive production of free radicals in individuals who suffered burns is extremely important for appropriate therapy. Objective: The aim of this review was to investigate the most appropriate nutritional therapy and discuss the management nutritional in burns, and investigate which nutrients are involved in facilitating the healing process. Methods: We searched for studies published in the last 20 years, that addressed issues relevant to the research being selected articles from the literature in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: Substances that stand out in the healing process, acting as part of nutritional support and giving effects on the immune response are: glutamine, arginine and omega 3. The vitamins A, C, E, zinc and selenium contributes in burn healing by stimulating the body’s antioxidant defenses. Conclusion: The use of glutamine, regardless of the route of administration, appears to aid in healing and improving perfusion of the intestinal mucosa. However, further studies are needed to explain the appropriate quantities of nutrients and antioxidants immunomodulators in burn patients.

Alimentação na gestação e lactação / Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation

As autoras atualizam o tema da Nutrição no ciclo gravídico-puerperal, analisando a importância de uma alimentação balanceada e da suplementação vitamínico-mineral nas fases da gestação e lactação, enfatizando as repercussões das carências dietéticas sobre o resultado da gravidez e as condições de desenvolvimento do recém-nascido, da criança e mesmo do adulto.