Diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia and vehicle driving restriction: a scoping review.

There are doubts about vehicle driving restriction for patients with Alzheimer's disease. A scoping review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-ScR) methodology. Relevant databases were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2022 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Articles were included if they specifically addressed driving, risk of accidents, permission or licence to drive a motor vehicle in a context of important cognitive decline, or if addressed traffic legislation on driving and dementia. Twenty-three articles were selected for full reading, six of which were observational studies and only one with an interventionist method. All articles were carried out in high-income countries such as the UK, the US, and Australia. As a conclusion, there is no psychometric test in the literature sensitive enough to assess vehicle driving competence in older adults with cognitive deficits. Based on selected studies, there is no robust evidence to make recommendation for or against the cessation of vehicular driving for patients with mild cognitive decline or with mild dementia. In some situations, vehicle driving cessation can impact patients and their families. In addition, legal regulations regarding vehicle driving for older adults and people with dementia are scarce worldwide. Despite the scarcity of studies addressing the theme of vehicle driving in the context of dementia, there is some level of consensual reasoning that patients with moderate to severe dementia should halt driving activities, but the same does not apply for patients with mild levels of cognitive impairment, including mild dementia.

Neuropsychological domains and fitness to drive in mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.

Cognitive deficits associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) can impact driving. This integrative review investigated which cognitive domains were associated with poor driving performance or unfitness to drive in studies with outcomes measured in simulator or on-road driving in patients with MCI or AD. The review was conducted by searching for articles published between 2001 and 2020 in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases. Studies addressing patients with other dementias (e.g., vascular or mixed dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson's disease) were excluded. Of 404 articles initially selected, 17 met the eligibility criteria for this review. Based on the findings of this integrative review, attentional capacity, processing speed, executive functions and visuospatial skills were the functions whose declines were most frequently reported in a context of unsafe driving by older adults with MCI or AD. Reports were remarkably heterogeneous in methodological aspects whereas quite limited in cross-cultural coverage and in sample recruited, what prompts for further trials in the field.

Lower risk of car crashes among older drivers compared with younger drivers: analysis of 10 years of data / Menor risco de acidentes de automóvel entre motoristas idosos comparado a jovens: resultado de um estudo de 10 anos

Objective: Traffic crashes are a significant cause of health expenditure, mainly considering disability and death. Driving skills are key when it comes to traffic crashes, and older drivers may be unfit to drive. The statistics of traffic crashes involving older drivers can contribute to planning actions that reduce accidents. This study aimed to present statistical data on traffic crashes among older adults in a Brazilian state. Methods: This is an epidemiological study performed with data from the Traffic Accident Information System of the Federal District Traffic Department, Brazil, ranging from 2008 to 2017 and comparing the incidence of injury crashes between older drivers and adult drivers. Results: Although the system recorded 60 705 drivers involved in injury crashes, a 24% reduction was seen in the overall crash incidence during the studied period (2008 ­ 2017); within the older drivers group, this reduction was two times smaller (12%). Despite the smaller drop in incidence, older car drivers presented around three times less risk of crashes when compared to adult drivers, along with a lower risk of accidents on urban, low-speed streets, and were mostly involved in collisions during the day. Conclusion: We found that the risk of older drivers being involved in injury crashes was three times smaller than that of adult drivers. The behavior of older drivers can influence the occurrence of accidents.

Objetivo: Os acidentes de trânsito são causa significativa de gasto em saúde com incapacidades e mortes. Habilidades de condução veicular são elementos-chave para a ocorrência de acidentes de trânsito, e o motorista idoso pode ser incapaz para dirigir. As estatísticas de acidentes de trânsito com motoristas idosos podem contribuir para o planejamento de ações que reduzam os acidentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar dados estatísticos sobre acidentes de trânsito entre idosos em um estado brasileiro. Metodologia: Estudo epidemiológico com dados do Sistema de Informações de Acidentes de Trânsito do Departamento de Trânsito do Distrito Federal, Brasil, no período de 2008 a 2017, comparando a incidência de acidentes com vitima entre motoristas de automóveis idosos e não idosos. Resultados: De 2008 a 2017, apesar de o sistema contabilizar 60 705 motoristas envolvidos em acidentes de automóveis com vítimas, houve uma redução de 24% na incidência geral nos anos avaliados, sendo essa redução duas vezes menor no grupo de motoristas idosos (12%). A despeito da menor queda na incidência, os motoristas idosos condutores de automóveis tiveram cerca de três vezes menos risco de acidentes comparados a motoristas não idosos; menor risco para acidentes em vias urbanas, as de velocidade mais baixa; e maior predominância de acidentes tipo colisão no período diurno. Conclusões: Encontrou-se risco três vezes menor de motoristas idosos se envolverem em acidentes de automóveis com vitima quando comparados a não idosos. O comportamento dos motoristas idosos pode influenciar na ocorrência de acidentes.

Older drivers are at increased risk of fatal crash involvement: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Older adults have become a larger part of the driving population, but whether they are at increased risk of being involved in fatal crashes remains unclear. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of studies investigating fatal crash involvement of older vs non-older drivers by searching the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science, and ProQuest. Studies that used fatal crash involvement rates per distance driven as a measure of frequency were selected for meta-analysis. RESULTS: We analyzed 14 studies published between 2001 and 2018. Of these, 12 reported a higher rate of fatal crashes involving older drivers than non-older drivers; 9 of them used involvement rates per distance driven, which is considered the most appropriate metric. The meta-analysis revealed high heterogeneity between studies. The meta-regression attributed 40% of the heterogeneity to age (older vs non-older drivers) (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Age appears to be associated with higher driver involvement rates for fatal crashes among older persons.